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Yang C, Wang Z, Li L, Zhang Z, Jin X, Wu P, Sun S, Pan J, Su K, Jia F, Zhang L, Wang H, Yu X, Shao X, Wang K, Qiu F, Yan J, Huang J. Aged neutrophils form mitochondria-dependent vital NETs to promote breast cancer lung metastasis. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002875. [PMID: 34716206 PMCID: PMC8559246 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils-linked premetastatic niche plays a key role in tumor metastasis, but not much is known about the heterogeneity and diverse role of neutrophils in niche formation. Our study focuses on the existence and biological function of a rarely delved subset of neutrophils, named as tumor-associated aged neutrophils (Naged, CXCR4+CD62Llow), involved in premetastatic niche formation during breast cancer metastasis. Methods We explored the distributions of Naged in 206 patients and mice models (4T1 and MMTV-PyMT) by flow cytometry. The ability of Naged to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and promote tumor metastasis in patients and mice was determined by polychromatic immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and real-time video detection. Furthermore, the differences among tumor-associated Naged, Non-Naged and inflammation-associated aged neutrophils were compared by transcriptome, the biological characteristics of Naged were comprehensively analyzed from the perspectives of morphology, the metabolic capacity and mitochondrial function were investigated by Seahorse, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Finally, 120 patients’ sample were applied to confirm the acceleration of Naged formation through secreted NAMPT, and the importance of blocking this pathway in mice was evaluated. Results We find that Naged accumulate in the lung premetastatic niche at early stage of breast tumorigenesis in multiple mice models and also exist in peripheral blood and metastatic lung of patients with breast cancer. Naged exhibit distinct cell marker and morphological feature of oversegmented nuclei. Further transcriptome reveals that Naged are completely different from those of Non-Aged or inflammation-associated aged neutrophils and illustrates that the key transcription factor SIRT1 in Naged is the core to maintain their lifespan via mitophagy for their function. The responsible mechanism is that SIRT1 can induce the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore channels to release mitochondrial DNA and lead to the mitochondria-dependent vital NETs formation, rather than traditional Cit-Histone H3 dependent fatal-NETs. Further mechanically investigation found tumor derived NAMPT could induce Naged formation. Additionally, therapeutic interventions of Naged and its formation-linked pathways could effectively decrease breast cancer lung metastasis. Conclusions Naged exerts a vital role in breast cancer lung metastasis, and strategies targeting SIRT1-Naged-NETs axis show promise for translational application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Zhejiang Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Su
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Leyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuming Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China .,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Chan DV, Somani AK, Young AB, Massari JV, Ohtola J, Sugiyama H, Garaczi E, Babineau D, Cooper KD, McCormick TS. Signal peptide cleavage is essential for surface expression of a regulatory T cell surface protein, leucine rich repeat containing 32 (LRRC32). BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:27. [PMID: 21615933 PMCID: PMC3127830 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated numbers of regulatory T cells (T(regs)) have been implicated in certain cancers. Depletion of T(regs) has been shown to increase anti-tumor immunity. T(regs) also play a critical role in the suppression of autoimmune responses. The study of T(regs) has been hampered by a lack of adequate surface markers. Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 32 (LRRC32), also known as Glycoprotein A Repetitions Predominant (GARP), has been postulated as a novel surface marker of activated T(regs). However, there is limited information regarding the processing of LRRC32 or the regulatory phenotype and functional activity of T(regs) expressing LRRC32. RESULTS Using naturally-occurring freshly isolated T(regs), we demonstrate that low levels of LRRC32 are present intracellularly prior to activation and that freshly isolated LRRC32+ T(regs) are distinct from LRRC32- T(regs) with respect to the expression of surface CD62L. Using LRRC32 transfectants of HEK cells, we demonstrate that the N-terminus of LRRC32 is cleaved prior to expression of the protein at the cell surface. Furthermore, we demonstrate using a construct containing a deleted putative signal peptide region that the presence of a signal peptide region is critical to cell surface expression of LRRC32. Finally, mixed lymphocyte assays demonstrate that LRRC32+ T(regs) are more potent suppressors than LRRC32- T(regs). CONCLUSIONS A cleaved signal peptide site in LRRC32 is necessary for surface localization of native LRRC32 following activation of naturally-occurring freshly-isolated regulatory T cells. LRRC32 expression appears to alter the surface expression of activation markers of T cells such as CD62L. LRRC32 surface expression may be useful as a marker that selects for more potent T(reg) populations. In summary, understanding the processing and expression of LRRC32 may provide insight into the mechanism of action of T(regs) and the refinement of immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek V Chan
- Previous Address: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
- Current Address: Ohio State University Dermatology, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Ally-Khan Somani
- Previous Address: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
- Current Address: Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 550 N. University Blvd., Suite 3240, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andrew B Young
- Previous Address: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
| | - Jessica V Massari
- Previous Address: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
| | - Jennifer Ohtola
- Previous Address: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
| | - Hideaki Sugiyama
- Previous Address: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Edina Garaczi
- Previous Address: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Denise Babineau
- Statistical Sciences Core, Center For Clinical Investigation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
| | - Kevin D Cooper
- Previous Address: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
- VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
| | - Thomas S McCormick
- Previous Address: Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
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