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Agac A, Kolbe SM, Ludlow M, Osterhaus ADME, Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF. Host Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1999. [PMID: 37896776 PMCID: PMC10611157 DOI: 10.3390/v15101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a constant public health problem, especially in infants and older adults. Virtually all children will have been infected with RSV by the age of two, and reinfections are common throughout life. Since antigenic variation, which is frequently observed among other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses, can only be observed for RSV to a limited extent, reinfections may result from short-term or incomplete immunity. After decades of research, two RSV vaccines were approved to prevent lower respiratory tract infections in older adults. Recently, the FDA approved a vaccine for active vaccination of pregnant women to prevent severe RSV disease in infants during their first RSV season. This review focuses on the host response to RSV infections mediated by epithelial cells as the first physical barrier, followed by responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We address possible RSV-mediated immunomodulatory and pathogenic mechanisms during infections and discuss the current vaccine candidates and alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (A.A.); (S.M.K.); (M.L.); (A.D.M.E.O.); (R.M.)
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2
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Xu J, Wu W, Chen H, Xue Y, Bao X, Zhou J. Substituted N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide analogues potently inhibit respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication and RSV infection-associated inflammatory responses. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 39:116157. [PMID: 33895704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children, and specific treatment for RSV infections remains unavailable. We herein reported a series of substituted N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide analogues as potent RSV inhibitors. Among them, six low cytotoxic compounds (11, 12, 15, 22, 26, and 28) have been identified and selected to study associated inhibitory mechanisms. All these compounds suppressed not only the viral replication but also RSV-induced IRF3 and NF-κB activation and associated production of cytokines/chemokines. The two most potent compounds (15 and 22) were selected for further molecular mechanism studies associated with their suppression effect on RSV-activated IRF3 and NF-κB. These two compounds decreased RSV-induced IRF3 phosphorylation at serine 396 and p65 phosphorylation at serine 536 at both early and late infection phases. In addition, compound 22 also inhibited RSV-induced p65 phosphorylation at serine 276 at the late phase of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Wenzhe Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yu Xue
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, and University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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Interleukin-22 Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus Production by Blocking Virus-Mediated Subversion of Cellular Autophagy. iScience 2020; 23:101256. [PMID: 32580124 PMCID: PMC7317237 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause severe bronchiolitis in infants requiring hospitalization, whereas the elderly and immunocompromised are prone to RSV-induced pneumonia. RSV primarily infects lung epithelial cells. Given that no vaccine against RSV is currently available, we tested the ability of the epithelial-barrier protective cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) to control RSV production. When used in a therapeutic modality, IL-22 efficiently blunted RSV production from infected human airway and alveolar epithelial cells and IL-22 administration drastically reduced virus titer in the lungs of infected newborn mice. RSV infection resulted in increased expression of LC3B, a key component of the cellular autophagic machinery, and knockdown of LC3B ablated virus production. RSV subverted LC3B with evidence of co-localization and caused a significant reduction in autophagic flux, both reversed by IL-22 treatment. Our findings inform a previously unrecognized anti-viral effect of IL-22 that can be harnessed to prevent RSV-induced severe respiratory disease. RSV infection of lung epithelial cells subverts the cellular autophagic machinery RSV infection inhibits autophagic flux in infected cells IL-22 inhibits RSV production from human lung epithelial cells and in neonatal mice IL-22 blocks RSV-LC3B co-localization and restores cellular autophagic flux
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Beckhaus AA, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Down Syndrome and the Risk of Severe RSV Infection: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2018; 142:peds.2018-0225. [PMID: 30093540 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal condition in live-born infants worldwide, and lower respiratory infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospital admissions. OBJECTIVE To evaluate RSV-associated morbidity among children with DS compared with a population without DS. DATA SOURCES Four electronic databases were searched. STUDY SELECTION All cohorts or case-control studies of DS with an assessment of RSV infection and the associated morbidity or mortality were included without language restriction. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently reviewed all studies. The primary outcomes were hospital admission and mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay, oxygen requirement, ICU admission, need for respiratory support, and additional medication use. RESULTS Twelve studies (n = 1 149 171) from 10 different countries met the inclusion criteria; 10 studies were cohort studies, 1 study was retrospective, and 1 study had both designs. DS was associated with a higher risk of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR]: 8.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.33-10.30; I2 = 11%) and mortality (OR: 9.4; 95% CI: 2.26-39.15; I2 = 38%) compared with what was seen in controls. Children with DS had an increased length of hospital stay (mean difference: 4.73 days; 95% CI: 2.12-7.33; I2 = 0%), oxygen requirement (OR: 6.53; 95% CI: 2.22-19.19; I2 = 0%), ICU admission (OR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.17-5.59; I2 = 0%), need for mechanical ventilation (OR: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.17-5.59; I2 = 0%), and additional medication use (OR: 2.65 [95% CI: 1.38-5.08; I2 = 0%] for systemic corticosteroids and OR: 5.82 [95% CI: 2.66-12.69; I2 = 0%] for antibiotics) than controls. LIMITATIONS DS subgroups with and without other additional risk factors were not reported in all of the included studies. CONCLUSIONS Children with DS had a significantly higher risk of severe RSV infection than children without DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Beckhaus
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Cardiology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose A Castro-Rodriguez
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Cardiology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Tian P, Xu D, Huang Z, Meng F, Fu J, Wei H, Chen T. Evaluation of truncated G protein delivered by live attenuated Salmonella as a vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus. Microb Pathog 2018; 115:299-303. [PMID: 29306006 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe acute lower respiratory tract disease leading to numerous hospitalizations and deaths in the infant and elderly populations worldwide, while no vaccine or effective drug is available for RSV infections. In the present study, truncated G protein was successfully expressed both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic system, and high levels of serum IgG in response to truncated G protein were observed both in GD-protein group (intramuscularly with purified GD protein) and GD-VNP20009 group (challenged via the oral route with 1 × 109 CFU of pLIVE-RSV-GD-VNP20009 strains) since 21th day, and GD-VNP20009 significantly reduced the productions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, histamine and pathological features caused by the RSV Long strain (P < .01). Our data indicated that Salmonella typhimurium can be used to deliver truncated G DNA vaccine and represents a promising effect to protect host against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyuan Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Di Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Fanjing Meng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Jinheng Fu
- Jiangxi-OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, PR China
| | - Hua Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China.
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Yang XX, Li CM, Li YF, Wang J, Huang CZ. Synergistic antiviral effect of curcumin functionalized graphene oxide against respiratory syncytial virus infection. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16086-16092. [PMID: 29034936 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06520e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The diseases attributable to viruses remain a global burden. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is considered as the major viral pathogen of the lower respiratory tract of infants, has been implicated in severe lung disease. In this contribution, we developed a β-cyclodextrin (CD) functionalized graphene oxide (GO) composite, which displayed excellent antiviral activity and could load curcumin efficiently. RSV, a negative-sense single-stranded enveloped RNA virus, was employed as a model virus to investigate the antiviral activity of multifunctional GO. Proved by the tissue culture infectious dose assay and immunofluorescence assay, the curcumin loaded functional GO was confirmed with highly efficient inhibition for RSV infection and great biocompatibility to the host cells. The results showed that the composite could prevent RSV from infecting the host cells by directly inactivating the virus and inhibiting the viral attachment, and possessed prophylactic and therapeutic effects towards the virus. Our data indicate that the composite may provide new insights into antiviral therapy for RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Xia YC, Radwan A, Keenan CR, Langenbach SY, Li M, Radojicic D, Londrigan SL, Gualano RC, Stewart AG. Glucocorticoid Insensitivity in Virally Infected Airway Epithelial Cells Is Dependent on Transforming Growth Factor-β Activity. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006138. [PMID: 28046097 PMCID: PMC5234851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are commonly associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV) and influenza A virus (IAV) infection. The ensuing airway inflammation is resistant to the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids (GCs). Viral infection elicits transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activity, a growth factor we have previously shown to impair GC action in human airway epithelial cells through the activation of activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5), the type 1 receptor of TGF-β. In the current study, we examine the contribution of TGF-β activity to the GC-resistance caused by viral infection. We demonstrate that viral infection of human bronchial epithelial cells with RSV, RV or IAV impairs GC anti-inflammatory action. Poly(I:C), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA, also impairs GC activity. Both viral infection and poly(I:C) increase TGF-β expression and activity. Importantly, the GC impairment was attenuated by the selective ALK5 (TGFβRI) inhibitor, SB431542 and prevented by the therapeutic agent, tranilast, which reduced TGF-β activity associated with viral infection. This study shows for the first time that viral-induced glucocorticoid-insensitivity is partially mediated by activation of endogenous TGF-β. In this study, we investigate how respiratory viral infection interferes with the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoid (GC) drugs, which are a highly effective group of anti-inflammatory agents widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exacerbations of both asthma (“asthma attacks”) and COPD are often caused by viral infection, which does not respond well to GC therapy. Patients are often hospitalized placing a large burden on healthcare systems around the world, with the young, elderly, and those with a poor immune system particularly at risk. We show that viral infection of airway epithelial cells causes increased expression and activity of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which interferes with GC drug action. Importantly, we have shown for the first time that inhibiting TGF-β activity in the airways could serve as a new strategy to prevent and/or treat viral exacerbations of chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu C. Xia
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asmaa Radwan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine R. Keenan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenna Y. Langenbach
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meina Li
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danica Radojicic
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah L. Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosa C. Gualano
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alastair G. Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Immunogenicity of RSV F DNA Vaccine in BALB/c Mice. Adv Virol 2016; 2016:7971847. [PMID: 27688769 PMCID: PMC5027326 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7971847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe acute lower respiratory tract disease leading to numerous hospitalizations and deaths among the infant and elderly populations worldwide. There is no vaccine or a less effective drug available against RSV infections. Natural RSV infection stimulates the Th1 immune response and activates the production of neutralizing antibodies, while earlier vaccine trials that used UV-inactivated RSV exacerbated the disease due to the activation of the allergic Th2 response. With a focus on Th1 immunity, we developed a DNA vaccine containing the native RSV fusion (RSV F) protein and studied its immune response in BALB/c mice. High levels of RSV specific antibodies were induced during subsequent immunizations. The serum antibodies were able to neutralize RSV in vitro. The RSV inhibition by sera was also shown by immunofluorescence analyses. Antibody response of the RSV F DNA vaccine showed a strong Th1 response. Also, sera from RSV F immunized and RSV infected mice reduced the RSV infection by 50% and 80%, respectively. Our data evidently showed that the RSV F DNA vaccine activated the Th1 biased immune response and led to the production of neutralizing antibodies, which is the desired immune response required for protection from RSV infections.
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9
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Suppression of IRG-1 Reduces Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Lung Injury in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection by Reducing Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. J Virol 2016; 90:7313-7322. [PMID: 27252532 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00563-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a common cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and children. RSV is a negative-sense, single-strand RNA (ssRNA) virus that mainly infects airway epithelial cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a major factor for pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage of RSV disease. We investigated immune-responsive gene-1 (IRG1) expression during RSV infection, since IRG1 has been shown to mediate innate immune response to intracellular bacterial pathogens by modulating ROS and itaconic acid production. We found that RSV infection induced IRG1 expression in human A549 cells and in the lung tissues of RSV-infected mice. RSV infection or IRG1 overexpression promoted ROS production. Accordingly, knockdown of IRG1 induction blocked RSV-induced ROS production and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. Finally, we showed that suppression of IRG1 induction reduced immune cell infiltration and prevented lung injury in RSV-infected mice. These results therefore link IRG1 induction to ROS production and immune lung injury after RSV infection. IMPORTANCE RSV infection is among the most common causes of childhood diseases. Recent studies identify ROS production as a factor contributing to RSV disease. We investigated the cause of ROS production and identified IRG1 as a critical factor linking ROS production to immune lung injury after RSV infection. We found that IRG1 was induced in A549 alveolar epithelial cells and in mouse lungs after RSV infection. Importantly, suppression of IRG1 induction reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and lung injury in mice. This study links IRG1 induction to oxidative damage and RSV disease. It also uncovers a potential therapeutic target in reducing RSV-caused lung injury.
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10
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Yang XX, Li CM, Huang CZ. Curcumin modified silver nanoparticles for highly efficient inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus infection. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3040-8. [PMID: 26781043 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07918g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between nanoparticles and viruses have attracted increasing attention due to the antiviral activity of nanoparticles and the resulting possibility to be employed as biomedical interventions. In this contribution, we developed a very simple route to prepare uniform and stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antiviral properties by using curcumin, which is a member of the ginger family isolated from rhizomes of the perennial herb Curcuma longa and has a wide range of biological activities like antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, and acts as reducing and capping agents in this synthetic route. The tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay showed that the curcumin modified silver nanoparticles (cAgNPs) have a highly efficient inhibition effect against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, giving a decrease of viral titers about two orders of magnitude at the concentration of cAgNPs under which no toxicity was found to the host cells. Mechanism investigations showed that cAgNPs could prevent RSV from infecting the host cells by inactivating the virus directly, indicating that cAgNPs are a novel promising efficient virucide for RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xi Yang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chun Mei Li
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Mangodt TC, Van Herck MA, Nullens S, Ramet J, De Dooy JJ, Jorens PG, De Winter BY. The role of Th17 and Treg responses in the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:483-91. [PMID: 26267154 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents the leading cause of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children worldwide and is associated with high morbidity, hospitalization rate, and significant mortality rates. The immune response elicited by RSV is one of the main factors contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. Two subsets of the cellular immune response, the T helper 17 cell (Th17) and the regulatory T-cell (Treg), and more particularly the balance between these two subsets, might play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the RSV infection. The developmental pathways of Th17 and Treg cells are closely and reciprocally interconnected and plasticity has been demonstrated from Treg toward Th17. During an RSV infection, the functions of both subsets are opposed to one another regarding viral clearance and clinical severity. Th17 and Treg cells offer a promising new view on the pathogenesis of an RSV infection and deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mangodt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mikhaïl A Van Herck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Nullens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - José Ramet
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jozef J De Dooy
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Guo X, Liu T, Shi H, Wang J, Ji P, Wang H, Hou Y, Tan RX, Li E. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Upregulates NLRC5 and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Expression through RIG-I Induction in Airway Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:7636-45. [PMID: 25972545 PMCID: PMC4505675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00349-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute respiratory tract viral infection in infants, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The host antiviral response to RSV acts via retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). We show here that RSV infection upregulates major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression through the induction of NLRC5, a NOD-like, CARD domain-containing intracellular protein that has recently been identified as a class I MHC transactivator (CITA). RSV infection of A549 cells promotes upregulation of NLRC5 via beta interferon (IFN-β) production, since the NLRC5-inducing activity in a conditioned medium from RSV-infected A549 cells was removed by antibody to IFN-β, but not by antibody to IFN-γ. RSV infection resulted in RIG-I upregulation and induction of NLRC5 and MHC-I. Suppression of RIG-I induction significantly blocked NLRC5, as well as MHC-I, upregulation and diminished IRF3 activation. Importantly, Vero cells deficient in interferon production still upregulated MHC-I following introduction of the RSV genome by infection or transfection, further supporting a key role for RIG-I. A model is therefore proposed in which the host upregulates MHC-I expression during RSV infection directly via the induction of RIG-I and NLRC5 expression. Since elevated expression of MHC-I molecules can sensitize host cells to T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity or immunopathologic damage, the results have significant implications for the modification of immunity in RSV disease. IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. Infection early in life is linked to persistent wheezing and allergic asthma in later life, possibly related to upregulation of major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) on the cell surface, which facilitates cytotoxic T cell activation and antiviral immunity. Here, we show that RSV infection of lung epithelial cells induces expression of RIG-I, resulting in induction of a class I MHC transactivator, NLRC5, and subsequent upregulation of MHC-I. Suppression of RIG-I induction blocked RSV-induced NLRC5 expression and MHC-I upregulation. Increased MHC-I expression may exacerbate the RSV disease condition due to immunopathologic damage, linking the innate immune response to RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taixiang Liu
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Espinoza JA, Bohmwald K, Céspedes PF, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Modulation of host adaptive immunity by hRSV proteins. Virulence 2015; 5:740-51. [PMID: 25513775 PMCID: PMC4189880 DOI: 10.4161/viru.32225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and children younger than 2 years old. Furthermore, the number of hospitalizations due to LRTIs has shown a sustained increase every year due to the lack of effective vaccines against hRSV. Thus, this virus remains as a major public health and economic burden worldwide. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected humans is characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory and Th2 immune response. In order to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus, several studies have focused in elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system. Here, we discuss the main features of hRSV biology, the processes involved in virus recognition by the immune system and the most relevant mechanisms used by this pathogen to avoid the antiviral host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janyra A Espinoza
- a Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
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14
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Lee YT, Ko EJ, Hwang HS, Lee JS, Kim KH, Kwon YM, Kang SM. Respiratory syncytial virus-like nanoparticle vaccination induces long-term protection without pulmonary disease by modulating cytokines and T-cells partially through alveolar macrophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2015. [PMID: 26203246 PMCID: PMC4508085 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s83493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are poorly understood. Virus-like nanoparticles expressing RSV glycoproteins (eg, a combination of fusion and glycoprotein virus-like nanoparticles [FG VLPs]) have been suggested to be a promising RSV vaccine candidate. To understand the roles of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in inducing long-term protection, mice that were 12 months earlier vaccinated with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) or FG VLPs were treated with clodronate liposome prior to RSV infection. FI-RSV immune mice with clodronate liposome treatment showed increases in eosinophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, interleukin (IL)-4+ T-cell infiltration, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and, in particular, mucus production upon RSV infection. In contrast to FI-RSV immune mice with severe pulmonary histopathology, FG VLP immune mice showed no overt sign of histopathology and significantly lower levels of eosinophils, T-cell infiltration, and inflammatory cytokines, but higher levels of interferon-γ, which are correlated with protection against RSV disease. FG VLP immune mice with depletion of AMs showed increases in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as eosinophils. The results in this study suggest that FG nanoparticle vaccination induces long-term protection against RSV and that AMs play a role in the RSV protection by modulating eosinophilia, mucus production, inflammatory cytokines, and T-cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA ; National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Lay MK, Bueno SM, Gálvez N, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. New insights on the viral and host factors contributing to the airway pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:800-12. [PMID: 26119025 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1055711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent etiological agent of lower respiratory tract infections and the first cause of hospitalization in infants due to respiratory disease worldwide. However, efforts to develop safe and effective vaccines and antivirals have been challenged by an incomplete understanding of the RSV pathogenesis and the host immune response to RSV infection in the airways. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the interaction between RSV and the epithelium to induce pathogenesis in the airways, such as the role of the RSV NS2 protein in the airway epithelium, as well as the events involved in the RSV entry process. In addition, we summarize the cellular factors produced by airway epithelial cells (AECs) in response to RSV infection that lead to the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing lung inflammation and disease. Further, we discuss the possible contribution of a recently identified cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), in the lung immunopathology caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita K Lay
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Nicolás Gálvez
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- c Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina , Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile , and
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France .,d Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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16
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Central nervous system alterations caused by infection with the human respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:407-19. [PMID: 25316031 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization because of acute respiratory tract infections, including severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Despite intense research, to date there is neither vaccine nor treatment available to control hRSV disease burden globally. After infection, an incubation period of 3-5 days is usually followed by symptoms, such as cough and low-grade fever. However, hRSV infection can also produce a larger variety of symptoms, some of which relate to the individual's age at infection. Indeed, infants can display severe symptoms, such as dyspnea and chest wall retractions. Upon examination, crackles and wheezes are also common features that suggest infection by hRSV. Additionally, infection in infants younger than 1 year is associated with several non-specific symptoms, such as failure to thrive, periodic breathing or apnea, and feeding difficulties that usually require hospitalization. Recently, neurological symptoms have also been associated with hRSV respiratory infection and include seizures, central apnea, lethargy, feeding or swallowing difficulties, abnormalities in muscle tone, strabismus, abnormalities in the CSF, and encephalopathy. Here, we discuss recent findings linking the neurological, extrapulmonary effects of hRSV with infection and functional impairment of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Gomez RS, Guisle-Marsollier I, Bohmwald K, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Respiratory Syncytial Virus: pathology, therapeutic drugs and prophylaxis. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:237-47. [PMID: 25268876 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting particularly newborns and young children. This virus is able to modulate the immune response, generating a pro-inflammatory environment in the airways that causes obstruction and pulmonary alterations in the infected host. To date, no vaccines are available for human use and the first vaccine that reached clinical trials produced an enhanced hRSV-associated pathology 50 years ago, resulting in the death of two children. Currently, only two therapeutic approaches have been used to treat hRSV infection in high risk children: 1. Palivizumab, a humanized antibody against the F glycoprotein that reduces to half the number of hospitalized cases and 2. Ribavirin, which fails to have a significant therapeutic effect. A major caveat for these approaches is their high economical cost, which highlights the need of new and affordable therapeutic or prophylactic tools to treat or prevents hRSV infection. Accordingly, several efforts are in progress to understand the hRSV-associated pathology and to characterize the immune response elicited by this virus. Currently, preclinical and clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy of several drugs and vaccines, which have shown promising results. In this article, we discuss the most important advances in the development of drugs and vaccines, which could eventually lead to better strategies to treat or prevent the detrimental inflammation triggered by hRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto S Gomez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | | | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Chile; Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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18
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Espinoza JA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Induction of protective effector immunity to prevent pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Implications on therapy and vaccine design. Immunology 2014; 143:1-12. [PMID: 24801878 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of respiratory illness in infants and young children around the globe. This pathogen, which was discovered in 1956, continues to cause a huge number of hospitalizations due to respiratory disease and it is considered a health and economic burden worldwide, especially in developing countries. The immune response elicited by hRSV infection leads to lung and systemic inflammation, which results in lung damage but is not efficient at preventing viral replication. Indeed, natural hRSV infection induces a poor immune memory that allows recurrent infections. Here, we review the most recent knowledge about the lifecycle of hRSV, the immune response elicited by this virus and the subsequent pathology induced in response to infection in the airways. Novel findings about the alterations that this virus causes in the central nervous system and potential therapies and vaccines designed to treat or prevent hRSV infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janyra A Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Zelaya H, Tsukida K, Chiba E, Marranzino G, Alvarez S, Kitazawa H, Agüero G, Villena J. Immunobiotic lactobacilli reduce viral-associated pulmonary damage through the modulation of inflammation-coagulation interactions. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:161-73. [PMID: 24394565 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The exacerbated disease due to immune- and coagulative-mediated pulmonary injury during acute respiratory viruses infection results in severe morbidity and mortality. Identifying novel approaches to modulate virus-induced inflammation-coagulation interactions could be important alternatives for treating acute respiratory viruses infections. In this study we investigated the effect of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 on lung TLR3-mediated inflammation, and its ability to modulate inflammation-coagulation interaction during respiratory viral infection. Our findings reveal for the first time that a probiotic bacterium is able to influence lung immune-coagulative reaction triggered by TLR3 activation, by modulating the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as expression of tissue factor and thrombomodulin in the lung. We also demonstrated that the preventive treatment with the probiotic bacteria beneficially modulates the fine tune balance between clearing respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus) and controlling immune-coagulative responses in the lung, allowing normal lung function to be maintained in the face of a viral attack. Our data also pinpoint a crucial role for IL-10 in the immune protection induced by L. rhamnosus CRL1505 during respiratory viral infections. These observations might be helpful to propose new preventive or therapeutic approaches to better control virus-inflammatory lung damage using probiotic functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Zelaya
- Immunobiotics Research Group; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Applied Biochemistry Institute, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Tucuman University, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Kohichiro Tsukida
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eriko Chiba
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gabriela Marranzino
- Immunobiotics Research Group; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Immunobiotics Research Group; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Applied Biochemistry Institute, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Tucuman University, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Graciela Agüero
- Immunobiotics Research Group; Applied Biochemistry Institute, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Tucuman University, Tucuman, Argentina.
| | - Julio Villena
- Immunobiotics Research Group; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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20
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Yeh CF, Chang JS, Wang KC, Shieh DE, Chiang LC. Water extract of Cinnamomum cassia Blume inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus by preventing viral attachment, internalization, and syncytium formation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:321-326. [PMID: 23518419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cinnamomum cassia Blume is a popular traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to manage respiratory tract disease, including common cold and chronic bronchitis for thousand years. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is one of the leading causes of severe lower respiratory tract illness worldwide. No effective therapeutic modality against HRSV infection has been proved. It is unknown whether Cinnamomum cassia is effective against HRSV. AIM OF THE STUDY This study tested the hypothesis that Cinnamomum cassia can effectively decrease HRSV-induced plaque formation and syncytium formation in respiratory mucosal cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antiviral activity of the hot water extract of Cinnamomum cassia against HRSV was tested by plaque reduction assay in both human upper (HEp-2) and low (A549) respiratory tract cell lines. Its ability to inhibit the synthesis of viral fusion (F) protein was examined by Western blot assay. RESULTS Cinnamomum cassia dose-dependently inhibited HRSV-induced plaque formation in both HEp-2 and A549 cell lines (p<0.0001). Cinnamomum cassia was more effective when given before viral infection (p<0.0001) mainly by inhibition of viral attachment (p<0.0001) and internalization (p<0.0001). Cinnamomum cassia could inhibit F protein production and syncytium formation to interfere with HRSV spreading. CONCLUSIONS Cinnamomum cassia prevented airway epithelia from HRSV infection through inhibiting viral attachment, internalization and syncytium formation. Cinnamomum cassia could be a candidate to develop therapeutic modalities to manage HRSV infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Feng Yeh
- Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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21
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Eroglu E, Tiwari PM, Waffo AB, Miller ME, Vig K, Dennis VA, Singh SR. A nonviral pHEMA+chitosan nanosphere-mediated high-efficiency gene delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1403-15. [PMID: 23610520 PMCID: PMC3629879 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s43168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of DNA into eukaryotic cells is minimal because of the cell membrane barrier, and this limits the application of DNA vaccines, gene silencing, and gene therapy. Several available transfection reagents and techniques have been used to circumvent this problem. Alternatively, nonviral nanoscale vectors have been shown to bypass the eukaryotic cell membrane. In the present work, we developed a unique nanomaterial, pHEMA+chitosan nanospheres (PCNSs), which consisted of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) nanospheres surrounded by a chitosan cationic shell, and we used this for encapsulation of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-F gene construct (a model for a DNA vaccine). The new nanomaterial was capable of transfecting various eukaryotic cell lines without the use of a commercial transfection reagent. Using transmission electron microscopy, (TEM), fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), and immunofluorescence, we clearly demonstrated that the positively charged PCNSs were able to bind to the negatively charged cell membrane and were taken up by endocytosis, in Cos-7 cells. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we also evaluated the efficiency of transfection achieved with PCNSs and without the use of a liposomal-based transfection mediator, in Cos-7, HEp-2, and Vero cells. To assess the transfection efficiency of the PCNSs in vivo, these novel nanomaterials containing RSV-F gene were injected intramuscularly into BALB/c mice, resulting in high copy number of the transgene. In this study, we report, for the first time, the application of the PCNSs as a nanovehicle for gene delivery in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Eroglu
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
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Abstract
Cytokines are a group of diverse molecules that influence the function of every organ system. They are most well studied in their effects on the immune system and their integral role in mediating inflammation. The common cold and otitis media are two such disease states, and much has been learned about the various effects of cytokines in each disease. Most often the viruses isolated include rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, coronavirus, and picornavirus. Otitis media, sinusitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbation are commonly accepted as complications of viral upper respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, otitis media and upper respiratory infections are inextricably linked in that the majority (>70 %) of cases of acute otitis media occur as complications of the common cold. Cytokine polymorphisms have been associated with the severity of colds as well as the frequency of otitis media. This article attempts to update the reader on various studies that have recently been published regarding the role of cytokines in these two disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Wine
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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23
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Modulation of tumor immunity by soluble and membrane-bound molecules at the immunological synapse. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:450291. [PMID: 23533456 PMCID: PMC3606757 DOI: 10.1155/2013/450291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To circumvent pathology caused by infectious microbes and tumor growth, the host immune system must constantly clear harmful microorganisms and potentially malignant transformed cells. This task is accomplished in part by T-cells, which can directly kill infected or tumorigenic cells. A crucial event determining the recognition and elimination of detrimental cells is antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the surface of T cells. Upon binding of the TCR to cognate peptide-MHC complexes presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a specialized supramolecular structure known as the immunological synapse (IS) assembles at the T cell-APC interface. Such a structure involves massive redistribution of membrane proteins, including TCR/pMHC complexes, modulatory receptor pairs, and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, assembly of the immunological synapse leads to intracellular events that modulate and define the magnitude and characteristics of the T cell response. Here, we discuss recent literature on the regulation and assembly of IS and the mechanisms evolved by tumors to modulate its function to escape T cell cytotoxicity, as well as novel strategies targeting the IS for therapy.
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24
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Lay MK, González PA, León MA, Céspedes PF, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Advances in understanding respiratory syncytial virus infection in airway epithelial cells and consequential effects on the immune response. Microbes Infect 2012; 15:230-42. [PMID: 23246463 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews aspects of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in airway epithelial cells (AECs), including cytopathogenesis, entry, replication and the induction of immune response to the virus, including a new role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin in RSV immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita K Lay
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago E-8331010, Chile
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25
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Villena J, Chiba E, Tomosada Y, Salva S, Marranzino G, Kitazawa H, Alvarez S. Orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus modulates the respiratory immune response triggered by the viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern poly(I:C). BMC Immunol 2012; 13:53. [PMID: 22989047 PMCID: PMC3460727 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some studies have shown that probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505, had the potential to beneficially modulate the outcome of certain bacterial and viral respiratory infections. However, these studies did not determine the mechanism(s) by which probiotics contribute to host defense against respiratory viruses. Results In this work we demonstrated that orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (Lr1505) was able to increase the levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6 in the respiratory tract and the number of lung CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells. To mimic the pro-inflammatory and physiopathological consecuences of RNA viral infections in the lung, we used an experimental model of lung inflammation based on the administration of the artificial viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern poly(I:C). Nasal administration of poly(I:C) to mice induced a marked impairment of lung function that was accompanied by the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell recruitment into the airways. The preventive administration of Lr1505 reduced lung injuries and the production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 in the respiratory tract after the challenge with poly(I:C). Moreover, Lr1505 induced a significant increase in lung and serum IL-10. We also observed that Lr1505 was able to increase respiratory IFN-γ levels and the number of lung CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells after poly(I:C) challenge. Moreover, higher numbers of both CD103+ and CD11bhigh dendritic cells and increased expression of MHC-II, IL-12 and IFN-γ in these cell populations were found in lungs of Lr1505-treated mice. Therefore, Lr1505 treatment would beneficially regulate the balance between pro-inflammatory mediators and IL-10, allowing an effective inflammatory response against infection and avoiding tissue damage. Conclusions Results showed that Lr1505 would induce a mobilization of cells from intestine and changes in cytokine profile that would be able to beneficially modulate the respiratory mucosal immunity. Although deeper studies are needed using challenges with respiratory viruses, the results in this study suggest that Lr1505, a potent inducer of antiviral cytokines, may be useful as a prophylactic agent to control respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Biochemistry, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina.
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26
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Rosenberg HF, Domachowske JB. Inflammatory responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and the development of immunomodulatory pharmacotherapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:1424-31. [PMID: 22360479 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799828346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Pneumovirus) is a major respiratory pathogen of infants and children and an emerging pathogen of the elderly. Current management of RSV disease includes monoclonal antibody prophylaxis for infants identified as high risk and supportive care for those with active infection; there is no vaccine, although several are under study. In this manuscript, we review published findings from human autopsy studies, as well as experiments that focus on human clinical samples and mouse models of acute pneumovirus infection that elucidate basic principles of disease pathogenesis. Consideration of these data suggests that the inflammatory responses to RSV and related pneumoviral pathogens can be strong, persistent, and beyond the control of conventional antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapies, and can have profound negative consequences to the host. From this perspective, we consider the case for specific immunomodulatory strategies that may have the potential to alleviate some of the more serious sequelae of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bayon JCL, Lina B, Rosa-Calatrava M, Boivin G. Recent developments with live-attenuated recombinant paramyxovirus vaccines. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:15-34. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Le Bayon
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; CHUQ-CHUL and Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
| | - Bruno Lina
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon Bron Cedex France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; CHUQ-CHUL and Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
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