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Metal Ion Interactions with mAbs: Part 2. Zinc-Mediated Aggregation of IgG1 Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1387-1395. [PMID: 34382142 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the physical and chemical degradation of monoclonal antibodies in the presence of Zn2+. METHODS A full length IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb1) was formulated with various amounts of Zn2+. The resulting mixture was incubated for several weeks at room temperature and analyzed using a variety of biochemical techniques to look for various physical (e.g. aggregation) and chemical (e.g. fragmentation) degradation pathways. RESULTS mAb1 of the IgG1 subclass undergoes aggregation in the presence of Zn2+ in a concentration dependent manner. Up to hexamers were characterized using SEC-MALS. No fragmentation was noticed in the presence of Zn2+ as opposed to that found in our previous report when IgG1 mAbs were incubated in the presence of Cu2+ ions. Site directed mutagenesis indicated the involvement of Fc histidine (His 310) in Zn2+ mediated aggregation. CONCLUSIONS A novel metal ion mediated isodesmic aggregation mechanism was found in IgG1 class of monoclonal antibodies. Histidine residues in the Fc region were determined to be the binding site and implicated in Zn2+ mediated aggregation.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher-order structure (HOS) assessment is an important component of biosimilarity evaluations. While established spectroscopic methods are routinely used to characterize structure and evaluate similarity, the addition of X-ray crystallographic analysis to these biophysical methods enables orthogonal elucidation of HOS at higher resolution. METHODS Crystal structures of the infliximab biosimilar PF-06438179/GP1111 and the reference product Remicade®, sourced from US and European Union markets, were determined and compared to evaluate HOS similarity. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies were conducted to understand reversible self-association. RESULTS In contrast to more routine spectroscopic methods, the crystal structures enable three-dimensional assessment of complementarity-determining regions and other local regions at near-atomic resolution. The biosimilar structures are highly similar to those of the reference product, as demonstrated visually and though all-atom root-mean-squared deviation measurements. CONCLUSION The structures provide new insights into the physicochemical properties of the proposed biosimilar and the reference product, further strengthening the 'totality of evidence' in the evaluation of similarity.
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Yageta S, Imamura H, Shibuya R, Honda S. C H2 domain orientation of human immunoglobulin G in solution: Structural comparison of glycosylated and aglycosylated Fc regions using small-angle X-ray scattering. MAbs 2019; 11:453-462. [PMID: 30513259 PMCID: PMC6512918 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1546086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-linked glycan in immunoglobulin G is critical for the stability and function of the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region. Alteration of these protein properties upon the removal of the N-linked glycan has often been explained by the alteration of the CH2 domain orientation in the Fc region. To confirm this hypothesis, we examined the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profile of the glycosylated Fc region (gFc) and aglycosylated Fc region (aFc) in solution. Conformational characteristics of the CH2 domain orientation were validated by comparison with SAXS profiles theoretically calculated from multiple crystal structures of the Fc region with different CH2 domain orientations. The reduced chi-square values from the fitting analyses of gFc and aFc associated with the degree of openness or closure of each crystal structure, as determined from the first principal component that partially governed the variation of the CH2 domain orientation extracted by a singular value decomposition analysis. For both gFc and aFc, the best-fitted SAXS profiles corresponded to ones calculated based on the crystal structure of gFc that formed a "semi-closed" CH2 domain orientation. Collectively, the data indicated that the removal of the N-linked glycan only negligibly affected the CH2 domain orientation in solution. These findings will guide the development of methodology for the production of highly refined functional Fc variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiki Yageta
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imamura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Risa Shibuya
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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De Nardis C, Hendriks LJA, Poirier E, Arvinte T, Gros P, Bakker ABH, de Kruif J. A new approach for generating bispecific antibodies based on a common light chain format and the stable architecture of human immunoglobulin G 1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14706-14717. [PMID: 28655766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies combine two different antigen-binding sites in a single molecule, enabling more specific targeting, novel mechanisms of action, and higher clinical efficacies. Although they have the potential to outperform conventional monoclonal antibodies, many bispecific antibodies have issues regarding production, stability, and pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we describe a new approach for generating bispecific antibodies using a common light chain format and exploiting the stable architecture of human immunoglobulin G1 We used iterative experimental validation and computational modeling to identify multiple Fc variant pairs that drive efficient heterodimerization of the antibody heavy chains. Accelerated stability studies enabled selection of one Fc variant pair dubbed "DEKK" consisting of substitutions L351D and L368E in one heavy chain combined with L351K and T366K in the other. Solving the crystal structure of the DEKK Fc region at a resolution of 2.3 Å enabled detailed analysis of the interactions inducing CH3 interface heterodimerization. Local shifts in the IgG backbone accommodate the introduction of lysine side chains that form stabilizing salt-bridge interactions with substituted and native residues in the opposite chain. Overall, the CH3 domain adapted to these shifts at the interface, yielding a stable Fc conformation very similar to that in wild-type IgG. Using the DEKK format, we generated the bispecific antibody MCLA-128, targeting human EGF receptors 2 and 3. MCLA-128 could be readily produced and purified at industrial scale with a standard mammalian cell culture platform and a routine purification protocol. Long-term accelerated stability assays confirmed that MCLA-128 is highly stable and has excellent biophysical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla De Nardis
- From the Crystal and Structural Chemistry Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tudor Arvinte
- Therapeomic Inc., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland, and.,the University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Piet Gros
- From the Crystal and Structural Chemistry Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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A Novel Platform for the Potentiation of Therapeutic Antibodies Based on Antigen-Dependent Formation of IgG Hexamers at the Cell Surface. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002344. [PMID: 26736041 PMCID: PMC4703389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG antibodies can organize into ordered hexamers on cell surfaces after binding their antigen. These hexamers bind the first component of complement C1 inducing complement-dependent target cell killing. Here, we translated this natural concept into a novel technology platform (HexaBody technology) for therapeutic antibody potentiation. We identified mutations that enhanced hexamer formation and complement activation by IgG1 antibodies against a range of targets on cells from hematological and solid tumor indications. IgG1 backbones with preferred mutations E345K or E430G conveyed a strong ability to induce conditional complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of cell lines and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient tumor cells, while retaining regular pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutical developability. Both mutations potently enhanced CDC- and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of a type II CD20 antibody that was ineffective in complement activation, while retaining its ability to induce apoptosis. The identified IgG1 Fc backbones provide a novel platform for the generation of therapeutics with enhanced effector functions that only become activated upon binding to target cell-expressed antigen.
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Production of the growth factors GM-CSF, G-CSF, and VEGF by human peripheral blood cells induced with metal complexes of human serum γ -globulin formed with copper or zinc ions. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:518265. [PMID: 25104881 PMCID: PMC4101935 DOI: 10.1155/2014/518265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As it was established in our previous studies, the proteins of human serum γ-globulin fraction could interact with copper or zinc ions distributed in the periglobular space, form metal complexes, and become able to perform effector functions differing due to the conformational shifts from those mediated by them in native conformation of their Fc regions. In the present work we have evaluated ability of the γ-globulin metal complexes formed with copper or zinc ions in the conditions like to the physiological ones to induce production or to regulate induction in the culture of freshly isolated human peripheral blood cells (PBC) of granulocyte (G) and granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colony-stimulating factors (CSF) as well as of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The γ-globulin metal complexes formed with both copper and zinc ions were found to similarly reduce production of GM-CSF, G-CSF, and VEGF induced in normal human PBC cultures by the control γ-globulins or by copper and zinc ions used alone. In context of theory and practice of inflammation the properties of the γ-globulin metal complexes might impact the basic knowledge in search of novel approaches to anti-inflammatory drugs development.
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Apresova MA, Efremova IE, Babayants AA, Cheknev SB. γ-Globulin Fraction Proteins and Their Metal Complexes with Copper Cations in Induction of IL-8 Production. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:823-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rispens T, Davies AM, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Absalah S, Bende O, Sutton BJ, Vidarsson G, Aalberse RC. Dynamics of inter-heavy chain interactions in human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses studied by kinetic Fab arm exchange. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6098-109. [PMID: 24425871 PMCID: PMC3937676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.541813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interdomain interactions between the CH3 domains of antibody heavy chains are the first step in antibody assembly and are of prime importance for maintaining the native structure of IgG. For human IgG4 it was shown that CH3-CH3 interactions are weak, resulting in the potential for half-molecule exchange (“Fab arm exchange”). Here we systematically investigated non-covalent interchain interactions for CH3 domains in the other human subclasses, including polymorphisms (allotypes), using real-time monitoring of Fab arm exchange with a FRET-based kinetic assay. We identified structural variation between human IgG subclasses and allotypes at three amino acid positions (Lys/Asn-392, Val/Met-397, Lys/Arg-409) to alter the strength of inter-domain interactions by >6 orders of magnitude. Each substitution affected the interactions independent from the other substitutions in terms of affinity, but the enthalpic and entropic contributions were non-additive, suggesting a complex interplay. Allotypic variation in IgG3 resulted in widely different CH3 interaction strengths that were even weaker for IgG3 than for IgG4 in the case of allotype G3m(c3c5*/6,24*), whereas G3m(s*/15*) was equally stable to IgG1. These interactions are sufficiently strong to maintain the structural integrity of IgG1 during its normal life span; for IgG2 and IgG3 the inter-heavy chain disulfide bonds are essential to prevent half-molecule dissociation, whereas the labile hinge disulfide bonds favor half-molecule exchange in vivo for IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rispens
- From Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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Ducancel F, Muller BH. Molecular engineering of antibodies for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. MAbs 2012; 4:445-57. [PMID: 22684311 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.20776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past ten years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have taken center stage in the field of targeted therapy and diagnosis. This increased interest in mAbs is due to their binding accuracy (affinity and specificity) together with the original molecular and structural rules that govern interactions with their cognate antigen. In addition, the effector properties of antibodies constitute a second major advantage associated with their clinical use. The development of molecular and structural engineering and more recently of in vitro evolution of antibodies has opened up new perspectives in the de novo design of antibodies more adapted to clinical and diagnostic use. Thus, efforts are regularly made by researchers to improve or modulate antibody recognition properties, to adapt their pharmacokinetics, engineer their stability, and control their immunogenicity. This review presents the latest molecular engineering results on mAbs with therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Ducancel
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Department of Pharmacology and Immunoanalysis, Laboratory of Antibody Engineering for Health, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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