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Tempany JC, Zhou JH, Hodgkin PD, Bryant VL. Superior properties of CellTrace Yellow™ as a division tracking dye for human and murine lymphocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:149-159. [PMID: 29363164 PMCID: PMC6446909 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of cell division tracking properties of 5‐(and‐6)‐carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) by Lyons and Parish in 1994 led to a broad range of new methods and numerous important biological discoveries. After labeling, CFSE is attached to free amine groups and intracellular proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus of a cell, and halves in fluorescence intensity with each round of cell division, enabling enumeration of the number of divisions a cell has undergone. A range of popular division tracking dyes were subsequently developed, including CellTrace Violet (CTV), making available the green fluorescent channel previously occupied by CFSE. More recently, CellTrace Yellow (CTY) and CellTrace Far Red (CTFR), each with unique fluorescence properties, were introduced. In a comparison, we found that the fluorescence values of both dyes were well separated from autofluorescence, and enabled a greater number of divisions to be identified than CTV, before this limit was reached. These new dyes provided clear and well‐separated peaks for both murine and human B lymphocytes, and should find wide application. The range of excitation/emission spectra available for division tracking dyes now also facilitates multiplexing, that is, the labeling of cells with different combinations of dyes to give a unique fluorescence signature, allowing single cell in vitro and in vivo tracking. The combinatorial possibilities are significantly increased with these additional dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Tempany
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jie Hs Zhou
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Bryant
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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2
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Zhou Y, Shi X, Chen H, Zhang S, Salker MS, Mack AF, Föller M, Mak TW, Singh Y, Lang F. DJ-1/Park7 Sensitive Na + /H + Exchanger 1 (NHE1) in CD4 + T Cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3050-3059. [PMID: 27509531 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DJ-1/Park7 is a redox-sensitive chaperone protein counteracting oxidation and presumably contributing to the control of oxidative stress responses and thus inflammation. DJ-1 gene deletion exacerbates the progression of Parkinson's disease presumably by augmenting oxidative stress. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is paralleled by activation of the Na+ /H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1). ROS formation in CD4+ T cells plays a decisive role in regulating inflammatory responses. In the present study, we explored whether DJ-1 is expressed in CD4+ T cells, and affects ROS production as well as NHE1 in those cells. To this end, DJ-1 and NHE1 transcript, and protein levels were quantified by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, intracellular pH (pHi ) utilizing bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) fluorescence, NHE activity from realkalinization after an ammonium pulse, and ROS production utilizing 2',7' -dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence. As a result DJ-1 was expressed in CD4+ T cells. ROS formation, NHE1 transcript levels, NHE1 protein, and NHE activity were higher in CD4+ T cells from DJ-1 deficient mice than in CD4+ T cells from wild type mice. Antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor staurosporine decreased the NHE activity in DJ-1 deficient CD4+ T cells, and blunted the difference between DJ-1-/- and DJ-1+/+ CD4+ T cells, an observation pointing to a role of ROS in the up-regulation of NHE1 in DJ-1-/- CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, DJ-1 is a powerful regulator of ROS production as well as NHE1 expression and activity in CD4+ T cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 3050-3059, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Madhuri S Salker
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas F Mack
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.,Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tak W Mak
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Rougon G, Brasselet S, Debarbieux F. Advances in Intravital Non-Linear Optical Imaging of the Central Nervous System in Rodents. Brain Plast 2016; 2:31-48. [PMID: 29765847 PMCID: PMC5928564 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-160028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review: Highly coordinated cellular interactions occur in the healthy or pathologic adult rodent central nervous system (CNS). Until recently, technical challenges have restricted the analysis of these events to largely static modes of study such as immuno-fluorescence and electron microscopy on fixed tissues. The development of intravital imaging with subcellular resolution is required to probe the dynamics of these events in their natural context, the living brain. Recent findings: This review focuses on the recently developed live non-linear optical imaging modalities, the core principles involved, the identified technical challenges that limit their use and the scope of their applications. We highlight some practical applications for these modalities with a specific attention given to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS characterized by the formation of disseminated demyelinating lesions accompanied by axonal degeneration. Summary: We conclude that label-free nonlinear optical imaging combined to two photon imaging will continue to contribute richly to comprehend brain function and pathogenesis and to develop effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Rougon
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brasselet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Marseille, France
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4
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Singh Y, Zhou Y, Shi X, Zhang S, Umbach AT, Salker MS, Lang KS, Lang F. Alkaline Cytosolic pH and High Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger 1 (NHE1) Activity in Th9 Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23662-23671. [PMID: 27629415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper 9 (Th9) cells are a newly discovered Th cell subset that produce the pleiotropic cytokine IL-9. Th9 cells can protect against tumors and provide resistance against helminth infections. Given their pivotal role in the adaptive immune system, understanding Th9 cell development and the regulation of IL-9 production could open novel immunotherapeutic opportunities. The Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1; gene name Slc9α1)) is critically important for regulating intracellular pH (pHi), cell volume, migration, and cell survival. The pHi influences cytokine secretion, activities of membrane-associated enzymes, ion transport, and other effector signaling molecules such as ATP and Ca2+ levels. However, whether NHE1 regulates Th9 cell development or IL-9 secretion has not yet been defined. The present study explored the role of NHE1 in Th9 cell development and function. Th cell subsets were characterized by flow cytometry and pHi was measured using 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein-acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) dye. NHE1 functional activity was estimated from the rate of realkalinization following an ammonium pulse. Surprisingly, in Th9 cells pHi and NHE1 activity were significantly higher than in all other Th cell subsets (Th1/Th2/Th17 and induced regulatory T cells (iTregs)). NHE1 transcript levels and protein abundance were significantly higher in Th9 cells than in other Th cell subsets. Inhibition of NHE1 by siRNA-NHE1 or with cariporide in Th9 cells down-regulated IL-9 and ATP production. NHE1 activity, Th9 cell development, and IL-9 production were further blunted by pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase Akt1/Akt2. Our findings reveal that Akt1/Akt2 control of NHE1 could be an important physiological regulator of Th9 cell differentiation, IL-9 secretion, and ATP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Singh
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany,
| | - Yuetao Zhou
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Shi
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,the Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China, and
| | - Anja T Umbach
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madhuri S Salker
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- the Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- From the Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-Tübingen University, Tübingen, Gmelinstraße5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany,
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5
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Singh Y, Shi X, Zhang S, Umbach AT, Chen H, Salker MS, Lang F. Prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) expression augments the development of regulatory T cells. Mol Immunol 2016; 76:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Caravagna C, Jaouën A, Debarbieux F, Rougon G. Overview of Innovative Mouse Models for Imaging Neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:131-147. [PMID: 27248431 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation demands a comprehensive appraisal in situ to gain in-depth knowledge on the roles of particular cells and molecules and their potential roles in therapy. Because of the lack of appropriate tools, direct visualization of cells has been poorly investigated up to the present. In this context, reporter mice expressing cell-specific fluorescent proteins, combined with multiphoton microscopy, provide a window into cellular processes in living animals. In addition, the ability to collect multiple fluorescent colors from the same sample makes in vivo microscopy uniquely useful for characterizing many parameters from the same area, supporting powerful correlative analyses. Here, we present an overview of the advantages and limitations of this approach, with the purpose of providing insight into the neuroinflammation field. We also provide a review of existing fluorescent mouse models and describe how these models have been used in studies of neuroinflammation. Finally, the potential for developing advanced genetic tools and imaging resources is discussed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Caravagna
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Jaouën
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Geneviève Rougon
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France.,These authors contributed equally to this work
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Differential effect of DJ-1/PARK7 on development of natural and induced regulatory T cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17723. [PMID: 26634899 PMCID: PMC4669505 DOI: 10.1038/srep17723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining an effective immune tolerance and a homeostatic balance of various other immune cells. To manipulate the immune response during infections and autoimmune disorders, it is essential to know which genes or key molecules are involved in the development of Tregs. Transcription factor Foxp3 is required for the development of Tregs and governs most of the suppressive functions of these cells. Inhibited PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling is critical for Foxp3 stability. Previous studies have suggested that DJ-1 or PARK7 protein is a positive regulator of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by negatively regulating the activity of PTEN. Thus, we hypothesised that a lack of DJ-1 could promote the development of Tregs. As a result, loss of DJ-1 decreased the total CD4(+) T cell numbers but increased the fraction of thymic and peripheral nTregs. In contrast, Foxp3 generation was not augmented following differentiation of DJ-1-deficient naïve CD4(+) T cells. DJ-1-deficient-iTregs were imperfect in replication, proliferation and more prone to cell death. Furthermore, DJ-1 deficient iTregs were less sensitive to pSmad2 and pStat5 signalling but had activated AKT/mTOR signalling. These observations reveal an unexpected differential role of DJ-1 in the development of nTregs and iTregs.
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