1
|
Curtis A, Morton J, Fraser S, Harding AH, Prideaux B, Clench M, Warren ND, Evans GS. Can the KG1 cell line be used as a model of dendritic cells and discriminate the sensitising potential of chemicals? Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:32-40. [PMID: 26260117 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The KG1 myeloid leukaemia was used as source of dendritic cells (DC) to discriminate between respiratory and contact sensitising chemicals. A cocktail of cytokines was used to differentiate KG1 to dendritic like cells (termed dKG1) and the effects of nine chemicals (respiratory and contact sensitisers) and an irritant control on surface marker expression, 'antigen presenting' function and cytokine expression investigated. The stability of these chemicals when dissolved was characterised using MALDI ToF MS. A Hill plot model was used with the cellular viability data to quantify the lethal dose 50% (LD50) and a maximum sub toxic concentration of each chemical defined. Cytokine expression by the treated dKG1 was quantified using multiplex immunobead analysis. Whilst dKG1 cells were morphologically similar to DCs, expression of specific surface markers was not typical for DCs derived from healthy precursor cells. When the chemicals were applied at defined sub toxic doses no effects on dKG1 phenotype, function, or cytokine expression, attributable to the sensitisation properties were discriminated. However, dKG1 cells were much more sensitive to the toxic effects of these chemicals compared to the parent KG1 cells. Only 4 of the 9 chemicals tested were stable when dissolved indicating that the effect of sensitising chemicals on antigen presenting cells may be related to species other than the parent compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Curtis
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Jackie Morton
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Susan Fraser
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Anne-Helen Harding
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Malcom Clench
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Nicholas D Warren
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Gareth S Evans
- Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan C, Song G, Jiang G. The characterization and role of leukemia cell-derived dendritic cells in immunotherapy for leukemic diseases. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2012; 1:53-65. [PMID: 25343074 PMCID: PMC4204560 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2012.v1.2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Usually, an effective anti-leukemia immune response cannot be initiated effectively in patients with leukemia. This is probably related to immunosuppression due to chemotherapy, down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II molecules, and the lack of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells (DC). In light of this problem, some methods had been used to induce leukemia cells to differentiate into mature DCs, causing them to present leukemia-associated antigens and activating naïve T cells. Furthermore, leukemia-derived DCs could be modified with tumor antigens or tumor-associated antigens to provide a new approach to anti-leukemia therapy. Numerous studies have indicated factors related to the induction and functioning of leukemia-derived DCs and the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). These include the amount of purified DCs, cytokine profiles appropriate for inducing leukemia-derived DCs, effective methods of activating CTLs, reasonable approaches to DC vaccines, and the standardization of their clinical use. Determining these factors could lead to more effective leukemia treatment and benefit both mankind and scientific development. What follows in a review of advances in and practices of inducing leukemia-derived DCs and the feasibility of their clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Immunology, Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Department of Hemato-Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Guanhua Song
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Immunology, Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Department of Hemato-Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Immunology, Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Department of Hemato-Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to: Prof. Guosheng Jiang, Department of Hemato-oncology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jingshi Road 18877, Ji'nan 250062, Shandong, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zsiros E, Kis-Toth K, Hajdu P, Gaspar R, Bielanska J, Felipe A, Rajnavolgyi E, Panyi G. Developmental switch of the expression of ion channels in human dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4483-92. [PMID: 19748986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the expression and activity of plasma membrane ion channels is one of the mechanisms by which immune cells can regulate their intracellular Ca(2+) signaling pathways required for proliferation and/or differentiation. Voltage-gated K+ channels, inwardly rectifying K+ channels, and Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels have been described to play a major role in controlling the membrane potential in lymphocytes and professional APCs, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Our study aimed at the characterization and identification of ion channels expressed in the course of human DC differentiation from monocytes. We report in this study for the first time that immature monocyte-derived DCs express voltage-gated Na+ channels in their plasma membrane. The analysis of the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the current and PCR-based cloning revealed the presence of Nav1.7 channels in immature DCs. Transition from the immature to a mature differentiation state, however, was accompanied by the down-regulation of Nav1.7 expression concomitant with the up-regulation of voltage-gated Kv1.3 K+ channel expression. The presence of Kv1.3 channels seems to be common for immune cells; hence, selective Kv1.3 blockers may emerge as candidates for inhibiting various functions of mature DCs that involve their migratory, cytokine-secreting, and T cell-activating potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emese Zsiros
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4012, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wacnik PW, Luhr KM, Hill RH, Ljunggren HG, Kristensson K, Svensson M. Cannabinoids Affect Dendritic Cell (DC) Potassium Channel Function and Modulate DC T Cell Stimulatory Capacity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3057-66. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
5
|
Santegoets SJAM, van den Eertwegh AJM, van de Loosdrecht AA, Scheper RJ, de Gruijl TD. Human dendritic cell line models for DC differentiation and clinical DC vaccination studies. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1364-73. [PMID: 18664532 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are increasingly applied in the immunotherapy of cancer. As the development of a standardized DC vaccine product is often hampered by the limited availability of DC precursors and inter- and intra-donor variability, and the preparation of individual vaccines is labor-intensive, it would be preferable to use DC from a readily available and unlimited source, such as cell lines can provide. It has been described that leukemia-derived cell lines are able to differentiate into functional DC, creating possibilities for the development of highly reproducible DC vaccines and providing in vitro model systems for in-depth studies about DC physiology. This review discusses the different human DC cell line differentiation models described so far. Based on the available data, characteristics that determine the ability of leukemia cells to differentiate along the different precursor stages into functional DC will be formulated. In addition, evidence will be provided that the human CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia cell line MUTZ-3 provides DC that exhibit the functional properties that are crucial for the in vivo generation of CTL-mediated immunity and thus, currently, represents the most valuable, sustainable model system for myeloid DC differentiation and clinical DC vaccination studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Márkász L, Hajas G, Kiss A, Lontay B, Rajnavölgyi É, Erdődi F, Oláh É. Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Increases Drug Resistance of Leukaemic Blast Cells to Daunorubicin. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 14:285-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Teobald I, Dunnion DJ, Whitbread M, Curnow SJ, Browning MJ. Phenotypic and functional differentiation of KG-1 into dendritic-like cells. Immunobiology 2007; 213:75-86. [PMID: 18207029 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cell line KG-1 has been used as an in vitro model for human dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. We have investigated the response of KG-1 cells to stimulation with a number of factors known to induce differentiation and/or maturation of DCs in vitro. KG-1 cells showed no differentiation in response to LPS, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide or CD40 ligation. Culture in the presence of TNF-alpha induced some differentiation, but only treatment with PMA and ionomycin (with or without prior culture in GM-CSF and IL-4) induced morphological and phenotypic changes consistent with DC-like maturation, and even these maximally differentiated KG-1 cells showed lower levels of surface marker expression, macromolecular endocytosis, and ability to stimulate in allogeneic MLR compared with in vitro monocyte-derived DCs. Our data show that KG-1 cells differentiate in vitro into cells with DC-like functional characteristics under the influence of strong inducers of cellular activation, but lack the potency of mature DCs in key aspects of professional antigen presenting cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Teobald
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Horlock C, Shakib F, Mahdavi J, Jones NS, Sewell HF, Ghaemmaghami AM. Analysis of proteomic profiles and functional properties of human peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells, monocyte-derived dendritic cells and the dendritic cell-like KG-1 cells reveals distinct characteristics. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R30. [PMID: 17331236 PMCID: PMC1868942 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-3-r30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Important proteomic and functional differences between peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) and KG-1 cells have been identified. Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells that play a pivotal role in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. Given the scarcity of peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) investigators have used different model systems for studying DC biology. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and KG-1 cells are routinely used as mDC models, but a thorough comparison of these cells has not yet been carried out, particularly in relation to their proteomes. We therefore sought to run a comparative study of the proteomes and functional properties of these cells. Results Despite general similarities between mDCs and the model systems, moDCs and KG-1 cells, our findings identified some significant differences in the proteomes of these cells, and the findings were confirmed by ELISA detection of a selection of proteins. This was particularly noticeable with proteins involved in cell growth and maintenance (for example, fibrinogen γ chain (FGG) and ubiquinol cytochrome c) and cell-cell interaction and integrity (for example, fascin and actin). We then examined the surface phenotype, cytokine profile, endocytic and T-cell-activation ability of these cells in support of the proteomic data, and obtained confirmatory evidence for differences in the maturation status and functional attributes between mDCs and the two DC models. Conclusion We have identified important proteomic and functional differences between mDCs and two DC model systems. These differences could have major functional implications, particularly in relation to DC-T cell interactions, the so-called immunological synapse, and, therefore, need to be considered when interpreting data obtained from model DC systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Horlock
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Farouk Shakib
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jafar Mahdavi
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Nick S Jones
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medical and Surgical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Herb F Sewell
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bahlis NJ, King AM, Kolonias D, Carlson LM, Liu HY, Hussein MA, Terebelo HR, Byrne GE, Levine BL, Boise LH, Lee KP. CD28-mediated regulation of multiple myeloma cell proliferation and survival. Blood 2007; 109:5002-10. [PMID: 17311991 PMCID: PMC1885531 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-012542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although interactions with bone marrow stromal cells are essential for multiple myeloma (MM) cell survival, the specific molecular and cellular elements involved are largely unknown, due in large part to the complexity of the bone marrow microenvironment itself. The T-cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is also expressed on normal and malignant plasma cells, and CD28 expression in MM correlates significantly with poor prognosis and disease progression. In contrast to T cells, activation and function of CD28 in myeloma cells is largely undefined. We have found that direct activation of myeloma cell CD28 by anti-CD28 mAb alone induces activation of PI3K and NFkappaB, suppresses MM cell proliferation, and protects against serum starvation and dexamethasone (dex)-induced cell death. Coculture with dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the CD28 ligands CD80 and CD86 also elicits CD28-mediated effects on MM survival and proliferation, and DCs appear to preferentially localize within myeloma infiltrates in primary patient samples. Our findings suggest a previously undescribed myeloma/DC cell-cell interaction involving CD28 that may play an important role in myeloma cell survival within the bone marrow stroma. These data also point to CD28 as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nizar J Bahlis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leung KN, Mak NK, Fung MC. Cytokines in the differentiation therapy of leukemia: from laboratory investigations to clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 42:473-514. [PMID: 16390682 DOI: 10.1080/10408360500295154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy of leukemia is the treatment of leukemia cells with biological or chemical agents that induce the terminal differentiation of the cancer cells. It is regarded as a novel and targeted approach to leukemia treatment, based on our better understanding of the hematopoietic process and the mechanisms of its deregulation during leukemogenesis. Clinically, differentiation therapy has been most successful in acute promyelocytic leukemia using all-trans-retinoic acid as the inducer, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. This review presents evidence that a number of hematopoietic cytokines play important roles in both normal and aberrant hematopoietic processes. In vitro laboratory investigations in the past two decades using well-characterized myeloid leukemic cell lines and primary blast cells from leukemia patients have revealed that many hematopoietic cytokines can trigger lineage-specific differentiation of leukemia cells, which may have important implications in the clinical setting. Moreover, our current understanding of cytokine interactions and the molecular mechanisms of cytokine-induced leukemic cell differentiation will be discussed in the light of recent findings. Finally, ways in which laboratory research on cytokines in the differentiation therapy of leukemia can lead to the improved design of protocols for future clinical applications to leukemia therapy will also be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K N Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Larsson K, Lindstedt M, Borrebaeck CAK. Functional and transcriptional profiling of MUTZ-3, a myeloid cell line acting as a model for dendritic cells. Immunology 2006; 117:156-66. [PMID: 16423051 PMCID: PMC1782214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of allergy is steadily increasing, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the allergic immune response are still not fully understood. In particular, further investigations focusing on dendritic cells, which are central in orchestrating the immune response, are needed. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of myeloid leukaemia-derived cell lines, such as KG-1, THP-1 and MUTZ-3, to serve as in vitro models for dendritic cells. The ability of these cell lines to mature into functional dendritic cells, expressing costimulatory molecules, was assessed by functional and transcriptional profiling and compared with that of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, which are now used as a standard source of dendritic cells. High-density microarray analysis was utilized to study the transcriptional activity and kinetics of activation of the differentiated MUTZ-3 cell line, in response to a cocktail of inflammatory cytokines. The data obtained clearly demonstrate that MUTZ-3 cells have the ability to induce antigen-independent proliferation in CD4(+) CD45RA(+) T cells, whereas KG-1 and THP-1 only induced a marginal response. Furthermore, MUTZ-3 displayed the phenotypic and transcriptional profiles of immature dendritic cells, after differentiation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4. Upon activation with inflammatory cytokines, MUTZ-3 matured phenotypically and exhibited a gene induction similar to that of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. This delineation of the cellular and transcriptional activity of MUTZ-3, in response to maturational stimuli, demonstrates the significance of this cell line as a model for functional studies of inflammatory responses.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cejas PJ, Carlson LM, Zhang J, Padmanabhan S, Kolonias D, Lindner I, Haley S, Boise LH, Lee KP. Protein kinase C betaII plays an essential role in dendritic cell differentiation and autoregulates its own expression. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28412-23. [PMID: 15917249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500345200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) arise from a diverse group of hematopoietic progenitors and have marked phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. The signal transduction pathways that regulate the ability of progenitors to undergo DC differentiation, as well as the specific characteristics of the resulting DC, are only beginning to be characterized. We have found previously that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by cytokines or phorbol esters drives normal human CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors and myeloid leukemic blasts (KG1, K562 cell lines, and primary patient blasts) to differentiate into DC. We now report that PKC activation is also required for cytokine-driven DC differentiation from monocytes. Of the cPKC isoforms, only PKC-betaII was consistently activated by DC differentiation-inducing stimuli in normal and leukemic progenitors. Transfection of PKC-betaII into the differentiation-resistant KG1a subline restored the ability to undergo DC differentiation in a signal strength-dependent fashion as follows: 1) by development of characteristic morphology; 2) the up-regulation of DC surface markers; 3) the induction of expression of the NFkappaB family member Rel B; and 4) the potent ability to stimulate allo-T cells. Most unexpectedly, the restoration of PKC-betaII signaling in KG1a was not directly due to overexpression of the transfected classical PKC (alpha, betaII, or gamma) but rather through induction of endogenous PKC-beta gene expression by the transfected classical PKC. The mechanism of this positive autoregulation involves up-regulation of PKC-beta promoter activity by constitutive PKC signaling. These findings indicate that the regulation of PKC-betaII expression and signaling play critical roles in mediating progenitor to DC differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Cejas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33156, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|