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Chen P, Sun S, Yang Y, Huang A, Zhang H, Wang M. Cumulative Genetic Scores Interact with Maternal and Paternal Parenting in Predicting Parent-Adolescent Cohesion and Conflict. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:1171-1185. [PMID: 38308791 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-01947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Previous research concerning the interplay between genetics and parenting in the development of the parent-child relationship during adolescence has been extremely scarce, predominantly adopting single-gene designs. This limited body of work has largely overlooked the distinct effects of maternal and paternal roles, as well as potential gender differences. Additionally, existing gene-by-environment (G × E) studies have mainly concentrated on adverse environmental factors and associated negative outcomes, somewhat neglecting positive environments and outcomes. The present study examined the interactions of cumulative genetic scores (CGS, dopamine receptor D2 TaqIA and oxytocin receptor gene rs53576 polymorphisms) with both positive and negative parenting on parent-adolescent cohesion and conflict. Furthermore, this study aimed to ascertain with which gene-environment model the potential G × E interactions would align. A total of 745 Chinese Han adolescents (Mage = 13.36 ± 0.96 years; 46.8% girls) from grades 7 to 9 participated in this study. Results revealed a significant effect of CGS and negative maternal parenting on mother-adolescent conflict among males, consistent with the weak differential susceptibility model. As CGS increased, the effects of negative maternal parenting on mother-son conflict were magnified. These findings have implications for the timing and focus of interventions aimed at improving parent-adolescent relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pian Chen
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Aodi Huang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Meiping Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
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2
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Arancibia M, Lutz M, Ardiles Á, Fuentes C. Neurobiology of Disorganized Attachment: A Review of Primary Studies on Human Beings. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055221145681. [PMID: 36844427 PMCID: PMC9947683 DOI: 10.1177/26331055221145681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes and analyzes various aspects related to the neurobiology of disorganized attachment (DA), which is associated with personality, eating, affective, dissociative, and addictive disorders. We included primary studies in humans, published in PubMed from 2000 to 2022. Eight genetic and one epigenetic study were considered. Three molecular studies describe possible roles of oxytocin and cortisol, seven neurophysiological studies investigated functional correlates, and five morphological studies describe anatomical changes. Findings in candidate genes involved in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and oxytonergic systems have not been able to be replicated in large-scale human studies. Alterations in the functioning of cortisol and oxytocin are preliminary. Neurophysiological studies show changes in subcortical structures (mainly in the hippocampus) and occipital, temporal, parietal, and insular cortices. Since there is a lack of robust evidence on the neurobiology of DA in humans, the possible inferences of these studies are preliminary, which restricts their translation to clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Arancibia
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health
Studies (CIESAL), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de
Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile,Marcelo Arancibia, Interdisciplinary Centre
for Health Studies (CIESAL), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
Universidad de Valparaíso, Angamos 655, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso 2540064, Chile.
| | - Mariane Lutz
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health
Studies (CIESAL), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de
Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Álvaro Ardiles
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health
Studies (CIESAL), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de
Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile,Synaptopathy Lab, School of Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile,Centro Interdisciplinario de
Neurociencias de Valparaíso (CINV), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso,
Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Fuentes
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de
Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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3
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Shah S, Laplante D, Atkinson L, Wazana A. From temperament and parenting to attachment: a review of the interplay of gene and environment factors in the developmental pathway to attachment. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2022; 35:401-408. [PMID: 35959551 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Attachment represents an aspect of the parent-child relationship by encapsulating behaviours and stress management strategies. Although attachment is not considered a measure of psychopathology, some attachment styles place children at higher risk for psychopathologies. The origins of attachment have historically thought to be either parenting-related variables, or temperament. More recently, there has been accumulated evidence of gene × environment interactions in attachment, temperament, and parenting. This review aims to cover shared gene × environment pathways between these variables, introduce recent relevant insights from prenatal programming research, and offer a synthesized developmental cascade model of attachment. RECENT FINDINGS Carriers of gene polymorphisms related to stress neurobiology respond differently to environments than noncarriers according to two patterns: attachment research shows inconsistent diathesis-stress between gene polymorphisms and environment, and temperament, stress physiology, and prenatal programming research show clear patterns of differential susceptibility. SUMMARY By synthesizing prenatal and postnatal findings, a model of attachment emerges in which individuals more susceptible to environmental influences are carriers of specific genes, whose endophenotypic markers include stress biology and phenotypic markers include temperament. Intervention should, therefore, focus on parenting and stress regulation strategies for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka Shah
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, and McGill University
| | - David Laplante
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research
| | | | - Ashley Wazana
- Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, and McGill University
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4
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Sechi C, Prino LE, Rollé L, Lucarelli L, Vismara L. Maternal Attachment Representations during Pregnancy, Perinatal Maternal Depression, and Parenting Stress: Relations to Child's Attachment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:69. [PMID: 35010329 PMCID: PMC8751134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper aimed to explore the associations between maternal representations of attachment evaluated during pregnancy, pre and postnatal maternal depression, parenting stress and child's attachment at 15 months after childbirth. METHODS Mothers (n = 71), and their infants participated in a longitudinal study of maternal attachment, pre and postnatal depression, parenting stress and child attachment. Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) was conducted between 24 and 26 weeks of pregnancy (Time 1), depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (at Time 1 and 6 months after childbirth, i.e., Time 2), parenting stress was assessed using the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PS-SF) (at Time 2) and the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) at child's 15 months of age (Time 3). RESULTS Free-autonomous maternal classification of attachment increases the likelihood of secure child classification in her offspring, while decreases that of avoidance and ambivalence. Insecure maternal representation of attachment evaluated during pregnancy and higher levels of parenting stress at six months after childbirth was associated with higher rates of infant insecure attachment at 15 months. CONCLUSIONS Our study validates the importance of considering maternal representations of attachment crucial in determining the quality of the caregiving environment, thereby the healthy development of children, despite the presence of other contextual risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sechi
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (C.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Laura Elvira Prino
- Department of Philosophy and Education Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
| | - Luca Rollé
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
| | - Loredana Lucarelli
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (C.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Laura Vismara
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (C.S.); (L.L.)
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Szekely E, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Atkinson L, Levitan RD, Steiner M, Lydon JE, Fleming AS, Kennedy JL, Wazana A. The Interplay Between Prenatal Adversity, Offspring Dopaminergic Genes, and Early Parenting on Toddler Attentional Function. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:701971. [PMID: 34413728 PMCID: PMC8370126 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.701971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Few studies have explored the complex gene-by-prenatal environment-by-early postnatal environment interactions that underlie the development of attentional competence. Here, we examined if variation in dopamine-related genes interacts with prenatal adversity to influence toddler attentional competence and whether this influence is buffered by early positive maternal behavior. Methods: From the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment cohort, 134 participants (197 when imputing missing data) had information on prenatal adversity (prenatal stressful life events, prenatal maternal depressive symptoms, and birth weight), five dopamine-related genes (DAT1, DRD4, DRD2, COMT, BDNF), observed maternal parenting behavior at 6 months and parent-rated toddler attentional competence at 18 and 24 months. The Latent Environmental and Genetic Interaction (LEGIT) approach was used to examine genes-by-prenatal environment-by-postnatal environment interactions while controlling for sociodemographic factors and postnatal depression. Results: Our hypothesis of a three-way interaction between prenatal adversity, dopamine-related genes, and early maternal parenting behavior was not confirmed. However, consistent two-way interactions emerged between prenatal adversity and dopamine-related genes; prenatal adversity and maternal parenting behavior, and dopamine-related genes and maternal parenting behavior in relation to toddler attentional competence. Significant interaction effects were driven by the DAT1, COMT, and BDNF genotypes; prenatal stressful life events; maternal sensitivity, tactile stimulation, vocalization, and infant-related activities. Conclusions: Multiple dopamine-related genes affected toddler attentional competence and they did so in interaction with prenatal adversity and the early rearing environment, separately. Effects were already visible in young children. Several aspects of early maternal parenting have been identified as potential targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szekely
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexia Jolicoeur-Martineau
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,MILA-Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Computer Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meir Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alison S Fleming
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ashley Wazana
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Child Development and Mental Health, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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6
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Parada-Fernández P, Herrero-Fernández D, Oliva-Macías M, Rohwer H. Analysis of the mediating effect of mentalization on the relationship between attachment styles and emotion dysregulation. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:312-320. [PMID: 33709425 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study aims to explore the relationship between attachment styles, mentalization and emotion dysregulation. Moreover, the mediation effect of mentalization in the relationship between attachment and emotion dysregulation is analyzed. A sample composed of 607 participants taken from the Spanish general population completed the measures in a cross-sectional designed study. The results show that secure attachment is negatively related to emotion dysregulation dimensions, whereas insecure attachment styles show a positive correlation. Furthermore, the mentalization variables are in general significantly related to emotion dysregulation. The mediation model shows a large mediational effect size (f2 = 2.64). The results suggest that mentalization significantly mediates the relationship between emotion dysregulation and preoccupation, self-sufficiency, and childhood trauma. These results have important implications, as they indicate that clinical interventions on mentalization should reduce emotion dysregulation even in those people with a predominant insecure attachment style.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heidi Rohwer
- Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
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7
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Maternal antenatal depression and child mental health: Moderation by genomic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 32:1810-1821. [PMID: 33427178 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal antenatal depression strongly influences child mental health but with considerable inter-individual variation that is, in part, linked to genotype. The challenge is to effectively capture the genotypic influence. We outline a novel approach to describe genomic susceptibility to maternal antenatal depression focusing on child emotional/behavioral difficulties. Two cohorts provided measures of maternal depression, child genetic variation, and child mental health symptoms. We constructed a conventional polygenic risk score (PRS) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (PRSADHD) that significantly moderated the association between maternal antenatal depression and internalizing problems at 60 months (p = 2.94 × 10-4, R2 = .18). We then constructed an interaction PRS (xPRS) based on a subset of those single nucleotide polymorphisms from the PRSADHD that most accounted for the moderation of the association between maternal antenatal depression and child outcome. The interaction between maternal antenatal depression and this xPRS accounted for a larger proportion of the variance in child emotional/behavioral problems than models based on any PRSADHD (p = 5.50 × 10-9, R2 = .27), with similar findings in the replication cohort. The xPRS was significantly enriched for genes involved in neuronal development and synaptic function. Our study illustrates a novel approach to the study of genotypic moderation on the impact of maternal antenatal depression on child mental health and highlights the utility of the xPRS approach. These findings advance our understanding of individual differences in the developmental origins of mental health.
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8
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Disentangling genes, attachment, and environment: A systematic review of the developmental psychopathology literature on gene-environment interactions and attachment. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:357-381. [PMID: 30905328 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of genetics in relation to attachment is of continued interest to developmental psychology. Recent research has attempted to disentangle genetic main effects, environmental effects, and gene and environment (G × E) interactions in the development of attachment security/insecurity and disorganization. We systematically reviewed associations between gene markers and attachment, including G × E interactions, identifying 27 eligible studies. Inconsistent results emerged for associations between both gene effects and G × E interactions on attachment organization. Where G × E interactions used attachment as the environmental factor in the interaction, we observed more consistent results for differential susceptibility of G × E interactions on offspring behavior. Small sample size and heterogeneity in measurement of environmental factors impacted on comparability of studies. From these results, we propose that the future of research into the role of genetic effects in attachment lies in further exploration of G × E interactions, particularly where attachment acts as an environmental factor impacting on other child developmental outcomes emerging from the caregiving environment, consistent with differential susceptibility approaches to developmental psychopathology. In addition, from a methodological perspective, establishing the role of gene markers in such models will require a shift toward contemporary genomics, including genome-wide analysis (including novel genes and chromosomal loci), and epigenetic individual variations.
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9
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Picardi A, Giuliani E, Gigantesco A. Genes and environment in attachment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:254-269. [PMID: 32014527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been increasing research interest in disentangling the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in attachment, and in identifying the genes involved in shaping attachment. Twin studies suggest that as attachment changes during the course of development, genetic factors may play a progressively more important role, while shared environmental effects might decrease. However, most of this literature is limited by low power, measurement issues, and cross-sectional design. The findings of molecular genetic studies are, overall, inconclusive. The literature on main genetic effects and gene-by-environment interactions on attachment is filled with inconsistent and unreplicated findings. Also, most studies are underpowered. Challenges for future research are to identify the unshared environmental mechanisms involved in shaping attachment, and to better elucidate the genes involved and their interaction with the environment. Some pioneer studies suggested that the incorporation of epigenetic processes into G × E interaction models might represent a promising future way for investigating the complex, dynamic interplay between genes, environment, and attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Picardi
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eugenia Giuliani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena, 291-293, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Gigantesco
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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10
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Badovinac S, Martin J, Guérin-Marion C, O’Neill M, Pillai Riddell R, Bureau JF, Spiegel R. Associations between mother-preschooler attachment and maternal depression symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204374. [PMID: 30278066 PMCID: PMC6168129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze concurrent and longitudinal associations between maternal depression symptoms and mother-child attachment during the preschool period (aged 2 to 7 years) as assessed using the coding systems by Cassidy and Marvin (1992) and Main and Cassidy (1988). The review was pre-registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; Registration number CRD42017073417) and was conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A total of 7,969 records were screened and 18 articles were deemed as eligible for inclusion in the review. Studies were reviewed using qualitative synthesis techniques and, where appropriate, meta-analysis. Qualitative synthesis indicated that mothers of disorganized/controlling children most consistently reported the highest levels of depressive symptoms, both concurrently and longitudinally. The association between disorganized/controlling child attachment and concurrent maternal depressive symptoms was significant (n = 1,787; g = 0.27, 95% CI [0.13,0.40]), and was not moderated by sample type, child gender, or risk of bias. Findings of a relationship between child attachment insecurity and maternal depressive symptoms must be qualified due to significant within-study heterogeneity and publication bias. Results suggest that maternal depressive symptoms may confer risk for disorganized/controlling attachment during the preschool period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodi Martin
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Monica O’Neill
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Pillai Riddell
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Rebecca Spiegel
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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