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Craighero L. An embodied approach to fetal and newborn perceptual and sensorimotor development. Brain Cogn 2024; 179:106184. [PMID: 38843762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
The embodied approach argues that interaction with the environment plays a crucial role in brain development and that the presence of sensory effects generated by movements is fundamental. The movement of the fetus is initially random. Then, the repeated execution of the movement creates a link between it and its sensory effects, allowing the selection of movements that produce expected sensations. During fetal life, the brain develops from a transitory fetal circuit to the permanent cortical circuit, which completes development after birth. Accordingly, this process must concern the interaction of the fetus with the intrauterine environment and of the newborn with the new aerial environment, which provides a new sensory stimulation, light. The goal of the present review is to provide suggestions for neuroscientific research capable of shedding light on brain development process by describing from a functional point of view the relationship between the motor and sensory abilities of fetuses and newborns and the increasing complexity of their interaction with objects in the womb and outside of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Craighero
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Sandini G, Sciutti A, Morasso P. Artificial cognition vs. artificial intelligence for next-generation autonomous robotic agents. Front Comput Neurosci 2024; 18:1349408. [PMID: 38585280 PMCID: PMC10995397 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2024.1349408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The trend in industrial/service robotics is to develop robots that can cooperate with people, interacting with them in an autonomous, safe and purposive way. These are the fundamental elements characterizing the fourth and the fifth industrial revolutions (4IR, 5IR): the crucial innovation is the adoption of intelligent technologies that can allow the development of cyber-physical systems, similar if not superior to humans. The common wisdom is that intelligence might be provided by AI (Artificial Intelligence), a claim that is supported more by media coverage and commercial interests than by solid scientific evidence. AI is currently conceived in a quite broad sense, encompassing LLMs and a lot of other things, without any unifying principle, but self-motivating for the success in various areas. The current view of AI robotics mostly follows a purely disembodied approach that is consistent with the old-fashioned, Cartesian mind-body dualism, reflected in the software-hardware distinction inherent to the von Neumann computing architecture. The working hypothesis of this position paper is that the road to the next generation of autonomous robotic agents with cognitive capabilities requires a fully brain-inspired, embodied cognitive approach that avoids the trap of mind-body dualism and aims at the full integration of Bodyware and Cogniware. We name this approach Artificial Cognition (ACo) and ground it in Cognitive Neuroscience. It is specifically focused on proactive knowledge acquisition based on bidirectional human-robot interaction: the practical advantage is to enhance generalization and explainability. Moreover, we believe that a brain-inspired network of interactions is necessary for allowing humans to cooperate with artificial cognitive agents, building a growing level of personal trust and reciprocal accountability: this is clearly missing, although actively sought, in current AI. The ACo approach is a work in progress that can take advantage of a number of research threads, some of them antecedent the early attempts to define AI concepts and methods. In the rest of the paper we will consider some of the building blocks that need to be re-visited in a unitary framework: the principles of developmental robotics, the methods of action representation with prospection capabilities, and the crucial role of social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pietro Morasso
- Italian Institute of Technology, Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies (CONTACT) and Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences (RBCS) Research Units, Genoa, Italy
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Remec N, Zhou J, Shida-Tokeshi J, Pickering TA, Vanderbilt DL, Smith BA. Outcomes and Hand Use of Reaching Attempts: Comparison of Infants at Risk for Developmental Disability and Infants With Typical Development. Front Psychol 2022; 13:712252. [PMID: 35726268 PMCID: PMC9206530 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.712252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infants at risk for developmental disabilities often show signs of motor delay. Reaching is a skill that can help us identify atypical motor trajectories in early infancy. Researchers have studied performance after onset of reaching, but none have followed infants at risk from pre-reaching to skilled reaching. Aims We assessed differences in reaching outcomes and hand use as reaching skill emerged in infants at risk for developmental disabilities and with typical development. Methods and Procedures We followed infants at risk for developmental disabilities (n = 11) and infants with typical development (n = 21) longitudinally as they developed reaching skill. Infants reached for a toy at midline while sitting in the caregiver's lap. Video data were coded for reach outcome (miss, touch, partial grasp, and whole-hand grasp) and hand use (right, left, and bilateral). Outcomes and Results Infants at risk had a larger proportion of missed reaches across visits compared to infants with typical development. Infants at risk also showed less variability in hand use when grasping over the study period. Conclusion and Implications Our results provide information to support early differences in reaching performance to inform identification of typical and atypical developmental trajectories. Future studies should assess how the missed reaches are different and consider other quantitative measures of movement variability in infants at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nushka Remec
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Judy Zhou
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joanne Shida-Tokeshi
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Trevor A. Pickering
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Douglas L. Vanderbilt
- Section of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Beth A. Smith
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Division of Research on Children, Youth, and Families, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Beth A. Smith,
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Zhou J, Smith BA. Infant Reaching in the First Year of Life: A Scoping Review of Typical Development and Examples of Atypical Development. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2022; 42:80-98. [PMID: 33975491 DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2021.1921092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our objective was to identify the most common variables used for infant reaching assessment, describe values of these variables across the first year of life, and identify methodological considerations and knowledge gaps for future research. METHODS Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) assessed infant reaching in any position, (2) included a sample of infants with typical development: healthy, full-term, with no known impairments, (3) infants were under one year old at the first data collection, and (4) counted successful reaches resulting in object contact. RESULTS We identified 6 commonly assessed kinematic reaching variables: frequency, duration, movement units, peak velocity, average velocity, and straightness index. Methodological inconsistencies limit our ability to interpret values of these variables across studies. CONCLUSIONS Eliminating inconsistencies in study design and data analysis methods is the next step to defining a normative reference standard for reaching development. Establishing a normative reference standard for reaching in the first year of life will be important for assessment of typical and atypical reaching development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Zhou
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beth A Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Research on Children, Youth, and Families, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Shida-Tokeshi J, Lane CJ, Trujillo-Priego IA, Deng W, Vanderbilt DL, Loeb GE, Smith BA. Relationships between full-day arm movement characteristics and developmental status in infants with typical development as they learn to reach: An observational study. Gates Open Res 2018; 2:17. [PMID: 29708221 PMCID: PMC5915838 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12813.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Advances in wearable sensor technology now allow us to quantify the number, type and kinematic characteristics of bouts of infant arm movement made across a full day in the natural environment. Our aim here was to determine whether the amount and kinematic characteristics of arm movements made across the day in the natural environment were related to developmental status in infants with typical development as they learned to reach for objects using their arms. Methods: We used wearable sensors to measure arm movement across days and months as infants developed arm reaching skills. In total, 22 infants with typical development participated, aged between 38 and 203 days. Of the participants, 2 infants were measured once and the other 20 infants were measured once per month for 3 to 6 visits. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development was used to measure developmental level. Results: Our main findings were: 1) infant arm movement characteristics as measured by full-day wearable sensor data were related to Bayley motor, cognitive and language scores, indicating a relationship between daily movement characteristics and developmental status; 2) infants who moved more had larger increases in language and cognitive scores across visits; and 3) larger changes in movement characteristics across visits were related to higher motor scores. Conclusions: This was a preliminary, exploratory, small study of the potential importance of infant arm movement characteristics as measured by full-day wearable sensor data. Our results support full-day arm movement activity as an area of interest for future study as a biomarker of neurodevelopmental status and as a target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Shida-Tokeshi
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Christianne J Lane
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9234, USA
| | - Ivan A Trujillo-Priego
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Weiyang Deng
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Douglas L Vanderbilt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9234, USA
| | - Gerald E Loeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Beth A Smith
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
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Shida-Tokeshi J, Lane CJ, Trujillo-Priego IA, Deng W, Vanderbilt DL, Loeb GE, Smith BA. Relationships between full-day arm movement characteristics and developmental status in infants with typical development as they learn to reach: An observational study. Gates Open Res 2018; 2:17. [PMID: 29708221 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12813.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Advances in wearable sensor technology now allow us to quantify the number, type and kinematic characteristics of bouts of infant arm movement made across a full day in the natural environment. Our aim here was to determine whether the amount and kinematic characteristics of arm movements made across the day in the natural environment were related to developmental status in infants with typical development as they learned to reach for objects using their arms. Methods: We used wearable sensors to measure arm movement across days and months as infants developed arm reaching skills. In total, 22 infants with typical development participated, aged between 38 and 203 days. Of the participants, 2 infants were measured once and the other 20 infants were measured once per month for 3 to 6 visits. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development was used to measure developmental level. Results: Our main findings were: 1) infant arm movement characteristics as measured by full-day wearable sensor data were related to Bayley motor, cognitive and language scores, indicating a relationship between daily movement characteristics and developmental status; 2) infants who moved more had larger increases in language and cognitive scores across visits; and 3) larger changes in movement characteristics across visits were related to higher motor scores. Conclusions: This was a preliminary, exploratory, small study of the potential importance of infant arm movement characteristics as measured by full-day wearable sensor data. Our results support full-day arm movement activity as an area of interest for future study as a biomarker of neurodevelopmental status and as a target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Shida-Tokeshi
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Christianne J Lane
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9234, USA
| | - Ivan A Trujillo-Priego
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Weiyang Deng
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
| | - Douglas L Vanderbilt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9234, USA
| | - Gerald E Loeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Beth A Smith
- Infant Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-9006, USA
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Ouss L, Le Normand MT, Bailly K, Leitgel Gille M, Gosme C, Simas R, Wenke J, Jeudon X, Thepot S, Da Silva T, Clady X, Thoueille E, Afshar M, Golse B, Guergova-Kuras M. Developmental Trajectories of Hand Movements in Typical Infants and Those at Risk of Developmental Disorders: An Observational Study of Kinematics during the First Year of Life. Front Psychol 2018. [PMID: 29515472 PMCID: PMC5826068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HighlightsThe kinematics of hand movements (spatial use, curvature, acceleration, and velocity) of infants with their mothers in an interactive setting
are significantly associated with age in cohorts of typical and at-risk infants differ significantly at 5–6 months of age, depending on the context: relating either with an object or a person.
Environmental and developmental factors shape the developmental trajectories of hand movements in different cohorts: environment for infants with VIMs; stage of development for premature infants and those with West syndrome; and both factors for infants with orality disorders. The curvature of hand movements specifically reflects atypical development in infants with West syndrome when developmental age is considered.
We aimed to discriminate between typical and atypical developmental trajectory patterns of at-risk infants in an interactive setting in this observational and longitudinal study, with the assumption that hand movements (HM) reflect preverbal communication and its disorders. We examined the developmental trajectories of HM in five cohorts of at-risk infants and one control cohort, followed from ages 2 to 10 months: 25 West syndrome (WS), 13 preterm birth (PB), 16 orality disorder (OD), 14 with visually impaired mothers (VIM), 7 early hospitalization (EH), and 19 typically developing infants (TD). Video-recorded data were collected in three different structured interactive contexts. Descriptors of the hand motion were used to examine the extent to which HM were associated with age and cohort. We obtained four principal results: (i) the kinematics of HM (spatial use, curvature, acceleration, and velocity) were significantly associated with age in all cohorts; (ii) HM significantly differed at 5–6 months of age in TD infants, depending on the context; (iii) environmental and developmental factors shaped the developmental trajectories of HM in different cohorts: environment for VIM, development for PB and WS, and both factors for OD and; (iv) the curvatures of HM showed atypical development in WS infants when developmental age was considered. These findings support the importance of using kinematics of HM to identify very early developmental disorders in an interactive context and would allow early prevention and intervention for at-risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ouss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP Assistance Publique-Hopitaux De Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,UMR 1129 Infantile Epilepsies and Brain Plasticity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Le Normand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale & Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Bailly
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7222, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Marluce Leitgel Gille
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP Assistance Publique-Hopitaux De Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Gosme
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP Assistance Publique-Hopitaux De Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Roberta Simas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP Assistance Publique-Hopitaux De Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julia Wenke
- EA 3522, CRPMS, ED 450 Recherches en Psychanalyse et Psychopathologie, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jeudon
- Cellule Vidéo de l'Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Association A l'Aube de la Vie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Xavier Clady
- Department of Visual Information, Vision Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR S968, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS 7210, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Bernard Golse
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, APHP Assistance Publique-Hopitaux De Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Shivakumar SS, Loeb H, Bogen DK, Shofer F, Bryant P, Prosser L, Johnson MJ. Stereo 3D tracking of infants in natural play conditions. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2017; 2017:841-846. [PMID: 28813925 PMCID: PMC6219462 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2017.8009353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and implementation of a multiple view stereoscopic 3D vision system and a supporting infant tracker pipeline to track limb movement in natural play environments and identify potential metrics to quantify movement behavior. So far, human pose estimation and tracking with 3D cameras has been focused primarily on adults and cannot be directly extended to infants because of differences in visual features such as shapes, sizes and appearance. With rehabilitation in mind, we propose a portable, compact, markerless, low cost and high resolution 3D vision system and a tracking algorithm that exploits infant appearance attributes and depth information. This approach achieved a mean 3D tracking error of 8.21cm and a standard deviation of 8.75cm. We also identify two potential metrics for movement behavior analysis - approximate entropy and interaction events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Loeb
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , ,
| | - Daniel K. Bogen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , and
| | - Frances Shofer
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , and
| | | | - Laura Prosser
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , ,
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