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Lutz MB, Strobl H, Schuler G, Romani N. GM-CSF Monocyte-Derived Cells and Langerhans Cells As Part of the Dendritic Cell Family. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1388. [PMID: 29109731 PMCID: PMC5660299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mph) share many characteristics as components of the innate immune system. The criteria to classify the multitude of subsets within the mononuclear phagocyte system are currently phenotype, ontogeny, transcription patterns, epigenetic adaptations, and function. More recently, ontogenetic, transcriptional, and proteomic research approaches uncovered major developmental differences between Flt3L-dependent conventional DCs as compared with Mphs and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs), the latter mainly generated in vitro from murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) or human CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes. Conversely, in vitro GM-CSF-dependent monocyte-derived Mphs largely resemble MoDCs whereas tissue-resident Mphs show a common embryonic origin from yolk sac and fetal liver with Langerhans cells (LCs). The novel ontogenetic findings opened discussions on the terminology of DCs versus Mphs. Here, we bring forward arguments to facilitate definitions of BM-DCs, MoDCs, and LCs. We propose a group model of terminology for all DC subsets that attempts to encompass both ontogeny and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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A lack of Fas/FasL signalling leads to disturbances in the antiviral response during ectromelia virus infection. Arch Virol 2016; 161:913-28. [PMID: 26780774 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is an orthopoxvirus (OPV) that causes mousepox, the murine equivalent of human smallpox. Fas receptor-Fas ligand (FasL) signaling is involved in apoptosis of immune cells and virus-specific cytotoxicity. The Fas/FasL pathway also plays an important role in controlling the local inflammatory response during ECTV infection. Here, the immune response to the ECTV Moscow strain was examined in Fas (-) (lpr), FasL (-) (gld) and C57BL6 wild-type mice. During ECTV-MOS infection, Fas- and FasL mice showed increased viral titers, decreased total numbers of NK cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells followed by decreased percentages of IFN-γ expressing NK cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in spleens and lymph nodes. At day 7 of ECTV-MOS infection, Fas- and FasL-deficient mice had the highest regulatory T cell (Treg) counts in spleen and lymph nodes in contrast to wild-type mice. Furthermore, at days 7 and 10 of the infection, we observed significantly higher numbers of PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells in Fas (-) and FasL (-) mice in comparison to wild-type mice. Experiments in co-cultures of CD4(+) T cells and bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells showed that the lack of bilateral Fas-FasL signalling led to expansion of Tregs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that during ECTV infection, Fas/FasL can regulate development of tolerogenic DCs and Tregs, leading to an ineffective immune response.
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Anandasabapathy N, Breton G, Hurley A, Caskey M, Trumpfheller C, Sarma P, Pring J, Pack M, Buckley N, Matei I, Lyden D, Green J, Hawthorne T, Marsh HC, Yellin M, Davis T, Keler T, Schlesinger SJ. Efficacy and safety of CDX-301, recombinant human Flt3L, at expanding dendritic cells and hematopoietic stem cells in healthy human volunteers. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50:924-30. [PMID: 25915810 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) uniquely binds the Flt3 (CD135) receptor expressed on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), early progenitor cells, immature thymocytes and steady-state dendritic cells (DCs) and induces their proliferation, differentiation, development and mobilization in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and lymphoid organs. CDX-301 has an identical amino-acid sequence and comparable biological activity to the previously tested rhuFlt3L, which ceased clinical development over a decade ago. This Phase 1 trial assessed the safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and immunologic profile of CDX-301, explored alternate dosing regimens and examined the impact of rhuFlt3L on key immune cell subsets. Thirty healthy volunteers received CDX-301 (1-75 μg/kg/day) over 5-10 days. One event of Grade 3 community-acquired pneumonia occurred. There were no other infections, dose-limiting toxicities or serious adverse events. CDX-301 resulted in effective peripheral expansion of monocytes, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and key subsets of myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs, with no clear effect on regulatory T cells. These data from healthy volunteers support the potential for CDX-301, as monotherapy or in combination with other agents, in various indications including allogeneic HSC transplantation and immunotherapy, but the effects of CDX-301 will need to be investigated in each of these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Anandasabapathy
- 1] The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Breton
- The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Hurley
- The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Caskey
- The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Trumpfheller
- The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Sarma
- The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Pring
- The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Pack
- The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Buckley
- The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - I Matei
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Lyden
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Green
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA, USA
| | - T Hawthorne
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA, USA
| | - H C Marsh
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA, USA
| | - M Yellin
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA, USA
| | - T Davis
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA, USA
| | - T Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Needham, MA, USA
| | - S J Schlesinger
- The Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Krzyzowska M, Orłowski P, Bąska P, Bodera P, Zdanowski R, Stankiewicz W. Role of Fas/FasL signaling in regulation of anti-viral response during HSV-2 vaginal infection in mice. Immunobiology 2014; 219:932-43. [PMID: 25129477 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fas receptor-Fas ligand (FasL) signaling is involved in apoptosis of virus-infected cells but increasing evidence accumulates on Fas receptor as a mediator of apoptosis-independent processes such as induction of activating and pro-inflammatory signals. In this study, we examined the role of Fas/FasL pathway in regulation of anti-viral response to genital HSV-2 infection using a murine model of HSV-2 infection applied to C57BL6/J, B6. MRL-Faslpr/J and B6Smn.C3-Faslgld/J mice. HSV-2 infection of Fas- and FasL-deficient mice led to decreased migration of IFN-γ expressing NK cells and CD4+ T cells, but not of γδ T cells, into the vaginal tissue. The vaginal tissues of HSV-2 infected Fas- and FasL-deficient mice showed increased production of IL-10, followed by low expression of the early CD69 activation marker on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increased numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Experiments in co-cultures of CD4+ T cells and bone marrow derived dendritic cells showed that lack of bilateral Fas-FasL signaling led to expansion of Tregs and increased production of IL-10 and TGF-β1. Our results demonstrate that Fas/FasL can regulate development of tolerogenic dendritic cells and expansion of Tregs early during HSV-2 infection, which further influences effective anti-viral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Orłowski
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Bodera
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Hopp AK, Rupp A, Lukacs-Kornek V. Self-antigen presentation by dendritic cells in autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:55. [PMID: 24592266 PMCID: PMC3923158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The operation of both central and peripheral tolerance ensures the prevention of autoimmune diseases. The maintenance of peripheral tolerance requires self-antigen presentation by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered as major APCs involved in this process. The current review discusses the role of DCs in autoimmune diseases, the various factors involved in the induction and maintenance of tolerogenic DC phenotype, and pinpoints their therapeutic capacity as well as potential novel targets for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Hopp
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Anne Rupp
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
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