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Peng Y, Peng C, Fang Z, Chen G. Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Molecular Markers Regulating Development and Progression of Endometriosis and Potential Therapeutic Drugs. Front Genet 2021; 12:622683. [PMID: 34421979 PMCID: PMC8372410 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.622683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis, a common disease that presents as polymorphism, invasiveness, and extensiveness, with clinical manifestations including dysmenorrhea, infertility, and menstrual abnormalities, seriously affects quality of life in women. To date, its underlying etiological mechanism of action and the associated regulatory genes remain unclear. This study aimed to identify molecular markers and elucidate mechanisms underlying the development and progression of endometriosis. Specifically, we downloaded five microarray expression datasets, namely, GSE11691, GSE23339, GSE25628, GSE7305, and GSE105764, from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. These datasets, obtained from endometriosis tissues, alongside normal controls, were subjected to in-depth bioinformatics analysis for identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by analysis of their function and pathways via gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Moreover, we constructed a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network to explore the hub genes and modules, and then applied machine learning algorithms support vector machine-recursive feature elimination and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis to identify key genes. Furthermore, we adopted the CIBERSORTx algorithm to estimate levels of immune cell infiltration while the connective map (CMAP) database was used to identify potential therapeutic drugs in endometriosis. As a result, a total of 423 DEGs, namely, 233 and 190 upregulated and downregulated, were identified. On the other hand, a total of 1,733 PPIs were obtained from the PPI network. The DEGs were mainly enriched in immune-related mechanisms. Furthermore, machine learning and LASSO algorithms identified three key genes, namely, apelin receptor (APLNR), C–C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21), and Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIa (FCGR2A). Furthermore, 16 small molecular compounds associated with endometriosis treatment were identified, and their mechanism of action was also revealed. Taken together, the findings of this study provide new insights into the molecular factors regulating occurrence and progression of endometriosis and its underlying mechanism of action. The identified therapeutic drugs and molecular markers may have clinical significance in early diagnosis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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FCGR2A Could Function as a Prognostic Marker and Correlate with Immune Infiltration in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8874578. [PMID: 34285919 PMCID: PMC8275393 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8874578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective We aim to investigate the correlation between FCGR2A mRNA level and prognosis of head and neck squamous cancer (HNSC) in public databases. In addition, we investigated the correlation between FCGR2A expression and clinicopathological characteristics and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in HNSC patients. Methods FCGR2A mRNA expression in multiple cancers was analyzed based on Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis. A protein-protein interaction network was obtained based on the STRING database. The 10 proteins most closely related to FCGR2A (i.e., CD3G, PLCG2, LAT, LYN, SYK, FCGR3A, PIK3R1, HCK, ITGAM, and ITGB2) were screened, followed by establishing the protein-protein interaction network. The correlation between FCGR2A expression and immunocytes was investigated, together with the effects of FCGR2A on the metastasis, recurrence, and survival of HNSC. Results FCGR2A expression in several carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that of adjacent tissues. Significant differences were noticed in the HNSC samples and the adjacent tissue samples except the seven samples of grade 4. There were statistical differences between the FCGR2A expression in tissues of grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 (P < 0.05). In the tissues of grade 4, the expression of FCGR2A was the lowest. The FCGR2A protein was a type of II-a receptor in γFc of the low-affinity immunoglobulin, which could bind with the Fc region of the immunoglobulin γ. There was a correlation between the FCGR2A gene and the distal HNSC metastasis. FCGR2A gene expression was correlated with the survival and prognosis. The GSE65858 dataset was selected for the validation. The FCGR2A expression was significantly correlated with total survival (P = 0.0107) and progression-free survival (P = 0.0362). Conclusions Our findings shed light on the importance of FCGR2A in HNSC and illustrated a potential relationship between FCGR2A and tumor-immune interactions.
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Okubo K, Brenner MD, Cullere X, Saggu G, Patchen ML, Bose N, Mihori S, Yuan Z, Lowell CA, Zhu C, Mayadas TN. Inhibitory affinity modulation of FcγRIIA ligand binding by glycosphingolipids by inside-out signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109142. [PMID: 34010642 PMCID: PMC8218468 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the human FcγRIIA with immune complexes (ICs) promotes neutrophil activation and thus must be tightly controlled to avoid damage to healthy tissue. Here, we demonstrate that a fungal-derived soluble β-1,3/1,6-glucan binds to the glycosphingolipid long-chain lactosylceramide (LacCer) to reduce FcγRIIA-mediated recruitment to immobilized ICs under flow, a process requiring high-affinity FcγRIIA-immunoglobulin G (IgG) interactions. The inhibition requires Lyn phosphorylation of SHP-1 phosphatase and the FcγRIIA immunotyrosine-activating motif. β-glucan reduces the effective 2D affinity of FcγRIIA for IgG via Lyn and SHP-1 and, in vivo, inhibits FcγRIIA-mediated neutrophil recruitment to intravascular IgG deposited in the kidney glomeruli in a glycosphingolipid- and Lyn-dependent manner. In contrast, β-glucan did not affect FcγR functions that bypass FcγR affinity for IgG. In summary, we have identified a pathway for modulating the 2D affinity of FcγRIIA for ligand that relies on LacCer-Lyn-SHP-1-mediated inhibitory signaling triggered by β-glucan, a previously described activator of innate immunity. Okubo et al. demonstrate that β-glucan binding to the glycosphingolipid lactosylceramide engages a Lyn kinase to SHP-1 phosphatase pathway that reduces FcγRIIA binding propensity for IgG, which suggests FcγRIIA affinity regulation by “inside-out” signaling. The β-glucan-lactosylceramide-Lyn axis prevents FcγRIIA-dependent neutrophil recruitment in vitro and to intravascular IgG deposits following glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshu Okubo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael D Brenner
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Xavier Cullere
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gurpanna Saggu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Nandita Bose
- Biothera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eagan, Minnesota, MN 55121, USA
| | - Saki Mihori
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhou Yuan
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Tanya N Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Stone HK, Parameswaran S, Eapen AA, Chen X, Harley JB, Devarajan P, Weirauch MT, Kottyan L. Comprehensive Review of Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome Genetic Risk Loci and Transcriptional Regulation as a Possible Mechanistic Link to Disease Risk. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 6:187-195. [PMID: 33426398 PMCID: PMC7783560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The etiology of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) is not well understood. Genetic studies have established common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with increased SSNS disease risk. We review previous genetic association studies of SSNS and nominate particular transcriptional regulators and immune cells as potential key players in the etiology of this disease. Methods A list of SNPs associated with SSNS was compiled from published genome wide association and candidate gene studies. The Regulatory Element Locus Intersection (RELI) tool was used to calculate the enrichment of the overlap between disease risk SNPs and the genomic coordinates of data from a collection of >10,000 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing experiments. Results After linkage disequilibrium expansion of the previously reported tag associated SNPs, we identified 192 genetic variants at 8 independent risk loci. Using the Regulatory Element Locus Intersection algorithm, we identified transcriptional regulators with enriched binding at SSNS risk loci (10-05 < Pcorrected < 10-124), including ZNF530, CIITA, CD74, RFX5, and ZNF425. Many of these regulators have well-described roles in the immune response. RNA polymerase II binding in B cells also demonstrated enriched binding at SSNS risk loci (10-37<Pcorrected<10-5). Conclusion SSNS is a complex disease, and immune dysregulation has been previously implicated as a potential underlying cause. This assessment of established SSNS risk loci and analysis of possible function implicates transcriptional dysregulation, and specifically particular transcriptional regulators with known roles in the immune response, as important in the genetic etiology of SSNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillarey K Stone
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy A Eapen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Prasad Devarajan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Leah Kottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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