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Malhotra I, Oyarzún B, Mognetti BM. Unfolding of the chromatin fiber driven by overexpression of noninteracting bridging factors. Biophys J 2021; 120:1247-1256. [PMID: 33453272 PMCID: PMC8059093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear molecules control the functional properties of the chromatin fiber by shaping its morphological properties. The biophysical mechanisms controlling how bridging molecules compactify chromatin are a matter of debate. On the one side, bridging molecules could cross-link faraway sites and fold the fiber through the formation of loops. Interacting bridging molecules could also mediate long-range attractions by first tagging different locations of the fiber and then undergoing microphase separation. Using a coarse-grained model and Monte Carlo simulations, we study the conditions leading to compact configurations both for interacting and noninteracting bridging molecules. In the second case, we report on an unfolding transition at high densities of the bridging molecules. We clarify how this transition, which disappears for interacting bridging molecules, is universal and controlled by entropic terms. In general, chains are more compact in the case of interacting bridging molecules because interactions are not valence limited. However, this result is conditional on the ability of our simulation methodology to relax the system toward its ground state. In particular, we clarify how, unless using reaction dynamics that change the length of a loop in a single step, the system is prone to remain trapped in metastable, compact configurations featuring long loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Malhotra
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Interdisciplinary Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Bernardo Oyarzún
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Interdisciplinary Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bortolo Matteo Mognetti
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Interdisciplinary Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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Cai J, Yang J, Liu Q, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Selenium deficiency inhibits myocardial development and differentiation by targeting the mir-215-5p/CTCF axis in chicken. Metallomics 2019; 11:415-428. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00319j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is imperative for normal myocardial differentiation and development, and these basic cellular functions can be regulated by miRNA during cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Yafan Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment
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3
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Kim TG, Kim S, Jung S, Kim M, Yang B, Lee MG, Kim HP. CCCTC-binding factor is essential to the maintenance and quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells in mice. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e371. [PMID: 28857086 PMCID: PMC5579513 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis involves a series of lineage differentiation programs initiated in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) found in bone marrow (BM). To ensure lifelong hematopoiesis, various molecular mechanisms are needed to maintain the HSC pool. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a DNA-binding, zinc-finger protein that regulates the expression of its target gene by organizing higher order chromatin structures. Currently, the role of CTCF in controlling HSC homeostasis is unknown. Using a tamoxifen-inducible CTCF conditional knockout mouse system, we aimed to determine whether CTCF regulates the homeostatic maintenance of HSCs. In adult mice, acute systemic CTCF ablation led to severe BM failure and the rapid shrinkage of multiple c-Kithi progenitor populations, including Sca-1+ HSCs. Similarly, hematopoietic system-confined CTCF depletion caused an acute loss of HSCs and highly increased mortality. Mixed BM chimeras reconstituted with supporting BM demonstrated that CTCF deficiency-mediated HSC depletion has both cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic effects. Although c-Kithi myeloid progenitor cell populations were severely reduced after ablating Ctcf, c-Kitint common lymphoid progenitors and their progenies were less affected by the lack of CTCF. Whole-transcriptome microarray and cell cycle analyses indicated that CTCF deficiency results in the enhanced expression of the cell cycle-promoting program, and that CTCF-depleted HSCs express higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, in vivo treatment with an antioxidant partially rescued c-Kithi cell populations and their quiescence. Altogether, our results suggest that CTCF is indispensable for maintaining adult HSC pools, likely by regulating ROS-dependent HSC quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute. of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sueun Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute. of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyeon Jung
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute. of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mikyoung Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute. of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bobae Yang
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute. of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Geol Lee
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute. of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Kim TG, Kim M, Lee JJ, Kim SH, Je JH, Lee Y, Song MJ, Choi Y, Chung YW, Park CG, Cho JW, Lee MG, Lee YS, Kim HP. CCCTC-binding factor controls the homeostatic maintenance and migration of Langerhans cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:713-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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5
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Parnas O, Jovanovic M, Eisenhaure TM, Herbst RH, Dixit A, Ye CJ, Przybylski D, Platt RJ, Tirosh I, Sanjana NE, Shalem O, Satija R, Raychowdhury R, Mertins P, Carr SA, Zhang F, Hacohen N, Regev A. A Genome-wide CRISPR Screen in Primary Immune Cells to Dissect Regulatory Networks. Cell 2015; 162:675-86. [PMID: 26189680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Finding the components of cellular circuits and determining their functions systematically remains a major challenge in mammalian cells. Here, we introduced genome-wide pooled CRISPR-Cas9 libraries into dendritic cells (DCs) to identify genes that control the induction of tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key process in the host response to pathogens, mediated by the Tlr4 pathway. We found many of the known regulators of Tlr4 signaling, as well as dozens of previously unknown candidates that we validated. By measuring protein markers and mRNA profiles in DCs that are deficient in known or candidate genes, we classified the genes into three functional modules with distinct effects on the canonical responses to LPS and highlighted functions for the PAF complex and oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. Our findings uncover new facets of innate immune circuits in primary cells and provide a genetic approach for dissection of mammalian cell circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Parnas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marko Jovanovic
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas M Eisenhaure
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Rebecca H Herbst
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Atray Dixit
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Randall J Platt
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Itay Tirosh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Neville E Sanjana
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ophir Shalem
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rahul Satija
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA; New York University, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | | | - Philipp Mertins
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114.
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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6
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Zhang X, Kiang KM, Zhang GP, Leung GK. Long Non-Coding RNAs Dysregulation and Function in Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Noncoding RNA 2015; 1:69-86. [PMID: 29861416 PMCID: PMC5932540 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna1010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common form of primary brain tumor, is highly resistant to current treatment paradigms and has a high rate of recurrence. Recent advances in the field of tumor-initiating cells suggest that glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) may be responsible for GBM's rapid progression, treatment resistance, tumor recurrence and ultimately poor clinical prognosis. Understanding the biologically significant pathways that mediate GSC-specific characteristics offers promises in the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutics. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been increasingly implicated in the regulation of cancer cell biological behavior through various mechanisms. Initial studies strongly suggested that lncRNA expressions are highly dysregulated in GSCs and may play important roles in determining malignant phenotypes in GBM. Here, we review available evidence on aberrantly expressed lncRNAs identified by high throughput microarray profiling studies in GSCs. We also explore the potential functional pathways by analyzing their interactive proteins and miRNAs, with a view to shed lights on how this novel class of molecular candidates may mediate GSC maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Karrie Meiyee Kiang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Grace Pingde Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gilberto Kakit Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Ouboussad L, Kreuz S, Lefevre PF. CTCF depletion alters chromatin structure and transcription of myeloid-specific factors. J Mol Cell Biol 2013; 5:308-22. [PMID: 23933634 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation is a multistep process tightly regulated and controlled by complex transcription factor networks. Here, we show that the rate of differentiation of common myeloid precursor cells increases after depletion of CTCF, a protein emerging as a potential key factor regulating higher-order chromatin structure. We identified CTCF binding in the vicinity of important transcription factors regulating myeloid differentiation and showed that CTCF depletion impacts on the expression of these genes in concordance with the observed acceleration of the myeloid commitment. Furthermore, we observed a loss of the histone variant H2A.Z within the selected promoter regions and an increase in non-coding RNA transcription upstream of these genes. Both abnormalities suggest a global chromatin structure destabilization and an associated increase of non-productive transcription in response to CTCF depletion but do not drive the CTCF-mediated transcription alterations of the neighbouring genes. Finally, we detected a transient eviction of CTCF at the Egr1 locus in correlation with Egr1 peak of expression in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in macrophages. This eviction is also correlated with the expression of an antisense non-coding RNA transcribing through the CTCF-binding region indicating that non-coding RNA transcription could be the cause and the consequence of CTCF eviction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lylia Ouboussad
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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8
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The DNA-binding factor Ctcf critically controls gene expression in macrophages. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 11:58-70. [PMID: 24013844 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in immunity and homeostasis. Upon pathogen recognition via specific receptors, they rapidly induce inflammatory responses. This process is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level. The DNA binding zinc-finger protein CCCTC-binding factor (Ctcf) is a crucial regulator of long-range chromatin interactions and coordinates specific communication between transcription factors and gene expression processes. In this study, the Ctcf gene was specifically deleted in myeloid cells by making use of the transgenic Cre-LoxP system. Conditional deletion of the Ctcf gene in myeloid cells induced a mild phenotype in vivo. Ctcf-deficient mice exhibited significantly reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in the liver. Ctcf-deficient macrophages demonstrated a normal surface phenotype and phagocytosis capacity. Upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, they produced normal levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-6, but manifested a strongly impaired capacity to produce tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-10, as well as to express the IL-10 family members IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24. Taken together, our data demonstrate a role of Ctcf that involves fine-tuning of macrophage function.
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9
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Herold M, Bartkuhn M, Renkawitz R. CTCF: insights into insulator function during development. Development 2012; 139:1045-57. [PMID: 22354838 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The genome of higher eukaryotes exhibits a patchwork of inactive and active genes. The nuclear protein CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) when bound to insulator sequences can prevent undesirable crosstalk between active and inactive genomic regions, and it can also shield particular genes from enhancer function, a role that has many applications in development. Exciting recent work has demonstrated roles for CTCF in, for example, embryonic, neuronal and haematopoietic development. Here, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of developmentally regulated CTCF-dependent transcription in relation to model genes, and highlight genome-wide results indicating that CTCF might play a master role in regulating both activating and repressive transcription events at sites throughout the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Herold
- Institut für Genetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58-62, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Farrar D, Rai S, Chernukhin I, Jagodic M, Ito Y, Yammine S, Ohlsson R, Murrell A, Klenova E. Mutational analysis of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation sites of the transcription factor CTCF provides an insight into the mechanism of its regulation by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:1199-216. [PMID: 20038529 PMCID: PMC2820893 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00827-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of the conserved multifunctional transcription factor CTCF was previously identified as important to maintain CTCF insulator and chromatin barrier functions. However, the molecular mechanism of this regulation and also the necessity of this modification for other CTCF functions remain unknown. In this study, we identified potential sites of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation within the N-terminal domain of CTCF and generated a mutant deficient in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Using this CTCF mutant, we demonstrated the requirement of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation for optimal CTCF function in transcriptional activation of the p19ARF promoter and inhibition of cell proliferation. By using a newly generated isogenic insulator reporter cell line, the CTCF insulator function at the mouse Igf2-H19 imprinting control region (ICR) was found to be compromised by the CTCF mutation. The association and simultaneous presence of PARP-1 and CTCF at the ICR, confirmed by single and serial chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, were found to be independent of CTCF poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. These results suggest a model of CTCF regulation by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation whereby CTCF and PARP-1 form functional complexes at sites along the DNA, producing a dynamic reversible modification of CTCF. By using bioinformatics tools, numerous sites of CTCF and PARP-1 colocalization were demonstrated, suggesting that such regulation of CTCF may take place at the genome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Farrar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom, Box 280, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sushma Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom, Box 280, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Chernukhin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom, Box 280, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom, Box 280, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yoko Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom, Box 280, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samer Yammine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom, Box 280, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Ohlsson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom, Box 280, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adele Murrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom, Box 280, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Klenova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom, Box 280, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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