Mangiferin induces cell death against rhabdomyosarcoma through sustained oxidative stress

Mangiferin: A natural bioactive immunomodulating glucosylxanthone with potential against cancer and rheumatoid arthritis

Mangiferin is a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone that has shown promising immunomodulatory effects. It is generally isolated from the leaves, peels, bark, and kernels of Mangifera indica Linn. Mangiferin is like a miraculous natural bioactive molecule that has an immunomodulatory function that makes it a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cancer. The anticancer activity of mangiferin acts by blocking NF-κB, as well as regulating the β-catenin, EMT, MMP9, MMP2, LDH, ROS, and NO, and also by the activation of macrophages. It has no cytotoxic effect on grown chondrocytes and lowers matrix metalloproteinase levels. Additionally, it has a potent proapoptotic impact on synoviocytes. The precise molecular mechanism of action of mangiferin on RA and malignancies is still unknown. This comprehensive review elaborates on the immunomodulatory effect of mangiferin and its anticancer and anti-RA activity. This also explained the total synthesis of mangiferin and its in vitro and in vivo screening models.

Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Approaches of Mangiferin: Promises, Reality and Challenges in Cancer Chemotherapy

Mangiferin (MGF), a xanthone derived from Mangifera indica L., initially employed as a nutraceutical, is now being explored extensively for its anticancer potential. Scientists across the globe have explored this bioactive for managing a variety of cancers using validated in vitro and in vivo models. The in vitro anticancer potential of this biomolecule on well-established breast cancer cell lines such as MDA-MB-23, BEAS-2B cells and MCF-7 is closer to many approved synthetic anticancer agents. However, the solubility and bioavailability of this xanthone are the main challenges, and its oral bioavailability is reported to be less than 2%, and its aqueous solubility is also 0.111 mg/mL. Nano-drug delivery systems have attempted to deliver the drugs at the desired site at a desired rate in desired amounts. Many researchers have explored various nanotechnology-based approaches to provide effective and safe delivery of mangiferin for cancer therapy. Nanoparticles were used as carriers to encapsulate mangiferin, protecting it from degradation and facilitating its delivery to cancer cells. They have attempted to enhance the bioavailability, safety and efficacy of this very bioactive using drug delivery approaches. The present review focuses on the origin and structure elucidation of mangiferin and its derivatives and the benefits of this bioactive. The review also offers insight into the delivery-related challenges of mangiferin and its applications in nanosized forms against cancer. The use of a relatively new deep-learning approach to solve the pharmacokinetic issues of this bioactive has also been discussed. The review also critically analyzes the future hope for mangiferin as a therapeutic agent for cancer management.

Gallic acid: a polyphenolic compound potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin in human breast cancer cells

Gallic acid (GA) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound with antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Cisplatin (CPT) is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic drug, and it is the treatment of choice for breast, ovarian, testicular, head, and neck cancers. However, the use of anticancer drugs has undesirable effects on patients due to associated toxicities. Thus, it is necessary to search for alternatives that reduce unintended side effects and enhance anticancer potential. The use of natural compounds with the conventional chemotherapeutic drug is a new aspect of cancer therapy. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of GA in the modulation of anticancer effects of CPT in human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) by performing MTT, apoptosis, clonogenic cell survival, and micronucleus assays. GA and CPT showed significant cytotoxic activities in MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In combination therapy (GA 2.5, 5.0, and 10 μg/mL + CPT10 μg/mL), GA synergistically reduced the MCF-7 cell viability in contrast to the individual therapies. Cancer cells death by GA is through the induction of apoptosis as observed in the acridine orange and ethidium bromide dual staining method. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was decreased significantly (P < 0.001) in combinational therapy, possibly reducing the risk of chemotherapy-induced MN. Moreover, GA in mono or combinational therapy did not induce any cytotoxic effects in normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). GA did not show any significant difference in colony inhibition compared to CPT. This outcome shows its differential effects in normal and cancerous cells. Hence, the combination GA with chemotherapeutic drugs could represent a promising alternative therapy in cancer treatment with minimal side effects.

8-Hydroxyquinoline derived p-halo N4-phenyl substituted thiosemicarbazones: Crystal structures, spectral characterization and in vitro cytotoxic studies of their Co(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes

The current paper deals with 8-hydroxyquinoline derived p-halo N4-phenyl substituted thiosemicarbazones, their crystal structures, spectral characterization and in vitro cytotoxic studies of Co(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes. The molecular structures of the ligands, (E)-4-(4-halophenyl)-1-((8-hydroxyquinoline-2-yl)methylene)thiosemicarbazones (halo = fluoro/chloro/bromo) are determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The crystal structures reveal that the ligands are non-planar and exist in their thioamide tautomeric forms. The various physicochemical investigations of the synthesized complexes reveal metal to ligand stoichiometry to be 1:2 in Co(III) complexes whereas 1:1 in Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes. The ligands coordinate in a tridentate NNS fashion around Co(III) centers to form an octahedral geometry and square planar geometry around Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal centers. The oxidation of Co(II) to Co(III) is observed on complexation. The synthesized compounds are subjected to in vitro cytotoxicity studies. When compared to bare ligands, the complexes show enhancement of the antiproliferative activity against MCF-7, breast cancer cell lines. The Co(III) complexes of fluoro and bromo derivatives of ligands have displayed remarkable results with roughly two fold increase in their activity in correlation to the standard drug, Paclitaxel. Moreover, the fluorescence microscopy images of cells stained with acridine orange-ethidium bromide suggest an apoptotic mode of cell death.

Mangiferin, a naturally occurring polyphenol, mitigates oxidative stress induced premature senescence in human dermal fibroblast cells

Chronic oxidative stress has been associated with several human ailments including the condition of aging. Extensive studies have shown the causal relationship between oxidative stress, aging, and cellular senescence. In this regard, forestalling or preventing senescence could delay the aging process as well as act as an intervention against premature aging. Hence, in the present study, we investigated the anti-senescence potential of Mangiferin (MGN) against Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) induced premature senescence using human dermal fibroblast cells. Early passage human dermal fibroblasts cells were exposed to H₂O₂ (10 μM) for 15 days. In order to assess the anti-senescence property of MGN, cells were preconditioned with MGN (10 μM / 50 μM; 2 h) followed by addition of H₂O₂ (10 μM)_. H₂O₂ mediated induction of premature senescence was accompanied by elevated ROS, lowering of mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, changes in ATP content along with G₀/G₁ arrest and SA-β-gal expression. While, conditioning the cells with MGN lowered oxidative burden, stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential / mass and protected the cells against cell cycle arrest, ultimately rendering protection against premature senescence. The present findings showed that MGN might act as a potential cytoprotective nutraceutical that can prolong the onset of chronic oxidative stress mediated premature senescence.

A pervasive scientific overview on mangiferin in the prevention and treatment of various diseases with preclinical and clinical updates

Natural products are increasing used in preventing and treating various diseases. Mangiferin belongs to the xanthone family, and has potential antiangiogenic, anticancer, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity along with the antioxidant activity. It is also used in the treatment of cardiac problem, diabetes and neurodegenerative disease. Finding of various researchers proves that mangiferin has a broad spectrum therapeutic application. Motive of this review is to describe the various studies performed on mangiferin for its different pharmacological activities. It also discusses various challenges associated with mangiferin such as stability and bioavailability. Strategies and approaches to improve bioavailability of mangiferin have also been discussed. Both research and review articles were used to write the manuscript. They were collected from various search engines like Pub Med, Science Direct and Google Scholar, using keywords like mangiferin, polyphenol, bioavailability enhancement, solubility enhancement, and antioxidant. Mangiferin being a potent antioxidant is effective in the treatment of various diseases. With novel drug delivery approaches we can overcome poor solubility and bioavailability problem which eventually can result to better utilisation of mangiferin in treating a variety of diseases and make mangiferin a revolutionary drug.

Cytotoxic effects of ergone, a compound isolated from Fulviformes fastuosus

BACKGROUND

Mushrooms inspired the cuisines of many cultures and conventional medicaments for cancer. However, a substantial number of mushroom species are yet unexplored, possessing an unknown chemical, biological and pharmacological profiles. Fulviformes fastuosus is a terrestrial mushroom, which is commonly found in Sri Lankan woodlands. The current study was aimed at isolation and characterization of a potent cytotoxic compound from F. fastuosus and investigating the apoptotic effect induced by the active principle against cancer and normal cell lines.

METHODS

Bioactivity guided isolation of active principles from the methanol extract of F. fastuosus was performed by a rapid extraction and isolation method using different chromatographic techniques. Potential cytotoxic compound was identified using one and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Isolated compound was screened for in vitro cytotoxicity against Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2), Muscle rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and Rat Wistar liver normal (CC-1) cell lines using 3 4, 5-(dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay. Apoptotic features of cells were observed via microscopic examination and ethidium bromide/acridine orange fluorescent staining.

RESULTS

The interpretation of spectral data resulted in the identification of the chemical structure as ergosta-4,6,8 (14),22-tetraen-3-one (ergone). Ergone exhibited promising cytotoxic properties against RD cells with less cytotoxicity effect on CC-1 cells. In addition, ergone also possesses a strong cytotoxic effect against HepG-2 cells showing low toxic level for CC-1 cells. Apoptotic features of treated cells were detected via morphological characterization and ethidium bromide/acridine orange staining.

CONCLUSION

The present study elaborates the isolation of a potent cytotoxic compound; ergone, from F. fastuosus via a rapid and efficient isolation method. Importantly, ergone has exhibited greater cytotoxic activity against RD cells with high selectivity index compared to cytotoxicity against HepG-2 cells. Ergone can be used in the development of therapeutic strategies for curbing rhabdomyosarcoma.

Mangiferin: a promising anticancer bioactive

Of late, several biologically active antioxidants from natural products have been investigated by the researchers in order to combat the root cause of carcinogenesis, in other words, oxidative stress. Mangiferin, a therapeutically active C-glucosylated xanthone, is extracted from pulp, peel, seed, bark and leaf of Mangifera indica. These polyphenols of mangiferin exhibit antioxidant properties and tend to decrease the oxygen-free radicals, thereby reducing the DNA damage. Indeed, its capability to modulate several key inflammatory pathways undoubtedly helps in stalling the progression of carcinogenesis. The current review article emphasizes an updated account on the patents published on the chemopreventive action of mangiferin, apoptosis induction made on various cancer cells, along with proposed antioxidative activities and patent mapping of other important therapeutic properties. Considering it as promising polyphenol, this paper would also summarize the diverse molecular targets of mangiferin.