Sajjadi S, Hejazi S, Ravanshad S, Jafarzadeh Esfehani R. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and novel coronavirus disease 2019; More complex than just a simple coinfection.
Gene X 2022;
834:146550. [PMID:
35569772 PMCID:
PMC9098513 DOI:
10.1016/j.gene.2022.146550]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affected many people worldwide, especially those with underlying diseases. While some people with underlying illnesses, including cardiovascular diseases, are more vulnerable to develop severe COVID-19, other populations, including people who have autoimmune diseases, may develop severe diseases similar to the general population. The severity and outcome of COVID-19 are reviewed in individuals with underlying viral diseases, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome and hepatitis, however, some infectious diseases, including human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) diseases, is under-reported in the literature. HTLV-1 is a sexually transmitted disease that is endemic in some parts of the world. Infected patients may develop clinical symptoms of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia (ATL) or may remain asymptomatic during their life. To the best of our knowledge, no clinical studies evaluate the severity and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HTLV-1 infected patients. We aimed to review the pathogenesis of both of these viral infections and discuss their similarities in provoking immune responses. Although HTLV-1 infected patients may have had variable degrees of inflammation and immune system dysregulation, the available data is limited to conclude that HTLV-1 infected patients may be more vulnerable to developing severe COVID-19 in contrast to the general population.
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