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Zhang X, He J, Zhao K, Liu S, Xuan L, Chen S, Xue R, Lin R, Xu J, Zhang Y, Xiang AP, Jin H, Liu Q. Mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate chronic GVHD by boosting thymic regeneration in a CCR9-dependent manner in mice. Blood Adv 2023; 7:5359-5373. [PMID: 37363876 PMCID: PMC10509672 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022009646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mature donor T cells within the graft contribute to severe damage of thymic epithelial cells (TECs), which are known as key mediators in the continuum of acute GVHD (aGVHD) and cGVHD pathology. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are reportedly effective in the prevention and treatment of cGVHD. In our previous pilot clinical trial in patients with refractory aGVHD, the incidence and severity of cGVHD were decreased, along with an increase in levels of blood signal joint T-cell receptor excision DNA circles after MSCs treatment, which indicated an improvement in thymus function of patients with GVHD, but the mechanisms leading to these effects remain unknown. Here, we show in a murine GVHD model that MSCs promoted the quantity and maturity of TECs as well as elevated the proportion of Aire-positive medullary TECs, improving both CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes and thymic regulatory T cells, balancing the CD4:CD8 ratio in the blood. In addition, CCL25-CCR9 signaling axis was found to play an important role in guiding MSC homing to the thymus. These studies reveal mechanisms through which MSCs ameliorate cGVHD by boosting thymic regeneration and offer innovative strategies for improving thymus function in patients with GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiabao He
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xuan
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongtao Xue
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren Lin
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifa Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hematology Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
The microenvironment of the thymus is composed of a group of stromal cells that include endoderm-derived thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and mesenchymal stromal cells such as fibroblasts and serves as a site for the development of T cells. TECs are known to play an essential role in T cell differentiation and selection. Mesenchymal stromal cells have been less studied in terms of their immunological significance compared to TECs. Recently, new technologies have made it possible to identify and characterize mesenchymal stromal cells in the thymus, revealing their unique functions in thymic organogenesis and T cell development. This review outlines the current views on mesenchymal stromal cells in the thymus, particularly highlighting the newly discovered function of thymic fibroblasts in T cell repertoire selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nitta
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Zhang X, Schalke B, Kvell K, Kriegsmann K, Kriegsmann M, Graeter T, Preissler G, Ott G, Kurz K, Bulut E, Ströbel P, Marx A, Belharazem D. WNT4 overexpression and secretion in thymic epithelial tumors drive an autocrine loop in tumor cells in vitro. Front Oncol 2022; 12:920871. [PMID: 35965500 PMCID: PMC9372913 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.920871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundWNT4-driven non-canonical signaling is crucial for homeostasis and age-related involution of the thymus. Abnormal WNT signaling is important in many cancers, but the role of WNT signaling in thymic tumors is largely unknown.Materials & MethodsExpression and function of WNT4 and FZD6 were analyzed using qRT–PCR, Western blot, ELISA, in biopsies of non-neoplastic thymi (NT), thymoma and thymic carcinomas. ShRNA techniques and functional assays were used in primary thymic epithelial cells (pTECs) and TC cell line 1889c. Cells were conventionally (2D) grown and in three-dimensional (3D) spheroids.ResultsIn biopsy, WHO classified B3 thymomas and TCs showed increased WNT4 expression compared with NTs. During short-term 2D culture, WNT4 expression and secretion declined in neoplastic pTECs but not in 3D spheroids or medium supplemented with recombinant WNT4 cultures. Under the latter condition, the growth of pTECs was accompanied by increased expression of non-canonical targets RAC1 and JNK. Down-regulation of WNT4 by shRNA induced cell death in pTECs derived from B3 thymomas and led to decreased RAC1, but not JNK protein phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB decreased both RAC1 and JNK phosphorylation in neoplastic pTECs.ConclusionsLack of the age-related decline of non-canonical WNT4 expression in TETs and restoration of declining WNT4 expression through exogeneous WNT4 or 3D culture of pTECs hints at an oncogenic role of WNT4 in TETs and is compatible with the WNT4 autocrine loop model. Crosstalk between WNT4 and NF-κB signaling may present a promising target for combined interventions in TETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Research Center, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Berthold Schalke
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, German Centre for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Graeter
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Preissler
- Department of Thoraxic Surgery, Clinic Schillerhöhe, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Gerlingen, Löwenstein, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katrin Kurz
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elena Bulut
- Department of Thoraxic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Research Center, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Djeda Belharazem
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Research Center, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Djeda Belharazem,
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Chen L, Ren M, Cao J, Sang H, Chen H, Xu A, Zhao M. Zuogui Wan alleviated maternal kidney-yin deficiency-induced thymic epithelial cell dysfunction in newborn rats through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114337. [PMID: 34146629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kidney-yin deficiency (KYD) during pregnancy is common and associated with possibility of thymus hypoplasia in neonates. Zuogui Wan (ZGW) is a classic traditional medicine to treat KYD. AIM OF STUDY The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is essential for thymic epithelial cell (TEC) viability, function and for thymus integrity. We evaluated whether maternal diets with ZGW in KYD rats ameliorates epithelial cell dysfunction in the fetal thymus, and investigated its underlying mechanism in which the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8). Two experimental groups received KYD induction with or without ZGW supplementation. The other 2 vehicle groups were sham operated and administrated with normal saline or ZGW. KYD was established using periodically chronic shaken stimulus and threaten stress. Success of the model induction was evaluated by the general observation, changing of the body weight and plasma thyroxine level. Then, pregnant of vehicle and KYD rats were fed with or without ZGW-supplemented diet throughout the F1 gestation. Postnatal thymi samples were obtained after delivery for histological examination. In vitro, TECs of the newborn rats whose mother suffered KYD were isolated, and cultured using the serum containing ZGW with or without the supplement of Wnt4/β-catenin pathway inhibitor ICG-001. Cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Meanwhile, the thymi tissues and TECs were collected for biochemical analysis. Levels of thymosin β4 (TMSβ4) and thymosin α1 (Tα1) were detected by ELISA assay. The mRNA and protein expression of Wnt4, β-catenin, and Foxn1 were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot respectively. RESULTS In vivo, KYD resulted in significantly increased apoptosis of TECs and atrophy of the thymi, especially in the medullary zone. The morphological changes observed in KYD rats were ameliorated by ZGW treatment. Meanwhile, the decreased TMSβ4, Tα1, Wnt4, β-catenin, and Foxn1 levels in KYD rats were also significantly alleviated by ZGW administration. In vitro, elevated TMSβ4 and Tα1 levels accompanied with upregulated Wnt4, β-catenin, and Foxn1 expressions in the TECs were observed after ZGW intervention, however, which were significantly downregulated by ICG-001 supplement. CONCLUSIONS Maternal kidney-yin deficiency could result in TEC dysfunction in newborn rats. ZGW was able to improve the growth and development of TEC, potentially by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyun Chen
- 1 Huangjiahu Road, Basic Medical Division, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China.
| | - Meirong Ren
- 1 Huangjiahu Road, Basic Medical Division, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China.
| | - Jigang Cao
- 1 Huangjiahu Road, Basic Medical Division, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China.
| | - Hongling Sang
- 1 Huangjiahu Road, Clinical Division, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China.
| | - Huimin Chen
- 1 Huangjiahu Road, Basic Medical Division, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China.
| | - Anli Xu
- 1 Huangjiahu Road, Basic Medical Division, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- 1 Huangjiahu Road, Basic Medical Division, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China.
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5
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Montero-Herradón S, Zapata AG. Delayed maturation of thymic epithelium in mice with specific deletion of β-catenin gene in FoxN1 positive cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:315-332. [PMID: 34254201 PMCID: PMC8550644 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signalling pathways have been reported to be involved in thymus development but their precise role in the development of both thymic epithelium (TE) and thymocytes is controversial. Herein, we examined embryonic, postnatal and adult thymi of mice with a specific deletion of β-catenin gene in FoxN1+ thymic epithelial cells (TECs). Together with a high postnatal mouse mortality, the analysis showed severe thymic hypocellularity, largely due an important reduction in numbers of developing thymocytes, and delayed, partially blocked maturation of mutant TECs. Affected TECs included largely cortical (c) TEC subsets, such as immature MTS20+ TECs, Ly51+ cTECs and a remarkable, rare Ly51+MTS20+MHCIIhi cell subpopulation previously reported to contain thymic epithelial progenitor cells (TEPCs) (Ulyanchenko et al., Cell Rep 14:2819-2832, 2016). In addition, altered postnatal organization of mutant thymic medulla failed to organize a unique, central epithelial area. This delayed maturation of TE cell components correlated with low transcript production of some molecules reported to be masters for TEC maturation, such as EphB2, EphB3 and RANK. Changes in the thymic lymphoid component became particularly evident after birth, when molecules expressed by TECs and involved in early T-cell maturation, such as CCL25, CXCL12 and Dll4, exhibited minimal values. This represented a partial blockade of the progression of DN to DP cells and reduced proportions of this last thymocyte subset. At 1 month, in correlation with a significant increase in transcript production, the DP cell percentage increased in correlation with a significant fall in the number of mature TCRαβhi thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montero-Herradón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Nitta T, Ota A, Iguchi T, Muro R, Takayanagi H. The fibroblast: An emerging key player in thymic T cell selection. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:68-85. [PMID: 34096078 PMCID: PMC8362222 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts have recently attracted attention as a key stromal component that controls the immune responses in lymphoid tissues. The thymus has a unique microenvironment comprised of a variety of stromal cells, including fibroblasts and thymic epithelial cells (TECs), the latter of which is known to be important for T cell development because of their ability to express self‐antigens. Thymic fibroblasts contribute to thymus organogenesis during embryogenesis and form the capsule and medullary reticular network in the adult thymus. However, the immunological significance of thymic fibroblasts has thus far only been poorly elucidated. In this review, we will summarize the current views on the development and functions of thymic fibroblasts as revealed by new technologies such as multicolor flow cytometry and single cell–based transcriptome profiling. Furthermore, the recently discovered role of medullary fibroblasts in the establishment of T cell tolerance by producing a unique set of self‐antigens will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayami Ota
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Muro
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Han D, Xu Y, Peng WP, Feng F, Wang Z, Gu C, Zhou X. Citrus Alkaline Extracts Inhibit Senescence of A549 Cells to Alleviate Pulmonary Fibrosis via the β-Catenin/P53 Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e928547. [PMID: 33707405 PMCID: PMC7962417 DOI: 10.12659/msm.928547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease related to aging, which has become increasingly prevalent as the population has aged. However, there remains no effective treatment for the disease. Alveolar epithelial type II cell (AEC II) senescence plays an important role in the occurrence and development of IPF. Therefore, enhancing our understanding of aging AEC IIs might facilitate the development of a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of IPF. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of citrus alkaline extracts (CAE) on senescence in A549 cells and elucidate the mechanism by which CAE function. MATERIAL AND METHODS Adriamycin RD (ARD) induces the senescence of A549 cells. Relevant indicators were identified following administration of 3 concentrations of CAE (50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, and 200 μg/mL) to A549 cells. RESULTS CAE inhibited senescence in ARD-induced A549 cells. It inhibited p16, p21, p53, and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and reduced expression of the senescence-related positive cells of ß-galactosidase. Further study revealed that activation of the ß-catenin signaling pathway is closely associated with p53. CAE inhibited senescence in A549 cells via the ß-catenin/p53 pathway. Further, inhibition of b-catenin was associated with reduced expression levels of p53 and p21, and the anti-aging effects of CAE were enhanced. When expression of p53 was inhibited, expression levels of ß-catenin also tended to decrease. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study showed that CAE can inhibit aging in A549 cells to alleviate pulmonary fibrosis, and thus limit the secretion of the extracellular matrix and collagen in lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Wen-Pan Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Fanchao Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Cheng Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xianmei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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8
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Wang L, Zhang CG, Jia YL, Hu L. Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1) Regulates Adipogenesis of Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs) via the Wnt Signaling Pathway in an MMP-independent Manner. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:989-996. [PMID: 33123912 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1) is a tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). It however exerts multiple effects on biological processes, such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, in an MMP-independent manner. This study aimed to examine the role of TIMP-1 in adipogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and the underlying mechanism. We knocked down the TIMP-1 gene in ASCs through lentiviral vectors encoding TIMP-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), and then found that the knockdown of TIMP-1 in ASCs promoted the adipogenic differentiation of stem cells and inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in ASCs. We also noted that mutant TIMP-1 without the inhibitory activity on MMPs promoted the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway as well as the recombinant wild type TIMP-1 did, which indicated that the effect of TIMP-1 on Wnt/β-catenin pathway was MMP-independent. Our study suggested that TIMP-1 negatively regulated the adipogenesis of ASCs via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in an MMP-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chen-Guang Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yu-Lin Jia
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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9
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Banfai K, Garai K, Ernszt D, Pongracz JE, Kvell K. Transgenic Exosomes for Thymus Regeneration. Front Immunol 2019; 10:862. [PMID: 31110503 PMCID: PMC6499203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During senescence, Wnt4 expression is down-regulated (unlike their Frizzled receptors), while PPARgamma expression increases in the thymus. Together, these changes allow for thymic degeneration to occur, observed as adipose involution. However, when restored, Wnt4 can efficiently counteract PPARgamma and prevent thymic senescence from developing. The Wnt-pathway activator miR27b has also been reported to inhibit PPARgamma. Our goal was to evaluate the Wnt4 and miR27b levels of Wnt4-transgenic thymic epithelial cell (TEC)-derived exosomes, show their regenerative potential against age-related thymic degeneration, and visualize their binding and distribution both in vitro and in vivo. First, transgenic exosomes were harvested from Wnt4 over-expressing TECs and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. This unveiled exosomes ranging from 50 to 100 nm in size. Exosomal Wnt4 protein content was assayed by ELISA, while miR27b levels were measured by TaqMan qPCR, both showing elevated levels in transgenic exosomes relative to controls. Of note, kit-purified TEI (total exosome isolate) outperformed UC (ultracentrifugation)-purified exosomes in these parameters. In addition, a significant portion of exosomal Wnt4 proved to be displayed on exosomal surfaces. For functional studies, steroid (Dexamethasone or DX)-induced TECs were used as cellular aging models in which DX-triggered cellular aging was efficiently prevented by transgenic exosomes. Finally, DiI lipid-stained exosomes were applied on the mouse thymus sections and also iv-injected into mice, for in vitro binding and in vivo tracking, respectively. We have observed distinct staining patterns using DiI lipid-stained transgenic exosomes on sections of young and aging murine thymus samples. Moreover, in vivo injected DiI lipid-stained transgenic exosomes showed detectable homing to the thymus. Of note, Wnt4-transgenic exosome homing outperformed control (Wnt5a-transgenic) exosome homing. In summary, our findings indicate that exosomal Wnt4 and miR27b can efficiently counteract thymic adipose involution. Although extrapolation of mouse results to the human setting needs caution, our results appoint transgenic TEC exosomes as promising tools of immune rejuvenation and contribute to the characterization of the immune-modulatory effects of extracellular vesicles in the context of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Banfai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Garai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - David Ernszt
- Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Judit E Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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10
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Qiu W, Chuong CM, Lei M. Regulation of melanocyte stem cells in the pigmentation of skin and its appendages: Biological patterning and therapeutic potentials. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:395-405. [PMID: 30537004 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin evolves essential appendages and indispensable types of cells that synergistically insulate the body from environmental insults. Residing in the specific regions in the skin such as epidermis, dermis and hair follicle, melanocytes perform an array of vital functions including defending the ultraviolet radiation and diversifying animal appearance. As one of the adult stem cells, melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicle bulge niche can proliferate, differentiate and keep quiescence to control and coordinate tissue homeostasis, repair and regeneration. In synchrony with hair follicle stem cells, melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicles undergo cyclic activation, degeneration and resting phases, to pigment the hairs and to preserve the stem cells. Disorder of melanocytes results in severe skin problems such as canities, vitiligo and even melanoma. Here, we compare and summarize recent discoveries about melanocyte in the skin, particularly in the hair follicle. A better understanding of the physiological and pathological regulation of melanocyte and melanocyte stem cell behaviours will help to guide the clinical applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of New Drug Development, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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11
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Chen Y, Zhang P, Tang P, Lv P, Li X, Wang Y, Lv Y, Liu Y. Wnt4 overexpression promotes thymoma development through a JNK-mediated planar cell polarity-like pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:83-90. [PMID: 29387212 PMCID: PMC5769365 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymoma is the most common neoplasm of the anterosuperior mediastinum. Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway has a role in a variety of human cancers. The present objective was to examine c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mRNA and protein expression in thymoma cells undergoing apoptosis subsequent to downregulation of Wnt4. Wnt4 and JNK mRNA and protein expression was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in 15 thymoma tissues and 6 thymus cyst tissues. Thymoma cells were cultured and transfected with shRNA plasmids targeting the Wnt4 gene. Wnt4 and JNK protein expression was detected by western blot analysis. Apoptosis was analyzed using Wright-Giemsa staining, Hoechst-33342/propidium iodine double staining and flow cytometry. The results showed that Wnt4 and JNK mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased in thymoma compared with normal thymus tissue. Subsequent to transfection, thymoma Wnt4 and JNK mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased in shRNA-treated groups, with the strongest inhibition being 52.37%. Characteristic apoptotic morphological changes were observed and apoptosis increased. Overall, the present concluded that Wnt4 has an important role in thymoma development, which appears to be activated through a JNK mediated planar cell polarity-like pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peiyuan Tang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yimei Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Ernszt D, Banfai K, Kellermayer Z, Pap A, Lord JM, Pongracz JE, Kvell K. PPARgamma Deficiency Counteracts Thymic Senescence. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1515. [PMID: 29163553 PMCID: PMC5681731 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic senescence contributes to increased incidence of infection, cancer and autoimmunity at senior ages. This process manifests as adipose involution. As with other adipose tissues, thymic adipose involution is also controlled by PPARgamma. This is supported by observations reporting that systemic PPARgamma activation accelerates thymic adipose involution. Therefore, we hypothesized that decreased PPARgamma activity could prevent thymic adipose involution, although it may trigger metabolic adverse effects. We have confirmed that both human and murine thymic sections show marked staining for PPARgamma at senior ages. We have also tested the thymic lobes of PPARgamma haplo-insufficient and null mice. Supporting our working hypothesis both adult PPARgamma haplo-insufficient and null mice show delayed thymic senescence by thymus histology, thymocyte mouse T-cell recombination excision circle qPCR and peripheral blood naive T-cell ratio by flow-cytometry. Delayed senescence showed dose-response with respect to PPARgamma deficiency. Functional immune parameters were also evaluated at senior ages in PPARgamma haplo-insufficient mice (null mice do not reach senior ages due to metabolic adverse affects). As expected, sustained and elevated T-cell production conferred oral tolerance and enhanced vaccination efficiency in senior PPARgamma haplo-insufficient, but not in senior wild-type littermates according to ELISA IgG measurements. Of note, humans also show increased oral intolerance issues and decreased protection by vaccines at senior ages. Moreover, PPARgamma haplo-insufficiency also exists in human known as a rare disease (FPLD3) causing metabolic adverse effects, similar to the mouse. When compared to age- and metabolic disorder-matched other patient samples (FPLD2 not affecting PPARgamma activity), FPLD3 patients showed increased human Trec (hTrec) values by qPCR (within healthy human range) suggesting delayed thymic senescence, in accordance with mouse results and supporting our working hypothesis. In summary, our experiments prove that systemic decrease of PPARgamma activity prevents thymic senescence, albeit with metabolic drawbacks. However, thymic tissue-specific PPARgamma antagonism would likely solve the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ernszt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Banfai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Kellermayer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Attila Pap
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Janet M Lord
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Judit E Pongracz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Wallace J, Lutgen V, Avasarala S, St Croix B, Winn RA, Al-Harthi L. Wnt7a induces a unique phenotype of monocyte-derived macrophages with lower phagocytic capacity and differential expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Immunology 2017; 153:203-213. [PMID: 28872671 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The variation of macrophage functions suggests the involvement of multiple signalling pathways in fine tuning their differentiation. Macrophages that originate from monocytes in the blood migrate to tissue in response to homeostatic or 'danger' signals and undergo substantial morphological and functional modifications to meet the needs of the dominant signals in the microenvironment. Wnts are secreted glycoproteins that play a significant role in organ and cell differentiation, yet their impact on monocyte differentiation is not clear. In this study, we assessed the role of Wnt1 and Wnt7a on the differentiation of monocytes and the subsequent phenotype and function of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We show that Wnt7a decreased the expression of CD14, CD11b, CD163 and CD206, whereas Wnt1 had no effect. The Wnt7a effect on CD11b was also observed in the brain and spleen of Wnt7a-/- adult brain mouse tissue and in embryonic Wnt7a-/- tissue. Wnt7a reduced the phagocytic capacity of M-MDMs, decreased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 secretion and increased IL-6 secretion. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Wnt7a generates an MDM phenotype with both pro-inflammatory and alternative MDM cytokine profiles and reduced phagocytic capacity. As such, Wnt7a can have a significant impact on macrophage responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennillee Wallace
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Lutgen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sreedevi Avasarala
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brad St Croix
- Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Winn
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chen Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Lu C, Zhang P. Decreased Wnt4 expression inhibits thymoma development through downregulation of FoxN1. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:1574-1583. [PMID: 28740671 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.05.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt signaling pathway controls the development of thymic epithelial cells by regulating the expression of FoxN1. Thymoma is a type of malignant tumor arising from the thymic epithelial cells. To determine whether Wnt4 and FoxN1 are involved in the pathogenesis of thymoma, this study determined the mRNA and protein levels of Wnt4 and Foxn1 in thymoma, and analyzed the effect of thymoma cell apoptosis and tumor growth in nude mice after Wnt4 and FoxN1 downregulation. METHODS Wnt4 and FoxN1 mRNA and protein levels in thymoma tissues were analyzed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Thymoma cells were cultured and transfected with siRNA targeting the Wnt4, JNK, and FoxN1 genes. Apoptosis of thymoma cells were analyzed after Wnt4 and FoxN1 downregulation. In addition, thymoma cells were inoculated into nude mice and tumor growth was analyzed. RESULTS The rates of expression of Wnt4 and FoxN1 protein were 64.3% and 58.9%, while the levels of mRNA expression were 2.56±0.04 and 1.83±0.11, respectively. With increasing malignancy of thymoma, the rates of positivity for Wnt4 and FoxN1 mRNA and protein expression gradually increased. Upon interfering with Wnt4, JNK, and FoxN1 gene expression by using siRNA technology, the inhibition rates were 56.7%, 72.6%, and 63.2%, respectively. The expression of FoxN1 mRNA and protein was decreased after Wnt4 and JNK downregulation. After downregulation of Wnt4 and FoxN1 gene expression, the apoptosis rate of thymoma cells increased and the tumor volume decreased in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS High expression of Wnt4 and FoxN1 may play an important role in the generation and development of thymoma. The FoxN1 gene produced a marked downstream effect through the regulation of Wnt4. Determining the positivity for both Wnt4 and FoxN1 can help us to evaluate the level of malignancy of thymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yimei Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Thymus neuroendocrine tumors with CTNNB1 gene mutations, disarrayed ß-catenin expression, and dual intra-tumor Ki-67 labeling index compartmentalization challenge the concept of secondary high-grade neuroendocrine tumor: a paradigm shift. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:31-47. [PMID: 28451756 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We herein report an uncommon association of intimately admixed atypical carcinoid (AC) and large cell neuroendocrine (NE) carcinoma (LCNEC) of the thymus, occurring in two 20- and 39-year-old Caucasian males. Both tumors were treated by maximal thymectomy. The younger patient presented with a synchronous lesion and died of disease after 9 months, while the other patient was associated with a recurrent ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone Cushing's syndrome and is alive with disease at the 2-year follow-up. MEN1 syndrome was excluded in either case. Immunohistochemically, disarrayed cytoplasmic and nuclear ß-catenin expression was seen alongside an intra-tumor Ki-67 antigen labeling index (LI) ranging from 2 to 80% in the younger patient's tumor and from 3 to 45% in the other. Both exhibited upregulated cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma, while vimentin was overexpressed in the recurrent LCNEC only. Next-generation sequencing revealed CTNNB1, TP53, and JAK3 mutations in the synchronous tumor and CTNNB1 mutation alone in the metachronous tumor (the latter with the same mutation as the first tumor of 17 years prior). None of the 23 T-NET controls exhibited this hallmarking triple alteration (p = 0.003). These findings suggested that LCNEC components developed from pre-existing CTNNB1-mutated AC upon loss-of-function TP53 and gain-of-function JAK3 mutations in one case and an epithelial-mesenchymal transition upon vimentin overexpression in the other case. Both tumors maintained intact cyclin D1-retinoblastoma machinery. Our report challenges the concept of secondary LCNEC as an entity that develops from pre-existing AC as a result of tumor progression, suggesting a paradigm shift to the current pathogenesis of NET.
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Elevated levels of Wnt signaling disrupt thymus morphogenesis and function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:785. [PMID: 28400578 PMCID: PMC5429746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All vertebrates possess a thymus, whose epithelial microenvironment is essential for T cell development and maturation. Despite the importance of the thymus for cellular immune defense, many questions surrounding its morphogenesis remain unanswered. Here, we demonstrate that, in contrast to the situation in many other epithelial cell types, differentiation of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) proceeds normally in the absence of canonical Wnt signaling and the classical adhesion molecule E-cadherin. By contrast, TEC-intrinsic activation of β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling blocks the morphogenesis of the thymus, and overexpression of a secreted Wnt ligand by TECs dominantly modifies the morphogenesis not only of the thymus, but also of the parathyroid and thyroid. These observations indicate that Wnt signaling activity in the thymus needs to be precisely controlled to support normal TEC differentiation, and suggest possible mechanisms underlying anatomical variations of the thymus, parathyroid and thyroid in humans.
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Kwon IK, Lee SC, Hwang YS, Heo JS. Mitochondrial function contributes to oxysterol-induced osteogenic differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:561-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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