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Lin X, Dai Z, Tasiheng Y, Zhang R, Wang R, Dong J, Chen Y, Ma M, Zou X, Yan Y, Wang X, Yu X, Cheng H, Liu C. BCL6 overexpression in CD4 + T cells induces Tfh-like transdifferentiation and enhances antitumor efficiency of CAR-T therapy in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167346. [PMID: 38986820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PDAC is a typical "cold tumor" characterized by low immune cell infiltration and a suppressive immune microenvironment. We previously observed the existence of a rare group of follicular helper T cells (Tfh) that could enhance antitumor immune responses by recruiting other immune cells in PDAC. In this study, we ectopically expressed BCL6 in CD4+ T cells, and successfully induced Tfh-like transdifferentiation in vitro. This strategy provided abundant Tfh-like cells (iTfhs) that can recruit CD8+ T cells like endogenous Tfhs. Subsequently, Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) against both MSL (Mesothelin) and EPHA2 (Ephrin receptor A2) were used to modify iTfh cells, and the CAR-iTfh cells significantly improved infiltration and antitumor cytotoxicity of co-cultured CD8+ T cells. After that, combinatory administration of CAR-iTfh & CAR-CD8 T cell therapy displayed a better effect in repressing the PDAC tumors in xenograft mouse models, compared to conventional CAR-CD4 & CAR-CD8 combinations, and the models received the CAR-iTfh & CAR-CD8 T cells displayed a significantly improved survival rate. Our study revealed the plasticity of Thelper differentiation, expanded the source of Tfh-like cells for cell therapy, and demonstrated a novel and potentially more efficient cellular composition for CAR-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Lin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengjie Dai
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yesiboli Tasiheng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rulin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia Dong
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingjian Ma
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Cancer Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - He Cheng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Kumar S, Basto AP, Ribeiro F, Almeida SCP, Campos P, Peres C, Pulvirenti N, Al-Khalidi S, Kilbey A, Tosello J, Piaggio E, Russo M, Gama-Carvalho M, Coffelt SB, Roberts EW, Geginat J, Florindo HF, Graca L. Specialized Tfh cell subsets driving type-1 and type-2 humoral responses in lymphoid tissue. Cell Discov 2024; 10:64. [PMID: 38834551 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective antibody responses are essential to generate protective humoral immunity. Different inflammatory signals polarize T cells towards appropriate effector phenotypes during an infection or immunization. Th1 and Th2 cells have been associated with the polarization of humoral responses. However, T follicular helper cells (Tfh) have a unique ability to access the B cell follicle and support the germinal center (GC) responses by providing B cell help. We investigated the specialization of Tfh cells induced under type-1 and type-2 conditions. We first studied homogenous Tfh cell populations generated by adoptively transferred TCR-transgenic T cells in mice immunized with type-1 and type-2 adjuvants. Using a machine learning approach, we established a gene expression signature that discriminates Tfh cells polarized towards type-1 and type-2 response, defined as Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells. The distinct signatures of Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells were validated against datasets of Tfh cells induced following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or helminth infection. We generated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics datasets to dissect the heterogeneity of Tfh cells and their localization under the two immunizing conditions. Besides a distinct specialization of GC Tfh cells under the two immunizations and in different regions of the lymph nodes, we found a population of Gzmk+ Tfh cells specific for type-1 conditions. In human individuals, we could equally identify CMV-specific Tfh cells that expressed Gzmk. Our results show that Tfh cells acquire a specialized function under distinct types of immune responses and with particular properties within the B cell follicle and the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Basto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Silvia C P Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Campos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Sarwah Al-Khalidi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jimena Tosello
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ed W Roberts
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milano, Italy
- Università degli studi di Milano, DISCCO, Milano, Italy
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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3
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Ribeiro F, Graca L. T follicular regulatory cells keep B cell-directed autoreactivity in check. Cell Res 2024; 34:339-340. [PMID: 38443560 PMCID: PMC11061273 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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4
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Xiao H, Ulmert I, Bach L, Huber J, Narasimhan H, Kurochkin I, Chang Y, Holst S, Mörbe U, Zhang L, Schlitzer A, Pereira CF, Schraml BU, Baumjohann D, Lahl K. Genomic deletion of Bcl6 differentially affects conventional dendritic cell subsets and compromises Tfh/Tfr/Th17 cell responses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3554. [PMID: 38688934 PMCID: PMC11061177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) play key roles in immune induction, but what drives their heterogeneity and functional specialization is still ill-defined. Here we show that cDC-specific deletion of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6 in mice alters the phenotype and transcriptome of cDC1 and cDC2, while their lineage identity is preserved. Bcl6-deficient cDC1 are diminished in the periphery but maintain their ability to cross-present antigen to CD8+ T cells, confirming general maintenance of this subset. Surprisingly, the absence of Bcl6 in cDC causes a complete loss of Notch2-dependent cDC2 in the spleen and intestinal lamina propria. DC-targeted Bcl6-deficient mice induced fewer T follicular helper cells despite a profound impact on T follicular regulatory cells in response to immunization and mounted diminished Th17 immunity to Citrobacter rodentium in the colon. Our findings establish Bcl6 as an essential transcription factor for subsets of cDC and add to our understanding of the transcriptional landscape underlying cDC heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Xiao
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Isabel Ulmert
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luisa Bach
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Hamsa Narasimhan
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilia Kurochkin
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Signe Holst
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Urs Mörbe
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lili Zhang
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, 221 84, Sweden.
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5
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Sun SR, Yao Y, Liu Z. Effects of allergen immunotherapy on follicular regulatory T cells. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 23:507-513. [PMID: 37712561 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Emerging evidence indicating that the dysfunction of T follicular regulatory (T FR ) cells contributes to excessive immunoglobulin E (IgE) production and the development of allergic diseases. Conversely, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) modulates T FR cells abundance and function to promote immune tolerance. This review focus on the role of T FR cells in allergic diseases and AIT, with the objective of providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying immune tolerance of AIT and proposing the potential targeting of T FR cells in the context of allergic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have consistently demonstrated that T FR cells play a pivotal role in the inhibition of class switch recombination to IgE in both humans and specific murine models. This suppression is attributed to the actions of neuritin and IL-10 secreted by T FR cells, which exert direct and indirect effects on B cells. In patients with allergic rhinitis, reduced frequencies of circulating or tonsillar T FR cells have been reported, along with impaired functionality in suppressing IgE production. AIT, whether administered subcutaneously or sublingually, reinstates the frequency and functionality of T FR cells in allergic rhinitis patients, accompanied by changes of the chromatin accessibility of T FR cells. The increase in T FR cell frequency following AIT is associated with the amelioration of clinical symptoms. SUMMARY T FR cells exert an inhibitory effect on IgE production and demonstrate a correlation with the clinical efficacy of AIT in patients with allergic rhinitis, suggesting T FR cells hold promise as a therapeutic target for allergic diseases and potential biomarker for AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ran Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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De Groot AS, Khan S, Mattei AE, Lelias S, Martin WD. Does human homology reduce the potential immunogenicity of non-antibody scaffolds? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215939. [PMID: 38022550 PMCID: PMC10664710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics developers are moving beyond antibodies for delivery of a wide range of therapeutic interventions. These non-antibody modalities are often based on 'natural' protein scaffolds that are modified to deliver bioactive sequences. Both human-derived and non-human-sourced scaffold proteins have been developed. New types of "non-antibody" scaffolds are still being discovered, as they offer attractive alternatives to monoclonals due to their smaller size, improved stability, and ease of synthesis. They are believed to have low immunogenic potential. However, while several human-sourced protein scaffolds have not been immunogenic in clinical studies, this may not predict their overall performance in other therapeutic applications. A preliminary evaluation of their potential for immunogenicity is warranted. Immunogenicity risk potential has been clearly linked to the presence of T "helper" epitopes in the sequence of biologic therapeutics. In addition, tolerogenic epitopes are present in some human proteins and may decrease their immunogenic potential. While the detailed sequences of many non-antibody scaffold therapeutic candidates remain unpublished, their backbone sequences are available for review and analysis. We assessed 12 example non-antibody scaffold backbone sequences using our epitope-mapping tools (EpiMatrix) for this perspective. Based on EpiMatrix scoring, their HLA DRB1-restricted T cell epitope content appears to be lower than the average protein, and sequences that may act as tolerogenic epitopes are present in selected human-derived scaffolds. Assessing the potential immunogenicity of scaffold proteins regarding self and non-self T cell epitopes may be of use for drug developers and clinicians, as these exciting new non-antibody molecules begin to emerge from the preclinical pipeline into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Providence, RI, United States
- University of Georgia, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Athens, GA, United States
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7
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Xuan X, Ye C, Zhao J, Shen F, Chen Y, Liu J. Dysregulated Tfr/Tfh2 cells in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 159:104137. [PMID: 37625338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent research revealed the pathogenic role of B cells in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), while the Tfh cell plays a critical role in the B cell mediated autoantibody production and humoral immunity, but had not been investigated in PCOS patients. The frequency of Tfh and B cell subsets (Tfh1, Tfh2, Tfh17, naïve B, memory B, and plasma cells) in the peripheral blood of 21 PCOS patients and 15 healthy controls were investigated by flow cytometry. And the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, prolactin and estradiol progesterone were measured by using the immunoluminescence method. Also, the associations between these hormone levels and Tfh cell subsets or B cell subsets were analyzed. No significant difference was observed in total Tfh cells between 21 PCOS patients and 15 healthy controls (p > 0.05). But the percentages of Tfh2 and plasma cells were significantly higher in 21 PCOS patients compared to 15 healthy controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, the frequency of Tfr cells and Tfr/Tfh2 ratio were significantly lower than healthy controls (p < 0.01). Importantly, among these cells, only the percentage of Tfh2 cells was positively correlated with the levels of testosterone (r = 0.513, p = 0.018). And the percentage of Tfr cells and Tfr/Tfh2 ratio were also positively correlated with the levels of testosterone (r = 0.567, p = 0.007; r = 0.434, p = 0.05) and prolactin (r = 0.511, p = 0.018; r = 0.490, p = 0.024). These new findings provide unique insights into dysregulated Tfh/Tfr cells in mediating the immunopathogenesis of PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xuan
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunmei Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jiwei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuping Shen
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jinlin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Macri C, Jenika D, Ouslinis C, Mintern JD. Targeting dendritic cells to advance cross-presentation and vaccination outcomes. Semin Immunol 2023; 68:101762. [PMID: 37167898 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a complex network of specialised antigen-presenting cells that are critical initiators of adaptive immunity. Targeting antigen directly to DCs in situ is a vaccination strategy that selectively delivers antigen to receptors expressed by DC subtypes. This approach exploits specific DC subset functions of antigen uptake and presentation. Here, we review DC-targeted vaccination strategies that are designed to elicit effective cross-presentation for CD8+ T cell immunity. In particular, we focus on approaches that exploit receptors highly expressed by mouse and human cDCs equipped with superior cross-presentation capacity. These receptors include DEC205, Clec9A and XCR1. Targeting DC receptors Clec12A, Clec4A4 and mannose receptor is also reviewed. Outcomes of DC-targeted vaccination in mouse models through to human clinical trials is discussed. This is a promising new vaccination approach capable of directly targeting the cross-presentation pathway for prevention and treatment of tumours and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Macri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Devi Jenika
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cassandra Ouslinis
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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9
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Kabat AM, Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Metabolism in type 2 immune responses. Immunity 2023; 56:723-741. [PMID: 37044062 PMCID: PMC10938369 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune response is tailored to the environment in which it takes place. Immune cells sense and adapt to changes in their surroundings, and it is now appreciated that in addition to cytokines made by stromal and epithelial cells, metabolic cues provide key adaptation signals. Changes in immune cell activation states are linked to changes in cellular metabolism that support function. Furthermore, metabolites themselves can signal between as well as within cells. Here, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of how metabolic regulation relates to type 2 immunity firstly by considering specifics of metabolism within type 2 immune cells and secondly by stressing how type 2 immune cells are integrated more broadly into the metabolism of the organism as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Kabat
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Li C, Liu P, Yao H, Zhu H, Zhang S, Meng F, Li S, Li G, Peng Y, Gu J, Zhu L, Jiang Y, Dai A. Regulatory B cells protect against chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by modulating the Tfh/Tfr immune balance. Immunology 2023; 168:580-596. [PMID: 36221236 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a progressive and lethal disease characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and obstructive vascular remodelling. Previous research demonstrated that Breg cells were involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. This work aimed to evaluate the regulatory function of Breg cells in HPH. HPH mice model were established and induced by exposing to chronic hypoxia for 21 days. Mice with HPH were treated with anti-CD22 or adoptive transferred of Breg cells. The coculture systems of Breg cells with CD4+ T cells and Breg cells with PASMCs in vitro were constructed. Lung pathology was evaluated by HE staining and immunofluorescence staining. The frequencies of Breg cells, Tfh cells and Tfr cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Serum IL-21 and IL-10 levels were determined by ELISA. Protein levels of Blimp-1, Bcl-6 and CTLA-4 were determined by western blot and RT-PCR. Proliferation rate of PASMCs was measured by EdU. Compared to the control group, mean PAP, RV/(LV + S) ratio, WA% and WT% were significantly increased in the model group. Anti-CD22 exacerbated abnormal hemodynamics, pulmonary vascular remodelling and right ventricle hypertrophy in HPH, which ameliorated by adoptive transfer of Breg cells into HPH mice. The proportion of Breg cells on day 7 induced by chronic hypoxia was significantly higher than control group, which significantly decreased on day 14 and day 21. The percentage of Tfh cells was significantly increased, while percentage of Tfr cells was significantly decreased in HPH than those of control group. Anti-CD22 treatment increased the percentage of Tfh cells and decreased the percentage of Tfr cells in HPH mice. However, Breg cells restrained the Tfh cells differentiation and expanded Tfr cells differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, Breg cells inhibited the proliferation of PASMCs under hypoxic condition in vitro. Collectively, these findings suggested that Breg cells may be a new therapeutic target for modulating the Tfh/Tfr immune balance in HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Emergency, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Emergency Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Yao
- Department of General Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoze Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - San Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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11
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Kaplan BL, Lawrence BP. Invited Perspective: Environmental Chemical-Sensing AHR Remains an Enigmatic Key Player in Toxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:31307. [PMID: 36975774 PMCID: PMC10044337 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L.F. Kaplan
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - B. Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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12
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Marques-Piubelli ML, Amador C, Vega F. Pathologic and molecular insights in nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphomas. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1105651. [PMID: 36793612 PMCID: PMC9923156 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
T-follicular helper (TFH) cells are one of the T-cell subsets with a critical role in the regulation of germinal center (GC) reactions. TFH cells contribute to the positive selection of GC B-cells and promote plasma cell differentiation and antibody production. TFH cells express a unique phenotype characterized by PD-1hi, ICOShi, CD40Lhi, CD95hi, CTLAhi, CCR7lo, and CXCR5hi . Three main subtypes of nodal TFH lymphomas have been described: 1) angioimmunoblastic-type, 2) follicular-type, and 3) not otherwise specified (NOS). The diagnosis of these neoplasms can be challenging, and it is rendered based on a combination of clinical, laboratory, histopathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular findings. The markers most frequently used to identify a TFH immunophenotype in paraffin-embedded tissue sections include PD-1, CXCL13, CXCR5, ICOS, BCL6, and CD10. These neoplasms feature a characteristic and similar, but not identical, mutational landscape with mutations in epigenetic modifiers (TET2, DNMT3A, IDH2), RHOA, and T-cell receptor signaling genes. Here, we briefly review the biology of TFH cells and present a summary of the current pathologic, molecular, and genetic features of nodal lymphomas. We want to highlight the importance of performing a consistent panel of TFH immunostains and mutational studies in TCLs to identify TFH lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario L Marques-Piubelli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Catalina Amador
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Francisco Vega
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Betzler AC, Ushmorov A, Brunner C. The transcriptional program during germinal center reaction - a close view at GC B cells, Tfh cells and Tfr cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125503. [PMID: 36817488 PMCID: PMC9936310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key process during an adaptive immune response to T cell specific antigens. GCs are specialized structures within secondary lymphoid organs, in which B cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation and antibody affinity maturation occur. As a result, high affinity antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are generated. An effective GC response needs interaction between multiple cell types. Besides reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells, particularly B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells as well as T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a key player during the GC reaction. Whereas Tfh cells provide help to GC B cells in selection processes, Tfr cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs), are able to suppress the GC reaction maintaining the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The formation and function of GCs is regulated by a complex network of signals and molecules at multiple levels. In this review, we highlight recent developments in GC biology by focusing on the transcriptional program regulating the GC reaction. This review focuses on the transcriptional co-activator BOB.1/OBF.1, whose important role for GC B, Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation became increasingly clear in recent years. Moreover, we outline how deregulation of the GC transcriptional program can drive lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexey Ushmorov
- Ulm University, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Cornelia Brunner,
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DeLaura I, Schroder PM, Yoon J, Ladowski J, Anwar IJ, Ezekian B, Schmitz R, Fitch ZW, Kwun J, Knechtle SJ. A novel method for in vitro culture and expansion of nonhuman primate B cells. J Immunol Methods 2022; 511:113363. [PMID: 36174734 PMCID: PMC10486248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the role of B cells in sensitization and antibody-mediated rejection pathogenesis, the ability to identify, isolate, and study B cells in vitro is critical for understanding these processes and developing novel therapeutics. While in vivo nonhuman primate models have been used to this end, an in vitro nonhuman primate model of B cell activation and proliferation has not been developed. METHODS CD20+ B cells and CD3+ T cells were isolated using magnetic bead separation from the peripheral blood of naive and skin allograft sensitized nonhuman primates. Allogeneic B and T cells were co-cultured in plates pre-coated with murine stromal cells engineered to express human CD40L and stimulated with cytokines. Cells and supernatants were harvested every 2 days for immune phenotyping and donor specific antibody quantification by flow cytometry. RESULTS The optimized culture system consisted of MS40L cells co-cultured with B and allogenic T cells and stimulated with cytokines. This culture system resulted in increased memory cells and plasmablasts over time compared to other culture systems. Comparison of culture of naïve and sensitized nonhuman primate samples revealed faster B cell exhaustion and marginally increased plasmablast differentiation in sensitized culture. Donor-specific antibody production was not observed in either culture group. CONCLUSIONS This study describes the first in vitro nonhuman primate model of B cell activation and proliferation using both naïve and allosensitized samples. This model provides an opportunity for exploration of B cell mechanisms and novel therapeutics and is a preliminary step in the development of an in vitro germinal center model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel DeLaura
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul M Schroder
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Janghoon Yoon
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Ladowski
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Imran J Anwar
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian Ezekian
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin Schmitz
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary W Fitch
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean Kwun
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Stuart J Knechtle
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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15
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Feng H, Zhao Z, Dong C. Adapting to the world: The determination and plasticity of T follicular helper cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:981-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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GABA signaling enforces intestinal germinal center B cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2215921119. [PMID: 36279432 PMCID: PMC9636909 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215921119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent compelling results indicate possible links between neurotransmitters, intestinal mucosal IgA
+
B cell responses, and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrated that γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) transporter-2 (GAT-2) deficiency induces intestinal germinal center (GC) B cell differentiation and worsens the symptoms of IgAN in a mouse model. Mechanistically, GAT-2 deficiency enhances GC B cell differentiation through activation of GABA–mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. In addition, IgAN patients have lower GAT-2 expression but higher activation of mTORC1 in blood B cells, and both are correlated with kidney function in IgAN patients. Collectively, this study describes GABA signaling–mediated intestinal mucosal immunity as a previously unstudied pathogenesis mechanism of IgAN and challenges the current paradigms of IgAN.
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Yaping W, Zhe W, Zhuling C, Ruolei L, Pengyu F, Lili G, Cheng J, Bo Z, Liuyin L, Guangdong H, Yaoling W, Niuniu H, Rui L. The soldiers needed to be awakened: Tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Front Genet 2022; 13:988703. [PMID: 36246629 PMCID: PMC9558824 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.988703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are a key component. Different types of TIICs play distinct roles. CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells could secrete soluble factors to hinder tumor cell growth, whereas regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) release inhibitory factors to promote tumor growth and progression. In the meantime, a growing body of evidence illustrates that the balance between pro- and anti-tumor responses of TIICs is associated with the prognosis in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, in order to boost anti-tumor response and improve the clinical outcome of tumor patients, a variety of anti-tumor strategies for targeting TIICs based on their respective functions have been developed and obtained good treatment benefits, including mainly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), adoptive cell therapies (ACT), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and various monoclonal antibodies. In recent years, the tumor-specific features of immune cells are further investigated by various methods, such as using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and the results indicate that these cells have diverse phenotypes in different types of tumors and emerge inconsistent therapeutic responses. Hence, we concluded the recent advances in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including functions, prognostic values, and various immunotherapy strategies for each immune cell in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yaping
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Zhe
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chu Zhuling
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ruolei
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Pengyu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guo Lili
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhang Bo
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liu Liuyin
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hou Guangdong
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Yaoling
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou Niuniu
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of General Surgery, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
| | - Ling Rui
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hou Niuniu, ; Ling Rui,
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The Role of T Cells in Systemic Sclerosis: An Update. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic disease characterized by microvasculopathy, autoantibodies (autoAbs), and fibrosis. The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood. Microvasculopathy and autoAbs appear very early in the disease process. AutoAbs, such as those directed against DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I), are disease specific and associated with disease manifestations, and indicate activation of the adaptive immune system. B cells are involved in fibrosis in SSc. T cells are also involved in disease pathogenesis. T cells show signs of antigen-induced activation; T cells of TH2 type are increased and produce profibrotic cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-31; CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are increased in skin lesions, and cause fibrosis and endothelial cell apoptosis; circulating T follicular helper (TFH) cells are increased in SSc produce IL-21 and promote plasmablast antibody production. On the other hand, regulatory T cells are impaired in SSc. These findings provide strong circumstantial evidence for T cell implication in SSc pathogenesis and encourage new T cell-directed therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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