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Jia W, Yuan J, Zhang J, Li S, Lin W, Cheng B. Bioactive sphingolipids as emerging targets for signal transduction in cancer development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189176. [PMID: 39233263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, crucial components of cellular membranes, play a vital role in maintaining cellular structure and signaling integrity. Disruptions in sphingolipid metabolism are increasingly implicated in cancer development. Key bioactive sphingolipids, such as ceramides, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), and glycosphingolipids, profoundly impact tumor biology. They influence the behavior of tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune cells, affecting tumor aggressiveness, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Furthermore, abnormal expression of sphingolipids and their metabolizing enzymes modulates the secretion of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TDEs), which are key players in creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, remodeling the extracellular matrix, and facilitating oncogenic signaling within in situ tumors and distant pre-metastatic niches (PMNs). Understanding the role of sphingolipids in the biogenesis of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TDEs) and their bioactive contents can pave the way for new biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, ultimately enhancing comprehensive tumor treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jia
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200043, China
| | - Jiaying Yuan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Rehabilitation and Recuperation Center, Joint Logistics Support Force, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Wanfu Lin
- Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200043, China.
| | - Binbin Cheng
- Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200043, China.
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2
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Heinzelbecker J, Fauskanger M, Jonson I, Krengel U, Løset GÅ, Munthe L, Tveita A. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting the GM3(Neu5Gc) ganglioside. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1331345. [PMID: 38370401 PMCID: PMC10869436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell technology has ushered in a new era of immunotherapy, enabling the targeting of a broad range of surface antigens, surpassing the limitations of traditional T cell epitopes. Despite the wide range of non-protein tumor-associated antigens, the advancement in crafting CAR T cells for these targets has been limited. Owing to an evolutionary defect in the CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase (CMAH) that abolishes the synthesis of CMP-Neu5Gc from CMP-Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc is generally absent in human tissues. Despite this, Neu5Gc-containing antigens, including the ganglioside GM3(Neu5Gc) have consistently been observed on tumor cells across a variety of human malignancies. This restricted expression makes GM3(Neu5Gc) an appealing and highly specific target for immunotherapy. In this study, we designed and evaluated 14F7-28z CAR T cells, with a targeting unit derived from the GM3(Neu5Gc)-specific murine antibody 14F7. These cells exhibited exceptional specificity, proficiently targeting GM3(Neu5Gc)-expressing murine tumor cells in syngeneic mouse models, ranging from B cell malignancies to epithelial tumors, without compromising safety. Notably, human tumor cells enhanced with murine Cmah were effectively targeted and eliminated by the 14F7 CAR T cells. Nonetheless, despite the detectable presence of GM3(Neu5Gc) in unmodified human tumor xenografts, the levels were insufficient to trigger a tumoricidal T-cell response with the current CAR T cell configuration. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of targeting the GM3(Neu5Gc) ganglioside using CAR T cells across a variety of cancers and set the stage for the optimization of 14F7-based therapies for future human clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Heinzelbecker
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marte Fauskanger
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Jonson
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Nextera AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig Munthe
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Tveita
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B cell malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Manni M, Mantuano NR, Zingg A, Kappos EA, Behrens AJ, Back J, Follador R, Faridmoayer A, Läubli H. Detection of N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid-containing glycolipids in human skin. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291292. [PMID: 38094289 PMCID: PMC10716299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans lack the enzyme that produces the sialic acid N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), but several lines of evidence have shown that Neu5Gc can be taken up by mammalian food sources and replace the common human sialic acid N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in glycans. Cancer tissue has been shown to have increased the presence of Neu5Gc and Neu5Gc-containing glycolipids such as the ganglioside GM3, which have been proposed as tumor-specific antigens for antibody treatment. Here, we show that a previously described antibody against Neu5Gc-GM3 is binding to Neu5GC-containing gangliosides and is strongly staining different cancer tissues. However, we also found a strong intracellular staining of keratinocytes of healthy skin. We confirmed this staining on freshly isolated keratinocytes by flow cytometry and detected Neu5Gc by mass spectrometry. This finding implicates that non-human Neu5Gc can be incorporated into gangliosides in human skin, and this should be taken into consideration when targeting Neu5Gc-containing gangliosides for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Manni
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Glycoera AG, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Zingg
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth A. Kappos
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Handsurgery, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Wang J, Shewell LK, Day CJ, Jennings MP. N-glycolylneuraminic acid as a carbohydrate cancer biomarker. Transl Oncol 2023; 31:101643. [PMID: 36805917 PMCID: PMC9971276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the forms of aberrant glycosylation in human tumors is the expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). The only known enzyme to biosynthesize Neu5Gc in mammals, cytidine-5'-monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMAH), appears to be genetically inactivated in humans. Regardless, low levels of Neu5Gc have been detected in healthy humans. Therefore, it is proposed that the presence of Neu5Gc in humans is from dietary acquisition, such as red meat. Notably, detection of elevated Neu5Gc levels has been repeatedly found in cancer tissues, cells and serum samples, thereby Neu5Gc-containing antigens may be exploited as a class of cancer biomarkers. Here we review the findings to date on using Neu5Gc-containing tumor glycoconjugates as a class of cancer biomarkers for cancer detection, surveillance, prognosis and therapeutic targets. We review the evidence that supports an emerging hypothesis of de novo Neu5Gc biosynthesis in human cancer cells as a source of Neu5Gc in human tumors, generated under certain metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Lucy K Shewell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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5
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Bousquet PA, Manna D, Sandvik JA, Arntzen MØ, Moreno E, Sandvig K, Krengel U. SILAC-based quantitative proteomics and microscopy analysis of cancer cells treated with the N-glycolyl GM3-specific anti-tumor antibody 14F7. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994790. [PMID: 36439103 PMCID: PMC9682173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a promising approach to specifically target and treat cancer. The most common mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies kill cells include antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and apoptosis, but also other mechanisms have been described. 14F7 is an antibody raised against the tumor-associated antigen NeuGc GM3, which was previously reported to kill cancer cells without inducing apoptotic pathways. The antibody was reported to induce giant membrane lesions in tumor cells, with apparent changes in the cytoskeleton. Here, we investigated the effect of humanized 14F7 on HeLa cells using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in combination with LC-MS and live cell imaging. 14F7 did not kill the HeLa cells, however, it caused altered protein expression (MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024320). Several cytoskeletal and nucleic-acid binding proteins were found to be strongly down-regulated in response to antibody treatment, suggesting how 14F7 may induce membrane lesions in cells that contain higher amounts of NeuGc GM3. The altered expression profile identified in this study thus contributes to an improved understanding of the unusual killing mechanism of 14F7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipankar Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Ernesto Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Cribioli E, Giordano Attianese GMP, Coukos G, Irving M. CAR T cells targeting the ganglioside NGcGM3 control ovarian tumors in the absence of toxicity against healthy tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:951143. [PMID: 35990626 PMCID: PMC9389107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.951143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have emerged as a powerful immunotherapeutic tool against certain hematological malignancies but a significant proportion of patients either do not respond or they relapse, sometimes as a result of target antigen loss. Moreover, limited clinical benefit has been reported for CAR therapy against epithelial derived solid tumors. A major reason for this is the paucity of solid tumor antigens identified to date that are broadly, homogeneously and stably expressed but not found on healthy tissues. To address this, here we describe the development and evaluation of CAR T cells directed against N-glycoslylated ganglioside monosialic 3 (NGcGM3). NGcGM3 derives from the enzymatic hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NAc) GM3 (NAcGM3) and it is present on the surface of a range of cancers including ovarian, breast, melanoma and lymphoma. However, while NAcGM3 is found on healthy human cells, NGcGM3 is not due to the 7deletion of an exon in the gene encoding for the enzyme cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH). Indeed, unlike for most mammals, in humans NGcGM3 is considered a neoantigen as its presence on tumors is the result of metabolic incorporation from dietary sources. Here, we have generated 3 CARs comprising different single chain variable fragments (scFvs) originating from the well-characterized monoclonal antibody (mAb) 14F7. We show reactivity of the CAR T cells against a range of patient tumor fragments and we demonstrate control of NGcGM3+ SKOV3 ovarian tumors in the absence of toxicity despite the expression of CMAH and presence of NGcGM3+ on healthy tissues in NSG mice. Taken together, our data indicate clinical potential for 14F7-based CAR T cells against a range of cancers, both in terms of efficacy and of patient safety.
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7
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An effective strategy for the humanization of antibody fragments under an accelerated timeline. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:465-474. [PMID: 35803408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in therapy is gradually advancing and discussions entail its safety, rentability and effectiveness. To this date, around a hundred mAbs have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of various diseases. Aiming for their large-scale production, recombinant DNA technology is mainly employed, and antibodies can be expressed in various eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. Moreover, considering their heterologous origin and potential immunogenicity, various strategies have been developed for mAb humanization, considering that around 50 % of commercial mAbs are humanized. Hence, we introduce LimAb7, a mouse mAb capable of binding and neutralizing brown spider's Loxosceles intermedia dermonecrotic toxins in vivo/in vitro. This antibody has been produced in mouse and humanized scFv and diabody formats, however results indicated losses in antigen-binding affinity, stability, and neutralizing ability. Intending to develop evolved, stable, and neutralizing antibody fragments, we report for the first time the design of humanized antibody V-domains produced as Fab fragments, against spider venom toxins. Improvements in constructs were observed regarding their physicochemical stability, target binding and binding pattern maintenance. As their neutralizing features remain to be characterized, we believe this data sheds new light on antibody humanization by producing a parental molecule in different recombinant formats.
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8
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Berois N, Pittini A, Osinaga E. Targeting Tumor Glycans for Cancer Therapy: Successes, Limitations, and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030645. [PMID: 35158915 PMCID: PMC8833780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aberrant glycosylation is a common feature of many cancers, and it plays crucial roles in tumor development and biology. Cancer progression can be regulated by several physiopathological processes controlled by glycosylation, such as cell–cell adhesion, cell–matrix interaction, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), which are suitable for selective cancer targeting, as well as novel antitumor immunotherapy approaches. This review summarizes the strategies developed in cancer immunotherapy targeting TACAs, analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms and state-of-the-art methods in clinical oncology. Abstract Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and can lead to changes that influence tumor behavior. Glycans can serve as a source of novel clinical biomarker developments, providing a set of specific targets for therapeutic intervention. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) suitable for selective cancer-targeting therapy. The best characterized TACAs are truncated O-glycans (Tn, TF, and sialyl-Tn antigens), gangliosides (GD2, GD3, GM2, GM3, fucosyl-GM1), globo-serie glycans (Globo-H, SSEA-3, SSEA-4), Lewis antigens, and polysialic acid. In this review, we analyze strategies for cancer immunotherapy targeting TACAs, including different antibody developments, the production of vaccines, and the generation of CAR-T cells. Some approaches have been approved for clinical use, such as anti-GD2 antibodies. Moreover, in terms of the antitumor mechanisms against different TACAs, we show results of selected clinical trials, considering the horizons that have opened up as a result of recent developments in technologies used for cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Berois
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Alvaro Pittini
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Osinaga
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (E.O.)
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9
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Bjerregaard-Andersen K, Abraha F, Johannesen H, Oscarson S, Moreno E, Krengel U. Key role of a structural water molecule for the specificity of 14F7-An antitumor antibody targeting the NeuGc GM3 ganglioside. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1500-1509. [PMID: 34735569 PMCID: PMC8684480 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated glycolipids such as NeuGc GM3 are auspicious molecular targets in antineoplastic therapies and vaccine strategies. 14F7 is a monoclonal IgG1 with high clinical potential in cancer immunotherapy as it displays extraordinary specificity for NeuGc GM3, while it does not recognize the very similar, ubiquitous NeuAc GM3. Here we present the 2.3 Å crystal structure of the 14F7 antigen-binding domain (14F7 scFv) in complex with the NeuGc GM3 trisaccharide. Modeling analysis and previous mutagenesis data suggest that 14F7 may also bind to an alternative NeuGc GM3 conformation, not observed in the crystal structure. The most intriguing finding, however, was that a water molecule centrally placed in the complementarity-determining region directly mediates the specificity of 14F7 to NeuGc GM3. This has profound impact on the complexity of engineering in the binding site and provides an excellent example of the importance in understanding the water structure in antibody-antigen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fana Abraha
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Recipharm OT Chemistry, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hedda Johannesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ernesto Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín 050026, Colombia
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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10
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Dorvignit D, Boligan KF, Relova-Hernández E, Clavell M, López A, Labrada M, Simon HU, López-Requena A, Mesa C, von Gunten S. Antitumor effects of the GM3(Neu5Gc) ganglioside-specific humanized antibody 14F7hT against Cmah-transfected cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9921. [PMID: 31289278 PMCID: PMC6616363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The GM3(Neu5Gc) ganglioside represents a tumor-specific antigen that is considered a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. We previously demonstrated that the humanized antibody 14F7hT, specific for this ganglioside, exhibited significant antitumor effects in preclinical hematological tumor models. As this antibody recognizes human tumor tissues from several origins, we addressed its potential effect on different tumor types. The use of cell lines for testing GM3(Neu5Gc)-targeting strategies, in particular for human malignancies, is complicated by the absence in humans of functional cytidine monophospho-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), the enzyme required for Neu5Gc sialic acid biosynthesis. Quantitative flow cytometry revealed the absence of surface GM3(Neu5Gc) in several human but also mouse cell lines, in the last case due to low expression of the enzyme. Hypoxia-induced expression of this ganglioside on human SKOV3 cells was observed upon culture in Neu5Gc-containing medium without evidence for CMAH-independent biosynthesis. However, only transfection of the mouse Cmah gene into human SKOV3 and mouse 3LL cells induced a stable expression of GM3(Neu5Gc) on the cancer cell surface, resulting in effective models to evaluate the antitumor responses by 14F7hT in vitro and in vivo. This antibody exerted antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and in vivo antitumor effects on these Cmah-transfected non-hematological tumors from both mouse and human origin. These results contribute to validate GM3(Neu5Gc) as a relevant target for cancer immunotherapy and reinforces the value of 14F7hT as a novel anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Dorvignit
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, 11600, Cuba
| | - Kayluz F Boligan
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | | | - Marilyn Clavell
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, 11600, Cuba
| | - Armando López
- Animal House Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, 11600, Cuba
| | - Mayrel Labrada
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, 11600, Cuba
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro López-Requena
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, 11600, Cuba.,Ablynx, Technologiepark 21, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Circe Mesa
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, 11600, Cuba.
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11
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Dhar C, Sasmal A, Varki A. From "Serum Sickness" to "Xenosialitis": Past, Present, and Future Significance of the Non-human Sialic Acid Neu5Gc. Front Immunol 2019; 10:807. [PMID: 31057542 PMCID: PMC6481270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The description of "serum sickness" more than a century ago in humans transfused with animal sera eventually led to identification of a class of human antibodies directed against glycans terminating in the common mammalian sialic acid N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), hereafter called "Neu5Gc-glycans." The detection of such glycans in malignant and fetal human tissues initially raised the possibility that it was an oncofetal antigen. However, "serum sickness" antibodies were also noted in various human disease states. These findings spurred further research on Neu5Gc, and the discovery that it is not synthesized in the human body due to a human-lineage specific genetic mutation in the enzyme CMAH. However, with more sensitive techniques Neu5Gc-glycans were detected in smaller quantities on certain human cell types, particularly epithelia and endothelia. The likely explanation is metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc from dietary sources, especially red meat of mammalian origin. This incorporated Neu5Gc on glycans appears to be the first example of a "xeno-autoantigen," against which varying levels of "xeno-autoantibodies" are present in all humans. The resulting chronic inflammation or "xenosialitis" may have important implications in human health and disease, especially in conditions known to be aggravated by consumption of red meat. In this review, we will cover the early history of the discovery of "serum sickness" antibodies, the subsequent recognition that they were partly directed against Neu5Gc-glycans, the discovery of the genetic defect eliminating Neu5Gc production in humans, and the later recognition that this was not an oncofetal antigen but the first example of a "xeno-autoantigen." Further, we will present comments about implications for disease risks associated with red meat consumption such as cancer and atherosclerosis. We will also mention the potential utility of these anti-Neu5Gc-glycan antibodies in cancer immunotherapy and provide some suggestions and perspectives for the future. Other reviews in this special issue cover many other aspects of this unusual pathological process, for which there appears to be no other described precedent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Dhar
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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12
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Immunologic Response Elicited in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving a NeuGcGM3-based Vaccine as Adjuvant Therapy. J Immunother 2018; 40:289-301. [PMID: 28604556 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the immunogenicity of a cancer vaccine consisting of the NeuGcGM3 ganglioside combined with the outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitides to form very small size particles. The vaccine is administered together with Montanide ISA51, as adjuvant treatment for breast cancer patients. After surgical resection and standard first-line chemo/radiotherapy, breast cancer patients in stage II-III were enrolled in a phase III clinical trial and allocated into 2 strata, according to the number of positive lymph nodes [stratum I (0-3); stratum II (≥4)]. Subsequently, patients were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine or placebo. The treatment consisted of 5 vaccine doses (200 μg) every 2 weeks and thereafter monthly reimmunizations to complete 15 doses. The vaccine was well-tolerated and high titers of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G anti-NeuGcGM3 antibodies were similarly detected in each stratum. Hyperimmune sera were able to specifically recognize and kill the NeuGcGM3-expressing L1210 tumor cell line, and these functional capacities were significantly associated with a better clinical outcome in patients of stratum II. Besides, postimmune sera had the capacity to revert in vitro the immunosuppression induced by NeuGcGM3, as measured by the prevention of CD4 downmodulation on human T lymphocytes. Vaccination had no impact on the frequency of regulatory T cells or circulating NK cells. This study demonstrated, for the first time, the immunogenicity of the NeuGcGM3/VSSP/Montanide ISA 51 vaccine in the adjuvant setting and describes the functionality of induced anti-NeuGcGM3 antibodies as potential surrogate biomarkers of clinical benefit.
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Labrada M, Dorvignit D, Hevia G, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hernández AM, Vázquez AM, Fernández LE. GM3(Neu5Gc) ganglioside: an evolution fixed neoantigen for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Oncol 2018; 45:41-51. [PMID: 30318083 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous molecules have been considered as targets for cancer immunotherapy because of their levels of expression on tumor cells, their putative importance for tumor biology, and relative immunogenicity. In this review we focus on the ganglioside GM3(Neu5Gc), a glycosphingolipid present on the outer side of the plasma membrane of vertebrate cells. The reasons for selecting GM3(Neu5Gc) as a tumor-specific antigen and its use as a target for cancer immunotherapy are discussed, together with the development of antitumor therapies focused on this target by the Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM, Cuba).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayrel Labrada
- Immunobiology Division, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Denise Dorvignit
- Immunobiology Division, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Giselle Hevia
- Immunobiology Division, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Ana M Hernández
- Tumor Biology Division, Molecular Immunology Institute, CIM, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana M Vázquez
- Tumor Biology Division, Molecular Immunology Institute, CIM, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis E Fernández
- Innovation Division, Molecular Immunology Institute, CIM, Playa, Havana, Cuba.
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Faraj S, Bahri M, Fougeray S, El Roz A, Fleurence J, Véziers J, Leclair MD, Thébaud E, Paris F, Birklé S. Neuroblastoma chemotherapy can be augmented by immunotargeting O-acetyl-GD2 tumor-associated ganglioside. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1373232. [PMID: 29296527 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1373232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in high-risk neuroblastoma therapy, the prognosis for patients remains poor. In addition, many patients suffer from complications related to available therapies that are highly detrimental to their quality of life. New treatment modalities are, thus, urgently needed to further improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of existing therapies. Since antibodies specific for O-acetyl GD2 ganglioside display pro-apoptotic activity against neuroblastoma cells, we hypothesized that combination of immunotherapy could enhance tumor efficacy of neuroblastoma chemotherapy. We demonstrate here that combination of anti-O-acetyl GD2 monoclonal antibody 8B6 with topotecan synergistically inhibited neuroblastoma cell proliferation, as shown by the combination index values. Mechanistically, we evidence that mAb 8B6 induced plasma cell membrane lesions, consistent with oncosis. Neuroblastoma tumour cells treated with mAb 8B6 indeed showed an increased uptake of topotecan by the tumor cells and a more profound tumor cell death evidenced by increased caspase-3 activation. We also found that the combination with topotecan plus monoclonal antibody 8B6 showed a more potent anti-tumor efficacy in vivo than either agent alone. Importantly, we used low-doses of topotecan with no noticeable side effect. Our data suggest that chemo-immunotherapy combinations may improve the clinical efficacy and safety profile of current chemotherapeutic modalities of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Faraj
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France.,Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, CHU de Nantes, 38 boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
| | - M Bahri
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
| | - S Fougeray
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France.,Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 9 rue Bias, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
| | - A El Roz
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France.,Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 9 rue Bias, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
| | - J Fleurence
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France.,Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 9 rue Bias, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
| | - J Véziers
- INSERM, UMRS 1229, RMeS "Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton", CHU Nantes, PH4 OTONN, Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, SC3M Plateform, UMS INSERM 016 - CNRS 3556, SFR François Bonamy, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
| | - M D Leclair
- Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, CHU de Nantes, 38 boulevard Jean Monnet, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France.,Université de Nantes, UFR de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
| | - E Thébaud
- Service d'oncologie pédiatrique, CHU de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
| | - F Paris
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
| | - S Birklé
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France.,Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 9 rue Bias, Nantes, Loire Atlantique, France
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15
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Zhang YF, Ho M. Humanization of high-affinity antibodies targeting glypican-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33878. [PMID: 27667400 PMCID: PMC5036187 DOI: 10.1038/srep33878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have generated a group of high-affinity mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting GPC3. Here, we report the humanization and testing of these antibodies for clinical development. We compared the affinity and cytotoxicity of recombinant immunotoxins containing mouse single-chain variable regions fused with a Pseudomonas toxin. To humanize the mouse Fvs, we grafted the combined KABAT/IMGT complementarity determining regions (CDR) into a human IgG germline framework. Interestingly, we found that the proline at position 41, a non-CDR residue in heavy chain variable regions (VH), is important for humanization of mouse antibodies. We also showed that two humanized anti-GPC3 antibodies (hYP7 and hYP9.1b) in the IgG format induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent-cytotoxicity in GPC3-positive cancer cells. The hYP7 antibody was tested and showed inhibition of HCC xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. This study successfully humanizes and validates high affinity anti-GPC3 antibodies and sets a foundation for future development of these antibodies in various clinical formats in the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhang
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Dorvignit D, García-Martínez L, Rossin A, Sosa K, Viera J, Hernández T, Mateo C, Hueber AO, Mesa C, López-Requena A. Antitumor and cytotoxic properties of a humanized antibody specific for the GM3(Neu5Gc) ganglioside. Immunobiology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Torbidoni AV, Scursoni A, Camarero S, Segatori V, Gabri M, Alonso D, Chantada G, de Dávila MTG. Immunoreactivity of the 14F7 Mab raised against N-Glycolyl GM3 Ganglioside in retinoblastoma tumours. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:e294-300. [PMID: 25403557 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of molecules expressed selectively on the surface of retinoblastoma cells would allow applying targeted therapies. The Ganglioside, N-Glycolyl-GM3 (NeuGc-GM3), is an attractive candidate, as it has been detected in other paediatric neuroectodermic tumours, and it is not expressed in human normal tissues. The 14F7 antibody recognizes specifically the ganglioside NeuGc-GM3. PURPOSE To characterize the expression of NeuGc-GM3 in retinoblastoma cell lines and in retinoblastoma tumours using the 14F7 monoclonal antibody. METHODS We studied WERI-Rb1 and Y79 cell lines, 24 retinoblastoma primary tumours from unilateral and bilateral cases and two bone marrow biopsies from metastatic retinoblastoma. Tumours were classified into three groups: non-invasive (n = 13), invasive (n = 9) and metastatic (n = 2). Three eyes enucleated because of non-tumoural conditions were used as controls. Cell lines and tumour sections were studied by immunohistochemistry using the 14F7 antibody. NeuGc-GM3 expression was evaluated by analysing the percentage of positive tumoural cells and the staining intensity. These parameters were analysed comparatively among the three groups. RESULTS Both retinoblastoma cell lines showed immunoreactivity to NeuGc-GM3 but WERI-Rb1 presented higher intensity than Y79. All the tumours studied showed strong immunoreactivity to NeuGc-GM3 with no significant differences among groups. In both bone marrow specimens, NeuGc-GM3 immunoreactivity was observed in retinoblastoma cells. In bilaterally enucleated cases, NeuGc-GM3 immunoreactivity was not altered before and after chemotherapy. Non-tumoural retinas were negative. CONCLUSIONS NeuGc-GM3 is highly expressed in retinoblastoma cell lines, tumours and metastatic cells to the bone marrow, and it is not detectable in control eyes. There were no significant differences in the immunoreactivity to 14F7 among tumours from different disease stages. Its immunoreactivity did not change after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vanesa Torbidoni
- Department of Hemato-Oncology; Pediatric Hospital “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Alejandra Scursoni
- Department of Pathology; Pediatric Hospital “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Sandra Camarero
- Department of Pathology; Pediatric Hospital “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Valeria Segatori
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Quilmes National University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mariano Gabri
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Quilmes National University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniel Alonso
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Quilmes National University; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Guillermo Chantada
- Department of Hemato-Oncology; Pediatric Hospital “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan”; Buenos Aires Argentina
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18
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Samraj AN, Läubli H, Varki N, Varki A. Corrigendum: involvement of a non-human sialic Acid in human cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:83. [PMID: 24795860 PMCID: PMC4001053 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annie N Samraj
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Nissi Varki
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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Samraj AN, Läubli H, Varki N, Varki A. Involvement of a non-human sialic Acid in human cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:33. [PMID: 24600589 PMCID: PMC3928833 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are common monosaccharides that are widely expressed as outer terminal units on all vertebrate cell surfaces, and play fundamental roles in cell–cell and cell–microenvironment interactions. The predominant sialic acids on most mammalian cells are N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Neu5Gc is notable for its deficiency in humans due to a species-specific and species-universal inactivating deletion in the CMAH gene encoding the hydroxylase that converts CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc. However, Neu5Gc is metabolically incorporated into human tissues from dietary sources (particularly red meat), and detected at even higher levels in some human cancers. Early life exposure to Neu5Gc-containing foods in the presence of certain commensal bacteria that incorporate dietary Neu5Gc into lipooligosaccharides can lead to generation of antibodies that are also cross-reactive against Neu5Gc-containing glycans in human tissues (“xeno-autoantigens”). Such anti-Neu5Gc “xeno-autoantibodies” are found in all humans, although ranging widely in levels among individuals, and displaying diverse and variable specificities for the underlying glycan. Experimental evidence in a human-like Neu5Gc-deficient Cmah−/−mouse model shows that inflammation due to “xenosialitis” caused by this antigen–antibody interaction can promote tumor progression, suggesting a likely mechanism for the well-known epidemiological link between red meat consumption and carcinoma risk. In this review, we discuss the history of this field, mechanisms of Neu5Gc incorporation into tissues, the origin and specificities of human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, their use as possible cancer biomarkers, implications of xenosialitis in cancer initiation and progression, and current and future approaches toward immunotherapy that could take advantage of this unusual human-specific phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie N Samraj
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Nissi Varki
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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Immunoreactivity of the 14F7 Mab Raised against N-Glycolyl GM3 Ganglioside in Primary Lymphoid Tumors and Lymph Node Metastasis. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:920972. [PMID: 24381785 PMCID: PMC3863531 DOI: 10.1155/2013/920972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the 14F7 Mab, a highly specific IgG1 against N-glycolyl GM3 ganglioside (NeuGcGM3) in normal tissues, lymphomas, lymph node metastasis, and other metastatic sites was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the effect of chemical fixation on the 14F7 Mab staining using monolayers of P3X63Ag.653 cells was also evaluated. Moreover, the ability of 14F7 to bind NeuGcGM3 ganglioside inducing complement-independent cytotoxicity by a flow cytometry-based assay was measured. The 14F7 Mab was reactive in unfixed, 4% paraformaldehyde, 4% formaldehyde, and acetone fixed cells. Postfixation with acetone did not alter the localization of NeuGcGM3, while the staining with 14F7 Mab was significantly eliminated in both cells fixed and postfixed with methanol but only partially reduced with ethanol. The staining with 14F7 Mab was evidenced in the 89.2%, 89.4%, and 88.9% of lymphomas, lymph node metastasis, and other metastatic sites, respectively, but not in normal tissues. The treatment with 14F7 Mab affected both morphology and membrane integrity of P3X63Ag.653 cells. This cytotoxic activity was dose-dependent and ranged from 24.0 to 84.7% (10-1000 μ g/mL) as compared to the negative control. Our data could support the possible use of NeuGcGM3 as target for both active and passive immunotherapy against malignancies expressing this molecule.
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Development of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Gene Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/646284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Since they were first proposed as nonviral transfection agents for their gene-carrying capacity, magnetic nanoparticles have been studied thoroughly, both in vitro and in vivo. Great effort has been made to manufacture biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles for use in the theragnosis of cancer and other diseases. Here we survey recent advances in the study of magnetic nanoparticles, as well as the polymers and other coating layers currently available for gene therapy, their synthesis, and bioconjugation processes. In addition, we review several gene therapy models based on magnetic nanoparticles.
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A shift from N-glycolyl- to N-acetyl-sialic acid in the GM3 ganglioside impairs tumor development in mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:687-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rabu C, McIntosh R, Jurasova Z, Durrant L. Glycans as targets for therapeutic antitumor antibodies. Future Oncol 2012; 8:943-60. [PMID: 22894669 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans represent a vast class of molecules that modify either proteins or lipids. They exert and regulate important and complex functions in both normal and cancer cell metabolism. As such, the most immunogenic glycans have been targeted in passive and active immunotherapy in human cancer for the past 25 years but it is only recently that techniques have become available to uncover novel glycan targets. The main focus of this review article is to highlight why and how monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing glycans, and in particular the glycans expressed on glycolipids, are being used in various strategies to target and kill cancer cells. The article reports on the historical use of mAbs and on very recent progress made in antitumor therapy using the anti-GD2 mAb and the antiganglioside mAbs, anti-N-glycolylneuraminic acid mAb and anti-Lewis mAb. Anti-GD2 is showing great promise in Phase III clinical trials in adjuvant treatment of neuroblastoma. Racotumomab, an anti-idiotypic mAb mimicking N-glycolylneuraminic acid-containing gangliosides, is currently being tested in a randomized, controlled Phase II/III clinical trial. This article also presents various strategies used by different groups to develop mAbs against these naturally poorly immunogenic glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rabu
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Fernández-Marrero Y, López-Requena A. Lonely killers: effector cell- and complement-independent non-proapoptotic cytotoxic antibodies inducing membrane lesions. MAbs 2011; 3:528-34. [PMID: 22123064 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.6.17770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the most effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently in the clinics bind to cancer or immune cells. Classic mechanisms of cell killing by therapeutic mAbs include antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis by engagement of specific cell ligands. A few reports have described mAbs whose cytotoxic activity is Fc-independent and that do not induce the morphological and biochemical changes associated with the apoptosis-type of cell death. Even fewer works describe mAbs able to directly induce membrane lesions. Here, we discuss the available data on those molecules and their cell killing activity, with particular attention to the case of a mAb specific for the tumor-associated N-glycolyl (Neu5Gc)-GM3 ganglioside (GM3(Neu5Gc)). Some similarities are found in the cell death pathways triggered by these mAbs, but data are not abundant. We conclude that the usefulness of mAbs with a direct cytotoxic activity for immunotherapeutic strategies deserves deeper research.
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