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Chen J, Wu X, Li M, Liu L, Zhong L, Xiao J, Lou B, Zhong X, Chen Y, Huang W, Meng X, Gui Y, Chen M, Wang D, Dongye M, Zhang X, Cheung CY, Lai IF, Yan H, Lin X, Zheng Y, Lin H. EE-Explorer: A Multimodal Artificial Intelligence System for Eye Emergency Triage and Primary Diagnosis. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 252:253-264. [PMID: 37142171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) system, EE-Explorer, to triage eye emergencies and assist in primary diagnosis using metadata and ocular images. DESIGN A diagnostic, cross-sectional, validity and reliability study. METHODS EE-Explorer consists of 2 models. The triage model was developed from metadata (events, symptoms, and medical history) and ocular surface images via smartphones from 2038 patients presenting to Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (ZOC) to output 3 classifications: urgent, semiurgent, and nonurgent. The primary diagnostic model was developed from the paired metadata and slitlamp images of 2405 patients from ZOC. Both models were externally tested on 103 participants from 4 other hospitals. A pilot test was conducted in Guangzhou to evaluate the hierarchical referral service pattern assisted by EE-Explorer for unspecialized health care facilities. RESULTS A high overall accuracy, as indicated by an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.982 (95% CI, 0.966-0.998), was obtained using the triage model, which outperformed the triage nurses (P < .001). In the primary diagnostic model, the diagnostic classification accuracy (CA) and Hamming loss (HL) in the internal testing were 0.808 (95% CI 0.776-0.840) and 0.016 (95% CI 0.006-0.026), respectively. In the external testing, model performance was robust for both triage (average AUC, 0.988, 95% CI 0.967-1.000) and primary diagnosis (CA, 0.718, 95% CI 0.644-0.792; and HL, 0.023, 95% CI 0.000-0.048). In the pilot test in the hierarchical referral settings, EE-explorer demonstrated consistently robust performance and broad participant acceptance. CONCLUSION The EE-Explorer system showed robust performance in both triage and primary diagnosis for ophthalmic emergency patients. EE-Explorer can provide patients with acute ophthalmic symptoms access to remote self-triage and assist in primary diagnosis in unspecialized health care facilities to achieve rapid and effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Xiaohang Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Mingyuan Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Lixue Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Liuxueying Zhong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Jun Xiao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Bingsheng Lou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Xingwu Zhong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong; Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (X.Zho., Y.C., W.H., H.L.), Haikou, Hainan
| | - Yanting Chen
- Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (X.Zho., Y.C., W.H., H.L.), Haikou, Hainan
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (X.Zho., Y.C., W.H., H.L.), Haikou, Hainan
| | - Xiangda Meng
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (X.M., H.Y.), Tianjin
| | - Yufei Gui
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming (Y.G.), Yunnan
| | - Meizhen Chen
- Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital (M.C.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Dongni Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Meimei Dongye
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Xulin Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Carol Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (C.Y.C.), Hong Kong
| | - Iat Fan Lai
- Ophthalmic Center, Kiang Wu Hospital (I.F.L.), Macao SAR, Macao
| | - Hua Yan
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (X.M., H.Y.), Tianjin
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Yongxin Zheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Haotian Lin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases (J.C., X.W., M.L., L.L., L.Z., J.X., B.L., X.Zho., D.W., M.D., X.Zha., X.L., Y.Z., H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong; Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (X.Zho., Y.C., W.H., H.L.), Haikou, Hainan; Center for Precision Medicine and Department of Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University (H.L.), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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