1
|
Gilpin TE, Walter FR, Herbath M, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Infected Dendritic Cells Induce TNF-α-Dependent Cell Cluster Formation That Promotes Bacterial Dissemination through an In Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1065-1077. [PMID: 34321229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CNS tuberculosis (CNSTB) is the most severe manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis infection, but the mechanism of how mycobacteria cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is not well understood. In this study, we report a novel murine in vitro BBB model combining primary brain endothelial cells, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin-infected dendritic cells (DCs), PBMCs, and bacterial Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. We show that mycobacterial infection limits DC mobility and also induces cellular cluster formation that has a similar composition to pulmonary mycobacterial granulomas. Within the clusters, infection from DCs disseminates to the recruited monocytes, promoting bacterial expansion. Mycobacterium-induced in vitro granulomas have been described previously, but this report shows that they can form on brain endothelial cell monolayers. Cellular cluster formation leads to cluster-associated damage of the endothelial cell monolayer defined by mitochondrial stress, disorganization of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5, upregulation of the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and increased transmigration of bacteria-infected cells across the BBB. TNF-α inhibition reduces cluster formation on brain endothelial cells and mitigates cluster-associated damage. These data describe a model of bacterial dissemination across the BBB shedding light on a mechanism that might contribute to CNS tuberculosis infection and facilitate treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trey E Gilpin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and.,Graduate Training Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - Melinda Herbath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and .,Graduate Training Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang H, Zhan Y, Wu H, Xiang L. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) stimulates changes in dendritic cell surface marker expression in vitamin D-deficient mice. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519896892. [PMID: 32223658 PMCID: PMC7133090 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519896892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Vitamin D (VD) deficiency increases susceptibility to tuberculosis and is an important immunomodulator. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role during tuberculosis infection, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates DC responses. The underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Our aim was to study changes in DC surface markers in VD deficient mice administered Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Methods We divided C57BL/6 mice into a normal group and a VD deficient group. Two groups of mouse bone marrow-derived cells were isolated and cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (20 ng/mL) and interleukin-4 (10 ng/mL) for 6 days. On day 7, BCG (0, 1 or 2 mg/mL) was administered to both groups for 24 hours. Non-adherent cells were harvested to assess DC phenotypic changes induced by different concentrations of BCG. Results Expression levels of CD80, MHC-I, MHC-II and CD86 on the surfaces of DCs from VD deficient mice were lower than those in DCs from normal mice. By contrast, the expression level of CD11c on DCs was higher in VD deficient mice than in normal mice. Changes in all factors were concentration-dependent. Conclusions These findings indicate that BCG reduced DC surface marker expression to modulate immune responses during M. tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenyang Military Region General Hospital, Shengyang, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenyang Orthopaedic Hospital, Shengyang, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- The third Medical Central, Shenyang Military Region General Hospital, Shengyang, China
| | - Liangbi Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenyang Military Region General Hospital, Shengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mayito J, Andia I, Belay M, Jolliffe DA, Kateete DP, Reece ST, Martineau AR. Anatomic and Cellular Niches for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Latent Tuberculosis Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:685-694. [PMID: 30376080 PMCID: PMC6376907 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis has been recognized for over a century, but discovery of new niches, where Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides, continues. We evaluated literature on M.tuberculosis locations during latency, highlighting that mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells harbor organisms in sensitized asymptomatic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mayito
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Andia
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mulugeta Belay
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Jolliffe
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - David P Kateete
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen T Reece
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian R Martineau
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gene activation precedes DNA demethylation in response to infection in human dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6938-6943. [PMID: 30886108 PMCID: PMC6452747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response to infection is accompanied by active demethylation of thousands of CpG sites. Yet, the causal relationship between changes in DNA methylation and gene expression during infection remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the role of DNA methylation in the regulation of innate immune responses to bacterial infections. We found that virtually all changes in gene expression in response to infection occur prior to detectable alterations in the methylome. We also found that the binding of most infection-induced transcription factors precedes loss of methylation. Collectively, our results show that changes in methylation are a downstream consequence of transcription factor binding, and not essential for the establishment of the core regulatory program engaged upon infection. DNA methylation is considered to be a relatively stable epigenetic mark. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that DNA methylation levels can change rapidly; for example, in innate immune cells facing an infectious agent. Nevertheless, the causal relationship between changes in DNA methylation and gene expression during infection remains to be elucidated. Here, we generated time-course data on DNA methylation, gene expression, and chromatin accessibility patterns during infection of human dendritic cells with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We found that the immune response to infection is accompanied by active demethylation of thousands of CpG sites overlapping distal enhancer elements. However, virtually all changes in gene expression in response to infection occur before detectable changes in DNA methylation, indicating that the observed losses in methylation are a downstream consequence of transcriptional activation. Footprinting analysis revealed that immune-related transcription factors (TFs), such as NF-κB/Rel, are recruited to enhancer elements before the observed losses in methylation, suggesting that DNA demethylation is mediated by TF binding to cis-acting elements. Collectively, our results show that DNA demethylation plays a limited role to the establishment of the core regulatory program engaged upon infection.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lymphatic Endothelial Cell in Endemic Bancroftian Filariasis: A Focus on the Lymphatics of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis. J Trop Med 2018; 2018:5134670. [PMID: 29861747 PMCID: PMC5976995 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5134670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In endemic areas, lymphangiectasia is the fundamental alteration to live Wuchereria bancrofti adult worms which, in adult males, are usually found in the lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord; accordingly, hydrocele/filaricele is the most common clinical manifestation of bancroftian filariasis. The pathogenic role of the lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and the status of mesothelial cells (MCs) samples of the parietal layer (PL) of the tunica vaginalis testis were examined. Methods The PL of thirty-two patients, excised for different reasons, was examined by histology and immunohistochemistry using the D2-40 monoclonal antibody for identification of LECs and CK-7 antibody for recognition of mesothelial cells (MCs). Results The most important findings were (a) marked lymphangiectasia, especially in hydroceles with minor evolution time; (b) the first report of lymphatic stomata and submesothelial lacunae in filarial acute hydrocele; (c) the likely participation of LECs in filarial granuloma; (d) the potential phenotypic transition of LECs into myofibroblasts in severe chylocele; and (e) mesothelial reactive hyperplasia, a hallmark of filaricele, varying in intensity from mild to severe, sometimes mimicking a mesothelial neoplasia. Conclusion The data suggest that LECs have an active role in the pathogenesis of bancroftian hydrocele and, possibly, in other clinical forms of lymphatic filariasis.
Collapse
|
6
|
da Silva DAA, da Silva MV, Barros CCO, Alexandre PBD, Timóteo RP, Catarino JS, Sales-Campos H, Machado JR, Rodrigues DBR, Oliveira CJ, Rodrigues V. TNF-α blockade impairs in vitro tuberculous granuloma formation and down modulate Th1, Th17 and Treg cytokines. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194430. [PMID: 29543912 PMCID: PMC5854376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a granulomatous disease that has affected humanity for thousands of years. The production of cytokines, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, is fundamental in the formation and maintenance of granulomas and in the control of the disease. Recently, the introduction of TNF-α-blocking monoclonal antibodies, such as Infliximab, has brought improvements in the treatment of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, but this treatment also increases the risk of reactivation of latent tuberculosis. Our objective was to analyze, in an in vitro model, the influence of Infliximab on the granulomatous reactions and on the production of antigen-specific cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-10 and IL-17) from beads sensitized with soluble Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) antigens cultured in the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from TB patients. We evaluated 76 individuals, with tuberculosis active, treated and subjects with positive PPD. Granuloma formation was induced in the presence or absence of Infliximab for up to 10 days. The use of Infliximab in cultures significantly blocked TNF-α production (p <0.05), and led to significant changes in granuloma structure, in vitro, only in the treated TB group. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-10 and IL-17 after TNF-α blockade in the three experimental groups (p <0.05). Taken together, our results demonstrate that TNF-α blockade by Infliximab directly influenced the structure of granuloma only in the treated TB group, but negatively modulated the production of Th1, Th17 and regulatory T cytokines in the three groups analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djalma A. Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos V. da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cleyson C. Oliveira Barros
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rodolfo P. Timóteo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jonatas S. Catarino
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Machado
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Denise B. R. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlo J. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ufimtseva E, Eremeeva N, Petrunina E, Umpeleva T, Karskanova S, Bayborodin S, Vakhrusheva D, Kravchenko M, Skornyakov S. Ex vivo expansion of alveolar macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the resected lungs of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191918. [PMID: 29401466 PMCID: PMC5798839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as the causative agent, remains to be a serious world health problem. Traditional methods used for the study of Mtb in the lungs of TB patients do not provide information about the number and functional status of Mtb, especially if Mtb are located in alveolar macrophages. We have developed a technique to produce ex vivo cultures of cells from different parts of lung tissues surgically removed from patients with pulmonary TB and compared data on the number of cells with Mtb inferred by the proposed technique to the results of bacteriological and histological analyses used for examination of the resected lungs. The ex vivo cultures of cells obtained from the resected lungs of all patients were largely composed of CD14-positive alveolar macrophages, foamy or not, with or without Mtb. Lymphocytes, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and multinucleate Langhans giant cells were also observed. We found alveolar macrophages with Mtb in the ex vivo cultures of cells from the resected lungs of even those TB patients, whose sputum smears and lung tissues did not contain acid-fast Mtb or reveal growing Mtb colonies on dense medium. The detection of alveolar macrophages with Mtb in ex vivo culture as soon as 16-18 h after isolation of cells from the resected lungs of all TB patients suggests that the technique proposed for assessing the level of infection in alveolar macrophages of TB patients has higher sensitivity than do prolonged bacteriological or pathomorphological methods. The proposed technique allowed us to rapidly (in two days after surgery) determine the level of infection with Mtb in the cells of the resected lungs of TB patients and, by the presence or absence of Mtb colonies, including those with cording morphology, the functional status of the TB agent at the time of surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ufimtseva
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Natalya Eremeeva
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Petrunina
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Umpeleva
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Karskanova
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Bayborodin
- Shared Center for Microscopic Analysis of Biological Objects, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Diana Vakhrusheva
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Marionella Kravchenko
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Skornyakov
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goudot C, Coillard A, Villani AC, Gueguen P, Cros A, Sarkizova S, Tang-Huau TL, Bohec M, Baulande S, Hacohen N, Amigorena S, Segura E. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Controls Monocyte Differentiation into Dendritic Cells versus Macrophages. Immunity 2017; 47:582-596.e6. [PMID: 28930664 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After entering tissues, monocytes differentiate into cells that share functional features with either macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). How monocyte fate is directed toward monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-Macs) or monocyte-derived DCs (mo-DCs) and which transcription factors control these differentiation pathways remains unknown. Using an in vitro culture model yielding human mo-DCs and mo-Macs closely resembling those found in vivo in ascites, we show that IRF4 and MAFB were critical regulators of monocyte differentiation into mo-DCs and mo-Macs, respectively. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) promoted mo-DC differentiation through the induction of BLIMP-1, while impairing differentiation into mo-Macs. AhR deficiency also impaired the in vivo differentiation of mouse mo-DCs. Finally, AHR activation correlated with mo-DC infiltration in leprosy lesions. These results establish that mo-DCs and mo-Macs are controlled by distinct transcription factors and show that AHR acts as a molecular switch for monocyte fate specification in response to micro-environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Goudot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alice Coillard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Paul Gueguen
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adeline Cros
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Siranush Sarkizova
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tsing-Lee Tang-Huau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Sanofi, Breakthrough Laboratory, 1 impasse des ateliers, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mylène Bohec
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, NGS platform, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, NGS platform, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mycobacterium-Infected Dendritic Cells Disseminate Granulomatous Inflammation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15248. [PMID: 26515292 PMCID: PMC4626772 DOI: 10.1038/srep15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The disappearance and reformation of granulomas during tuberculosis has been described using PET/CT/X-ray in both human clinical settings and animal models, but the mechanisms of granuloma reformation during active disease remains unclear. Granulomas can recruit inflammatory dendritic cells (iDCs) that can regulate local T-cell responses and can carry bacteria into the lymph nodes, which is crucial for generating systemic T-cell responses against mycobacteria. Here, we report that a subset of mycobacterium-infected iDCs are associated with bacteria-specific T-cells in infected tissue, outside the granuloma, and that this results in the formation of new and/or larger multi-focal lesions. Mycobacterium-infected iDCs express less CCR7 and migrate less efficiently compared to the non-infected iDCs, which may support T-cell capture in granulomatous tissue. Capture may reduce antigen availability in the lymph node, thereby decreasing systemic priming, resulting in a possible regulatory loop between systemic T-cell responses and granuloma reformation. T-cell/infected iDCs clusters outside the granuloma can be detected during the acute and chronic phase of BCG and Mtb infection. Our studies suggest a direct role for inflammatory dendritic cells in the dissemination of granulomatous inflammation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Investigation of functional activity of cells in granulomatous inflammatory lesions from mice with latent tuberculous infection in the new ex vivo model. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:371249. [PMID: 24198843 PMCID: PMC3807551 DOI: 10.1155/2013/371249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The new ex vivo model system measuring functional input of individual granuloma cells to formation of granulomatous inflammatory lesions in mice with latent tuberculous infection has been developed and described in the current study. Monolayer cultures of cells that migrated from individual granulomas were established in the proposed culture settings for mouse spleen and lung granulomas induced by in vivo exposure to BCG vaccine. The cellular composition of individual granulomas was analyzed. The expression of the leukocyte surface markers such as phagocytic receptors CD11b, CD11c, CD14, and CD16/CD32 and the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD83, and CD86 were tested as well as the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and IL-1α) and growth factors (GM-CSF and FGFb) for cells of individual granulomas. The colocalization of the phagocytic receptors and costimulatory molecules in the surface microdomains of granuloma cells (with and without acid-fast BCG-mycobacteria) has also been detected. It was found that some part of cytokine macrophage producers have carried acid-fast mycobacteria. Detected modulation in dynamics of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and leukocyte surface markers by granuloma cells has indicated continued processes of activation and deactivation of granuloma inflammation cells during the latent tuberculous infection progress in mice.
Collapse
|
11
|
Host responses to persistent Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in surgically isolated bovine ileal segments. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:156-65. [PMID: 23221000 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00496-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A lack of appropriate disease models has limited our understanding of the pathogenesis of persistent enteric infections with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. A model was developed for the controlled delivery of a defined dose of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to surgically isolated ileal segments in newborn calves. The stable intestinal segments enabled the characterization of host responses to persistent M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections after a 9-month period, including an analysis of local mucosal immune responses relative to an adjacent uninfected intestinal compartment. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis remained localized at the initial site of intestinal infection and was not detected by PCR in the mesenteric lymph node. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific T cell proliferative responses included both CD4 and γδ T cell receptor (γδTcR) T cell responses in the draining mesenteric lymph node. The levels of CD8(+) and γδTcR(+) T cells increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the lamina propria, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon secretion by lamina propria leukocytes was also significantly (P < 0.05) increased. There was a significant (P < 0.05) accumulation of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in the lamina propria, but the expression of mucosal toll-like receptors 1 through 10 was not significantly changed by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. In conclusion, surgically isolated ileal segments provided a model system for the establishment of a persistent and localized enteric M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle and facilitated the analysis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific changes in mucosal leukocyte phenotype and function. The accumulation of DC subpopulations in the lamina propria suggests that further investigation of mucosal DCs may provide insight into host responses to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection and improve vaccine strategies to prevent M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Deciphering the genetic architecture of variation in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1204-9. [PMID: 22233810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115761109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem. One-third of the world's population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the etiological agent causing TB, and active disease kills nearly 2 million individuals worldwide every year. Several lines of evidence indicate that interindividual variation in susceptibility to TB has a heritable component, yet we still know little about the underlying genetic architecture. To address this, we performed a genome-wide mapping study of loci that are associated with functional variation in immune response to MTB. Specifically, we characterized transcript and protein expression levels and mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in primary dendritic cells (DCs) from 65 individuals, before and after infection with MTB. We found 198 response eQTL, namely loci that were associated with variation in gene expression levels in either untreated or MTB-infected DCs, but not both. These response eQTL are associated with natural regulatory variation that likely affects (directly or indirectly) host interaction with MTB. Indeed, when we integrated our data with results from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for pulmonary TB, we found that the response eQTL were more likely to be genetically associated with the disease. We thus identified a number of candidate loci, including the MAPK phosphatase DUSP14 in particular, that are promising susceptibility genes to pulmonary TB.
Collapse
|
13
|
Schreiber HA, Sandor M. Monocyte-derived Inflammatory Dendritic Cells in the Granuloma During Mycobacterial Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:277-93. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
14
|
Harding JS, Schreiber HA, Sandor M. Granuloma transplantation: an approach to study mycobacterium-host interactions. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:245. [PMID: 22180751 PMCID: PMC3235768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-pathogen biology during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is incredibly complex and despite accelerating progress in research, remains poorly understood. Our limited understanding hinders the development of new drugs, next generation vaccines, and novel therapies. The granuloma is the site where mycobacteria are both controlled and allowed to persist, but it remains one of the least studied aspects of the host-pathogen relationship. Here, we review the development, application, potential uses, and limitations of a novel model of granuloma transplantation as a tool to study specific host-pathogen interactions that have been difficult to probe. Application of this new model has already contributed to our understanding of granuloma cell traffic, repopulation, and the relationship between systemic immunity and mycobacteria-containing granulomas. The data collected highlight the dynamic interaction between systemic and local immune processes and support a paradigm that defines the granuloma as a highly dynamic structure. Granuloma transplantation also has special potential as a novel latency model that can contribute to our understanding of host protection factors and bacterial mutants, and serve as a platform for drug testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Harding
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ryan RCM, O'Sullivan MP, Keane J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces non-apoptotic cell death of human dendritic cells. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:237. [PMID: 22024399 PMCID: PMC3229477 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) connect innate and adaptive immunity, and are necessary for an efficient CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We previously described the macrophage cell death response to Mtb infection. To investigate the effect of Mtb infection on human DC viability, we infected these phagocytes with different strains of Mtb and assessed viability, as well as DNA fragmentation and caspase activity. In parallel studies, we assessed the impact of infection on DC maturation, cytokine production and bacillary survival. Results Infection of DCs with live Mtb (H37Ra or H37Rv) led to cell death. This cell death proceeded in a caspase-independent manner, and without nuclear fragmentation. In fact, substrate assays demonstrated that Mtb H37Ra-induced cell death progressed without the activation of the executioner caspases, 3/7. Although the death pathway was triggered after infection, the DCs successfully underwent maturation and produced a host-protective cytokine profile. Finally, dying infected DCs were permissive for Mtb H37Ra growth. Conclusions Human DCs undergo cell death after infection with live Mtb, in a manner that does not involve executioner caspases, and results in no mycobactericidal effect. Nonetheless, the DC maturation and cytokine profile observed suggests that the infected cells can still contribute to TB immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C M Ryan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schreiber HA, Harding JS, Hunt O, Altamirano CJ, Hulseberg PD, Stewart D, Fabry Z, Sandor M. Inflammatory dendritic cells migrate in and out of transplanted chronic mycobacterial granulomas in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3902-13. [PMID: 21911937 DOI: 10.1172/jci45113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An estimated one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although most affected individuals maintain a latent infection. This control is attributed to the formation of granulomas, cell masses largely comprising infected macrophages with T cells aggregated around them. Inflammatory DCs, characterized as CD11c+CD11b+Ly6C+, are also found in granulomas and are an essential component of the acute immune response to mycobacteria. However, their function during chronic infection is less well understood. Here, we report that CD11c+ cells dynamically traffic in and out of both acute and chronic granulomas induced by Mycobacterium bovis strain bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in mice. By transplanting Mycobacterium-induced granulomas containing fluorescently labeled CD11c+ cells and bacteria into unlabeled mice, we were able to follow CD11c+ cell trafficking and T cell activation. We found that half of the CD11c+ cells in chronic granulomas were exchanged within 1 week. Compared with tissue-resident DC populations, CD11c+ cells migrating out of granuloma-containing tissue had an unexpected systemic dissemination pattern. Despite low antigen availability, systemic CD4+ T cell priming still occurred during chronic infection. These data demonstrate that surveillance of granulomatous tissue by CD11c+ cells is continuous and that these cells are distinct from tissue-resident DC populations and support T cell priming during both stages of Mycobacterium infection. This intense DC surveillance may also be a feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and other granuloma-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schreiber HA, Hulseberg PD, Lee J, Prechl J, Barta P, Szlavik N, Harding JS, Fabry Z, Sandor M. Dendritic cells in chronic mycobacterial granulomas restrict local anti-bacterial T cell response in a murine model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11453. [PMID: 20625513 PMCID: PMC2897891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium-induced granulomas are the interface between bacteria and host immune response. During acute infection dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for mycobacterial dissemination and activation of protective T cells. However, their role during chronic infection in the granuloma is poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report that an inflammatory subset of murine DCs are present in granulomas induced by Mycobacteria bovis strain Bacillus Calmette-guerin (BCG), and both their location in granulomas and costimulatory molecule expression changes throughout infection. By flow cytometric analysis, we found that CD11c(+) cells in chronic granulomas had lower expression of MHCII and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, and higher expression of inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 compared to CD11c(+) cells from acute granulomas. As a consequence of their phenotype, CD11c(+) cells from chronic lesions were unable to support the reactivation of newly-recruited, antigen 85B-specific CD4(+)IFNgamma(+) T cells or induce an IFNgamma response from naïve T cells in vivo and ex vivo. The mechanism of this inhibition involves the PD-1:PD-L signaling pathway, as ex vivo blockade of PD-L1 and PD-L2 restored the ability of isolated CD11c(+) cells from chronic lesions to stimulate a protective IFNgamma T cell response. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that DCs in chronic lesions may facilitate latent infection by down-regulating protective T cell responses, ultimately acting as a shield that promotes mycobacterium survival. This DC shield may explain why mycobacteria are adapted for long-term survival in granulomatous lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A. Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul D. Hulseberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - JangEun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jozsef Prechl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Barta
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Szlavik
- Sejtdiagnosztika Kft, Hospital Bajcsy Zsilinszky, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jeffrey S. Harding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|