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Abu Risha M, Rick EM, Plum M, Jappe U. Legume Allergens Pea, Chickpea, Lentil, Lupine and Beyond. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2024:10.1007/s11882-024-01165-7. [PMID: 38990406 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-024-01165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW In the last decade, an increasing trend towards a supposedly healthier vegan diet could be observed. However, recently, more cases of allergic reactions to plants and plant-based products such as meat-substitution products, which are often prepared with legumes, were reported. Here, we provide the current knowledge on legume allergen sources and the respective single allergens. We answer the question of which legumes beside the well-known food allergen sources peanut and soybean should be considered for diagnostic and therapeutic measures. RECENT FINDINGS These "non-priority" legumes, including beans, pea, lentils, chickpea, lupine, cowpea, pigeon pea, and fenugreek, are potentially new important allergen sources, causing mild-to-severe allergic reactions. Severe reactions have been described particularly for peas and lupine. An interesting aspect is the connection between anaphylactic reactions and exercise (food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis), which has only recently been highlighted for legumes such as soybean, lentils and chickpea. Most allergic reactions derive from IgE cross-reactions to homologous proteins, for example between peanut and lupine, which is of particular importance for peanut-allergic individuals ignorant to these cross-reactions. From our findings we conclude that there is a need for large-scale studies that are geographically distinctive because most studies are case reports, and geographic differences of allergic diseases towards these legumes have already been discovered for well-known "Big 9" allergen sources such as peanut and soybean. Furthermore, the review illustrates the need for a better molecular diagnostic for these emerging non-priority allergen sources to evaluate IgE cross-reactivities to known allergens and identify true allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marua Abu Risha
- Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Rick
- Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
| | - Melanie Plum
- Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Pneumology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Mishra A, Kumar A. Mapping B-Cell Epitopes for Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Proteins of Legumes Consumed in India and Identification of Critical Residues Responsible for IgE Binding. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061269. [PMID: 34199581 PMCID: PMC8227083 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) have been categorized as panallergens and display widespread occurrence across plant-kingdom. Present study, investigated B-cell epitopes for LTPs from chickpea, mung-bean, cowpea, pigeon-pea, and soybean via in silico methods. In-silico predicted regions were evaluated for epitope-conservancy and property-based peptide similarity search by different allergen databases. Additionally, the in-silico predicted regions were compared with the experimentally validated epitopes of peach-LTP. Sequence-homology studies showed that chickpea and mung-bean LTPs shared significant homology, i.e., >70% and >60%, respectively, with other LTP allergens from lentil, garden-pea, peanut, etc. Phylogenetic-analysis also showed chickpea and mung-bean LTPs to be closely related to allergenic LTPs from lentil and peanut, respectively. Epitope-conservation analysis showed that two of the predicted B-cell epitopic regions in chickpea and mung-bean LTPs were also conserved in other allergenic LTPs from peach, peanut, garden-pea, lentil, and green-bean, and might serve as conserved B-cell epitopes of the LTP protein family. Property-distance index values for chickpea and mung-bean LTPs also showed that most of the epitopes shared similarity with the reported allergens like-lentil, peanut, apple, plum, tomato, etc. Present findings, may be explored for identification of probable allergenicity of novel LTPs, on the basis of the reported conserved B-cell epitopes, responsible for potential cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India;
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
- Centre for Nanosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
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Gupta S, Sathe SK, Su M, Liu C. Germination reduces black gram (Vigna mungo) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) vicilin immunoreactivity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bhattacharya K, Sircar G, Dasgupta A, Gupta Bhattacharya S. Spectrum of Allergens and Allergen Biology in India. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2018; 177:219-237. [PMID: 30056449 DOI: 10.1159/000490805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of allergy and asthma in India has become a major health concern with symptoms ranging from mild rhinitis to severe asthma and even life-threatening anaphylaxis. The "allergen repertoire" of this subcontinent is highly diverse due to the varied climate, flora, and food habits. The proper identification, purification, and molecular characterization of allergy-eliciting molecules are essential in order to facilitate an accurate diagnosis and to design immunotherapeutic vaccines. Although several reports on prevalent allergens are available, most of these studies were based on preliminary detection and identification of the allergens. Only a few of these allergen molecules have been characterized by recombinant technology and structural biology. The present review first describes the composition, distribution pattern, and natural sources of the predominant allergens in India along with the prevalence of sensitization to these allergens across the country. We go on to present a comprehensive report on the biochemical, immunological, and molecular information on the allergens reported so far from India. The review also covers the studies on allergy- related biosafety assessment of transgenic plants. Finally, we discuss the allergen-specific immunotherapy trials performed in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurab Sircar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Angira Dasgupta
- Department of Chest Medicine, B.R. Singh Hospital and Centre for Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Bøgh KL, Madsen CB. Food Allergens: Is There a Correlation between Stability to Digestion and Allergenicity? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1545-67. [PMID: 25607526 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.779569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a major health problem in the Western countries, affecting 3-8% of the population. It has not yet been established what makes a dietary protein a food allergen. Several characteristics have been proposed to be shared by food allergens. One of these is resistance to digestion. This paper reviews data from digestibility studies on purified food allergens and evaluates the predictive value of digestibility tests on the allergenic potential. We point out that food allergens do not necessarily resist digestion. We discuss how the choice of in vitro digestibility assay condition and the method used for detection of residual intact protein as well as fragments hereof may greatly influence the outcome as well as the interpretation of results. The finding that digests from food allergens may retain allergenicity, stresses the importance of using immunological assays for evaluating the allergenic potential of food allergen digestion products. Studies assessing the allergenicity of digestion products, by either IgE-binding, elicitation or sensitizing capacity, shows that digestion may abolish, decrease, have no effect, or even increase the allergenicity of food allergens. Therefore, the predictive value of the pepsin resistance test for assessing the allergenic potential of novel proteins can be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Lindholm Bøgh
- a National Food Institute , Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, Technical University of Denmark , Søborg , Denmark
| | - Charlotte Bernhard Madsen
- a National Food Institute , Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, Technical University of Denmark , Søborg , Denmark
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Goodman RE, Ebisawa M, Ferreira F, Sampson HA, van Ree R, Vieths S, Baumert JL, Bohle B, Lalithambika S, Wise J, Taylor SL. AllergenOnline: A peer-reviewed, curated allergen database to assess novel food proteins for potential cross-reactivity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1183-98. [PMID: 26887584 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Increasingly regulators are demanding evaluation of potential allergenicity of foods prior to marketing. Primary risks are the transfer of allergens or potentially cross-reactive proteins into new foods. AllergenOnline was developed in 2005 as a peer-reviewed bioinformatics platform to evaluate risks of new dietary proteins in genetically modified organisms (GMO) and novel foods. METHODS AND RESULTS The process used to identify suspected allergens and evaluate the evidence of allergenicity was refined between 2010 and 2015. Candidate proteins are identified from the NCBI database using keyword searches, the WHO/IUIS nomenclature database and peer reviewed publications. Criteria to classify proteins as allergens are described. Characteristics of the protein, the source and human subjects, test methods and results are evaluated by our expert panel and archived. Food, inhalant, salivary, venom, and contact allergens are included. Users access allergen sequences through links to the NCBI database and relevant references are listed online. Version 16 includes 1956 sequences from 778 taxonomic-protein groups that are accepted with evidence of allergic serum IgE-binding and/or biological activity. CONCLUSION AllergenOnline provides a useful peer-reviewed tool for identifying the primary potential risks of allergy for GMOs and novel foods based on criteria described by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Department of Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Department of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Joseph L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sreedevi Lalithambika
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John Wise
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Steve L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Kasera R, Singh A, Lavasa S, Prasad KN, Arora N. Enzymatic hydrolysis: A method in alleviating legume allergenicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 76:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Verma AK, Kumar S, Sharma A, Kumar D, Roy R, Gupta RK, Chaudhari BP, Giridhar B, Das M, Dwivedi PD. Allergic manifestation by black gram (Vigna mungo) proteins in allergic patients, BALB/c mice and RBL-2H3 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wu Z, Yan F, Wei X, Li X, Tong P, Yang A, Tang R, Chen H. Purification and Recombinant Expression of Major Peanut Allergen Ara h 1. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 45:438-46. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.940972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Phaseolin: A 47.5kDa protein of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plays a pivotal role in hypersensitivity induction. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:178-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kumar S, Sharma A, Das M, Jain SK, Dwivedi PD. Leucoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin: purification, characterization, proteolytic digestion and assessment for allergenicity potential in BALB/c mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:138-44. [PMID: 24548135 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.884136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is consumed worldwide as a vegetarian protein source. But, at the same time the allergenicity potential of red kidney bean is a matter of concern. This study is aimed towards purification, characterization, thermal stability, proteolytic digestion and allergenicity assessment of one of the clinically relevant allergens of red kidney bean. The purification of red kidney bean allergic protein was carried out with the help of column chromatography, IgE immunoblotting and reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The purified protein was characterized by peptide mass finger printing (PMF) and studied for its thermal stability, and proteolytic resistance using simulated gastric fluid (SGF) assay. The allergenicity potential of the purified protein was studied in BALB/c mice. The purified protein was identified as leucoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (PHA-L) with molecular weight 29.5 kDa. The PHA-L showed resistance to heat as well as proteolytic enzyme. Higher levels of total IgE, specific IgE, and histamine were observed in PHA-L treated BALB/c mice when compared to control. Overall, PHA-L possesses characteristics of allergens and may play a potential role in the red kidney bean induced allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Food Toxicology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh , India
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Kasera R, Singh AB, Lavasa S, Nagendra K, Arora N. Purification and immunobiochemical characterization of a 31 kDa cross-reactive allergen from Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean). PLoS One 2013; 8:e63063. [PMID: 23671655 PMCID: PMC3650053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Legumes are a rich source of proteins but are also potential elicitors of IgE-mediated food allergy. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a major allergen of Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) and determine its allergenicity. Methodology Kidney bean allergen was purified using Q Sepharose column (anion exchanger) and eluates with high intensity were pooled to purify protein using Superdex 75 (gel filtration) and C18 column (RP-HPLC). Patients with history of kidney bean allergy were skin prick tested (SPT) with crude kidney bean extract and the purified protein. Specific IgE was estimated in sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Characterization of purified protein and its cross-reactivity was investigated by immunobiochemical methods. Identification of purified protein was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry. Principal Findings Purified protein appeared as a single band at 31 kDa on SDS-PAGE and showed IgE binding to 88% patients’ sera by ELISA and immunoblotting. SPT with purified protein identified 78% hypersensitive patients of kidney bean. Significant release of histamine from sensitized basophils was observed after challenge with purified protein. PAS staining suggested it to be a glycoprotein, but no change in IgE binding was observed after periodate oxidation. The 31 kDa protein remained stable for 60 min on incubation with pepsin. The purified protein had high allergenic potential since it required only 102 ng of self protein for 50% IgE inhibition. Mass spectrometric analysis identified it as Phytohemagglutinin. It also showed hemagglutination with human RBCs. Cross-reactivity was observed with peanut and black gram with IC50 of 185 and 228 ng respectively. Conclusion/Significance A 31 kDa major allergen of kidney bean was purified and identified as phytohemagglutinin with cross-reactivity to peanut and black gram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrashan Kasera
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Anand Bahadur Singh
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
- * E-mail:
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Verma AK, Kumar S, Das M, Dwivedi PD. Impact of thermal processing on legume allergens. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 67:430-441. [PMID: 23224442 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-012-0328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Food induced allergic manifestations are reported from several parts of the world. Food proteins exert their allergenic potential by absorption through the gastrointestinal tract and can even induce life threatening anaphylaxis reactions. Among all food allergens, legume allergens play an important role in induction of allergy because legumes are a major source of protein for vegetarians. Most of the legumes are cooked either by boiling, roasting or frying before consumption, which can be considered a form of thermal treatment. Thermal processing may also include autoclaving, microwave heating, blanching, pasteurization, canning, or steaming. Thermal processing of legumes may reduce, eliminate or enhance the allergenic potential of a respective legume. In most of the cases, minimization of allergenic potential on thermal treatment has generally been reported. Thus, thermal processing can be considered an important tool by indirectly prevent allergenicity in susceptible individuals, thereby reducing treatment costs and reducing industry/office/school absence in case of working population/school going children. The present review attempts to explore various possibilities of reducing or eliminating allergenicity of leguminous food using different methods of thermal processing. Further, this review summarizes different methods of food processing, major legumes and their predominant allergenic proteins, thermal treatment and its relation with antigenicity, effect of thermal processing on legume allergens; also suggests a path that may be taken for future research to reduce the allergenicity using conventional/nonconventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Verma
- Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, U.P., India
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Verma AK, Kumar S, Das M, Dwivedi PD. A Comprehensive Review of Legume Allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 45:30-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-012-8310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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