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Yu T, Liu X, Sun L, Lv R, Wu J, Wang Q. Risk factors for Drug-resistant Epilepsy (DRE) and a nomogram model to predict DRE development in post-traumatic epilepsy patients. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1557-1567. [PMID: 35822252 PMCID: PMC9437227 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify factors affecting the development of drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE), and establish a reliable nomogram to predict DRE development in post‐traumatic epilepsy (PTE) patients. Methods This study conducted a retrospective clinical analysis in patients with PTE who visited the Epilepsy Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital from January 2013 to December 2018. All participants were followed up for at least 3 years, and the development of DRE was assessed. Data from January 2013 to December 2017 were used as development dataset for model building. Those independent predictors of DRE were included in the final multivariable logistic regression, and a derived nomogram was built. Data from January 2018 to December 2018 were used as validation dataset for internal validation. Results Complete clinical information was available for 2830 PTE patients (development dataset: 2023; validation dataset: 807), of which 21.06% (n = 596) developed DRE. Among all parameters of interest including gender, age at PTE, family history, severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI), single or multiple injuries, lesion location, post‐TBI treatments, acute seizures, PTE latency, seizure type, status epilepticus (SE), and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings, four predictors showed independent effect on DRE, they were age at PTE, seizure type, SE, and EEG findings. A model incorporating these four variables was created, and a nomogram to calculate the probability of DRE using the coefficients of the model was developed. The C‐index of the predictive model and the validation was 0.662 and 0.690, respectively. The goodness‐of‐fit test indicated good calibration for model development and validation (p = 0.272, 0.572). Conclusions The proposed nomogram achieved significant potential for clinical utility in the prediction of DRE among PTE patients. The risk of DRE for individual PTE patients can be estimated by using this nomogram, and identified high‐risk patients might benefit from non‐pharmacological therapies at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wu Y, Chen TG, Chen SM, Zhou L, Yuan M, Wang L, Liu ZY, Bi CL, Luo XY, Lan S, Liu JF. Trans-base and trans-vault low-velocity penetrating brain injury: A retrospective comparative study of characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Chin J Traumatol 2021; 24:273-279. [PMID: 34016503 PMCID: PMC8563840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Low-velocity penetrating brain injury (LVPBI) caused by foreign bodies can pose life-threatening emergencies. Their complexity and lack of validated classification data have prevented standardization of clinical management. We aimed to compare the trans-base and trans-vault phenotypes of LVPBI to help provide guidance for clinical decision-making of such injury type. METHODS A retrospective study on LVPBI patients managed at our institution from November 2013 to March 2020 was conducted. We included LVPBI patients admitted for the first time for surgery, and excluded those with multiple injuries, gunshot wounds, pregnancy, severe blunt head trauma, etc. Patients were categorized into trans-base and trans-vault LVPBI groups based on the penetration pathway. Discharged patients were followed up by outpatient visit or telephone. The data were entered into the Electronic Medical Record system by clinicians, and subsequently derived by researchers. The demography and injury characteristics, treatment protocols, complications, and outcomes were analyzed and compared between the two groups. A t-test was used for analysis of normally distributed data, and a Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric data. A generalized linear model was further established to determine whether the factors length of stay and performance scale score were influenced by each factor. RESULTS A total of 27 LVPBI patients were included in this analysis, comprised of 13 (48.1%) trans-base cases and 14 (51.9%) trans-vault cases. Statistical analyses suggested that trans-base LVPBI was correlated with deeper wounds; while the trans-vault phenotype was correlated with injury by metal foreign bodies. There was no difference in Glasgow Coma Scale score and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage between the two groups. Surgical approaches in the trans-base LVPBI group included subfrontal (n = 5, 38.5%), subtemporal (n = 5, 38.5%), lateral fissure (n = 2, 15.4%), and distal lateral (n = 1, 7.7%). All patients in the trans-vault group underwent a brain convex approach using the foreign body as reference (n = 14, 100%). Moreover, the two groups differed in application prerequisites for intracranial pressure monitoring and vessel-related treatment. Trans-base LVPBI was associated with higher rates of cranial nerve and major vessel injuries; in contrast, trans-vault LVPBI was associated with lower functional outcome scores. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that trans-base and trans-vault LVPBIs differ in terms of characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Further understanding of these differences may help guide clinical decisions and contribute to a better management of LVPBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Tian-Ge Chen
- National Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Si-Ming Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Chang-Long Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiang-Ying Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Song Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jin-Fang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Posttraumatic epilepsy may be a state in which underlying epileptogenicity involves focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 114:107352. [PMID: 32843304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The occurrence rate of posttrauma epilepsy ranges widely from 1% to 30%. Little is known about the underlying epileptogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related epilepsy (TRE), because no comparison between TRE and TBI without epilepsy has been performed in terms of neuropathology. Therefore, we postulated that different neuropathological factors may be present between TRE and TBI without epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to clarify differences between TRE and TBI without epilepsy. METHODS We studied patients who experienced severe head trauma and underwent brain surgery. The age range of the patients was 9-71 years old. Patients with medically resistant epilepsy were included in the Epilepsy group, and patients without epilepsy were included in the nonepilepsy group. Pathological findings, age, sex, and cause of head trauma were statistically compared between these two groups. RESULTS This study involved 10 patients, nine of whom met the inclusion criteria. Pathological findings for all patients in the Epilepsy group included focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION The difference between TRE and TBI without epilepsy was underlying FCD in patients with TRE.
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Kabakchiev C, Laniesse D, James F, Zur Linden A, Brouwer E, Beaufrère H. Diagnosis and long-term management of post-traumatic seizures in a white-crowned pionus ( Pionus senilis). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1145-1152. [PMID: 32364458 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.10.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 13-year-old female white-crowned pionus (Pionus senilis) was examined because of seizures 22 months after it was treated for a traumatic brain injury (TBI) characterized by vision loss, hemiparesis, nystagmus, circling, and head tilt. CLINICAL FINDINGS Bloodwork performed during the initial seizure workup revealed hypercalcemia and hypercholesterolemia, which were attributed to vitellogenesis given the bird's previous egg-laying history and recent onset of reproductive behavior. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed diffuse right pallium atrophy with multifocal hydrocephalus ex vacuo, which were believed to be the result of the previous TBI. Findings were most consistent with post-traumatic seizures (PTS). TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Levetiracetam (100 mg/kg [45 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) was initiated for PTS management. A 4.7-mg deslorelin implant was injected SC to suppress reproductive behavior. The bird was reexamined for presumed status epilepticus 5 times over 22 months. Seizure episodes coincided with onset of reproductive behavior. The levetiracetam dosage was increased (150 mg/kg [68 mg/lb], PO, q 8 h), and zonisamide (20 mg/kg [9.1 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) was added to the treatment regimen. Additional deslorelin implants were administered every 2 to 6 months to suppress reproductive behavior. The owner was trained to administer midazolam intranasally or IM as needed at home. The treatment regimen helped control but did not eliminate seizure activity. The bird was euthanized 22 months after PTS diagnosis for reasons unrelated to the TBI or PTS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Long-term management of PTS in a pionus was achieved with levetiracetam and zonisamide administration.
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Faropoulos K, Makris D, Fotakopoulos G. The value of anti-epileptic therapy as a prophylactic factor for seizures in the management of moderate traumatic brain injury. Future Sci OA 2020; 6:FSO622. [PMID: 33312700 PMCID: PMC7720367 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The value of anti-epileptic therapy in the prophylaxis of post-traumatic seizures. PATIENTS & METHODS All patients received a standard anti-epileptic drug (AED) and were divided into two groups: Group A -with early AED and Group B -with late AED. RESULTS Patients (871/1062) met the inclusion criteria. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that computer tomography findings, headache and prior history of brain head injury were independent risk factors of seizures. Only late post-traumatic seizures (LPTS) was significantly associated with AED (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Early treatment with AED seems to not affect the incidence of lPTS. In addition, an AED with a mean time of initiation of 7.5 days from the moderate traumatic brain injury occurrence could reduce the lPTS incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Demosthenes Makris
- Department of Head of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - George Fotakopoulos
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
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He X, Zhou J, Teng P, Wang X, Guan Y, Zhai F, Li T, Luan G. The impact of MEG results on surgical outcomes in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy associated with focal encephalomalacia: a single-center experience. J Neurol 2019; 267:812-822. [PMID: 31773245 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the impact of magnetoencephalography (MEG) results on surgical outcomes in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 121 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy associated with encephalomalacia who underwent MEG followed by resection surgery. Patients were subdivided into concordant MEG group and dis-concordant MEG group for analysis based on whether the MEG results were in concordance with epileptogenic zones or not. RESULTS 121 patients were included in the present study. The MEG spike sources of 73 (60.33%) patients were in concordance with epileptogenic zones while the MEG spike sources of the other 48 (39.67%) were in dis-concordance with epileptogenic zones. Favorable seizure outcomes were achieved in 79.45% (58 of 73) of patients with concordant MEG results while only 62.50% (30 of 48) of patients with dis-concordant MEG results were seizure free with a follow-up of 2-10 years. The differences of seizure-free rate between patients with concordant MEG results and dis-concordant MEG results were statistically significant. For patients with concordant MEG results, bilateral lesions on MRI are the only independent predictor of unfavorable seizure outcomes. For patients with discordant MEG results, duration of seizures is the only independent predictor of unfavorable seizure outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Concordant MEG results are associated with favorable seizure outcomes. Bilateral lesions on MRI independently predict unfavorable seizure outcomes in patients with concordant MEG results while longer seizure durations independently predict unfavorable seizure outcomes in patients with dis-concordant MEG results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshan Yikesong 50, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshan Yikesong 50, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Pengfei Teng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshan Yikesong 50, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiongfei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshan Yikesong 50, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yuguang Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshan Yikesong 50, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Feng Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshan Yikesong 50, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoming Luan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshan Yikesong 50, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China. .,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Xu S, Sun Q, Fan J, Jiang Y, Yang W, Cui Y, Yu Z, Jiang H, Li B. Role of Astrocytes in Post-traumatic Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1149. [PMID: 31798512 PMCID: PMC6863807 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury, a common cause of acquired epilepsy, is typical to find necrotic cell death within the injury core. The dynamic changes in astrocytes surrounding the injury core contribute to epileptic seizures associated with intense neuronal firing. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that activate astrocytes during traumatic brain injury or the effect of functional changes of astrocytes on seizures. In this comprehensive review, we present our cumulated understanding of the complex neurological affection in astrocytes after traumatic brain injury. We approached the problem through describing the changes of cell morphology, neurotransmitters, biochemistry, and cytokines in astrocytes during post-traumatic epilepsy. In addition, we also discussed the relationship between dynamic changes in astrocytes and seizures and the current pharmacologic agents used for treatment. Hopefully, this review will provide a more detailed knowledge from which better therapeutic strategies can be developed to treat post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qihan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifeng Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Yanbian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Zhenxiang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiyi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Liu Z, Chen Q, Chen Z, Wang J, Tian D, Wang L, Liu B, Zhang S. Clinical analysis on risk factors and prognosis of early post-traumatic epilepsy. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2019; 77:375-380. [PMID: 31314838 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the risk factors and prognosis related to early post-traumatic epilepsy (EPTE). METHODS One hundred and eighty-six patients with traumatic brain injury were enrolled. Their full clinical data were collected. Single factor analysis and logistic regression analysis of risk factors related to EPTE were performed. The prognosis of patients was determined. RESULTS Single factor analysis showed that there were significant differences of age (p = 0.011), epilepsy history (p < 0.001), injury site (p = 0.004), injury type (p < 0.001) and injury degree (p < 0.001) between the EPTE group (40 patients) and non-EPTE group (146 patients). Logistic regression analysis showed that the injury site, injury type and injury degree were the main risk factors for EPTE. The odds ratio values of injury site, injury type and injury degree were 1.977 (1.473-2.679), 2.096 (1.543-2.842) and 2.376 (1.864-3.609), respectively. The logistic regression equation was P = Exp (-1.473 + 0.698 × injury site + 0.717 × injury type + 0.935 × injury degree). The sensitivity and specificity of injury site, injury type and injury degree for predicting EPTE were 79.2% and 80.5%, 78.9% and 85.7% and 84.2% and 81.0%, respectively. The analysis of prognosis showed that the Glasgow Outcome Scale/Activity of Daily Living Scale scores in the EPTE group were significantly lower than those in non-EPTE group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Injury site, injury type and injury degree are the main risk factors for EPTE. The prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injury can be affected by EPTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiming Liu
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei, China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei, China
| | - Zhibiao Chen
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei, China
| | - Daofeng Tian
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei, China
| | - Long Wang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei, China
| | - Shenqi Zhang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei, China
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He X, Zhai F, Guan Y, Zhou J, Li T, Luan G. Surgical outcomes and prognostic factors of drug-resistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia. Epilepsia 2019; 60:948-957. [PMID: 30980678 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients who underwent surgical resection for drug-resistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia. METHODS A total of 143 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who underwent surgical resection with a follow-up of at least 5 years were included. Seizure outcomes were evaluated based on the International League Against Epilepsy classification. Univariate analysis and a multivariate logistic regression model in a backward fashion were used to identify the potential predictors of seizure outcomes. RESULTS Three months after surgery, 102 of 143 (71.3%) patients had achieved favorable seizure outcomes. Five years after surgery, 107 of 143 (74.8%) patients had achieved favorable seizure outcomes. Changes in the postoperative seizure status were observed in 22 of 143 (15.4%) patients during follow-up, but the difference in the seizure-free rate between 3 months and 5 years after surgery was not significant. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that only a monthly seizure frequency of >30 seizures (odds ratio = 3.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.19-9.76) and bilateral ictal onset rhythms (odds ratio = 4.46, 95% confidence interval = 1.61-12.39) were independent predictors of unfavorable seizure outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE Surgical resection is an effective treatment for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia. Knowledge of the predictors of seizure outcomes may help during preoperative counseling and selection of optimal candidates for epilepsy surgery among patients with drug-resistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoming Luan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Shin T, Oh K, Cha BH. The Risk Factors and Clinical Features of Posttraumatic Seizure in Preschool-Aged Children. ANNALS OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Bolatkale M, Acara AC. The intracranial number of foreign bodies as a predictor of mortality after penetrating brain injury. Am J Emerg Med 2018; 37:433-438. [PMID: 29887193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penetrating brain injury (PBI) is the most lethal form of traumatic brain injury, which is a leading cause of mortality. PBI has a mortality rate of 23%-93% and 87%-100% with poor neurological status. Despite the use of various prognostic factors there is still a need for a specific prognostic factor for early prediction of mortality in PBI to reduce mortality and provide good outcomes with cost-effective surgical treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of the number of intracranial foreign bodies (FBs) on mortality in PBI in the Emergency Department. METHODS The study included 95 patients admitted with PBI caused by barrel bomb explosion. The intracranial number of FB was examined by brain computed tomography. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of the intracranial number of FB on mortality. Correlation analyses were performed to investigate the association of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) with intracranial number of FB. RESULTS The optimal cut-off value of the intracranial number of FB calculated for mortality was 2, which was effective for predicting mortality (p < .001). In patients with >2 intracranial FB, the mortality rate was statistically significantly 51-fold higher than those with ≤2 (p < .001). A statistically significant negative correlation was determined between GCS and number FB (r = -0.697; p < .001). CONCLUSION When the intracranial number of FB was >2, mortality significantly increased in patients with PBI. The intracranial number of FBs may be considered as a novel prognostic factor for the prediction of mortality in PBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bolatkale
- Medipol University Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Cagdas Acara
- Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Li W, Wang X, Wei X, Wang M. Susceptibility-weighted and diffusion kurtosis imaging to evaluate encephalomalacia with epilepsy after traumatic brain injury. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:552-558. [PMID: 29761118 PMCID: PMC5945961 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Encephalomalacia after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the factors leading to epilepsy. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to explore the brain image features of epilepsy after traumatic encephalomalacia, and to provide objective evidence for predicting the possible occurrence of epilepsy after traumatic encephalomalacia. Methods Two‐hundred‐fifty‐two patients with traumatic encephalomalacia were prospectively enrolled in the study. All patients underwent MRI after discharge from the hospital. At the 1‐year follow‐up, participants were divided into epilepsy and nonepilepsy groups. All participants underwent MRI including conventional imaging, susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI), and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). The lesion volume, iron deposition, mean diffusion (MD), and mean kurtosis (MK) around the lesions were calculated for each group and compared using t‐tests. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Sixty patients with epilepsy and 91 without epilepsy were reported. There were no significant differences in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), lesion volume, encephalomalacia, or MD values between the two groups. Iron deposition was significantly higher in the epilepsy group (P < 0.05). The MK values were significantly different (P < 0.05). Interpretation Advanced MRI is an important means of evaluating risk of developing epilepsy at 1 year due to encephalomalacia in patients with TBI. SWI and DKI could be used to assess the microstructural changes around the encephalomalacia, and therefore be used to evaluate risk of developing epilepsy at 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Li
- Department of Radiology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233 China.,Imaging Center Kashgar Prefecture Second People's Hospital Kashgar 844000 Xinjiang China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Radiology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Xiaoer Wei
- Department of Radiology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Department of Radiology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai 200233 China
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Cernak I. Understanding blast-induced neurotrauma: how far have we come? Concussion 2017; 2:CNC42. [PMID: 30202583 PMCID: PMC6093818 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast injuries, including blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT), are caused by blast waves generated during an explosion. Accordingly, their history coincides with that of explosives. Hence, it is intriguing that, after more than 1000 years of using explosives, our understanding of the pathological consequences of blast and body/brain interactions is extremely limited. Postconflict recovery mechanisms seemingly include the suppression of painful experiences, such as explosive injuries. Unfortunately, ignoring the knowledge generated by previous generations of scientists retards research progress, leading to superfluous and repetitive studies. This article summarizes clinical and experimental findings published about blast injuries and BINT following the wars of the 20th and 21th centuries. Moreover, it offers a personal view on potential factors interfering with the progress of BINT research working toward providing better diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation for military personnel affected by blast exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolja Cernak
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Corbett Hall 3–48, Edmonton Alberta, T6G 2G4, Canada
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14
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Piccenna L, Shears G, O'Brien TJ. Management of post-traumatic epilepsy: An evidence review over the last 5 years and future directions. Epilepsia Open 2017; 2:123-144. [PMID: 29588942 PMCID: PMC5719843 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post‐traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a relatively underappreciated condition that can develop as a secondary consequence following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this rapid evidence review is to provide a synthesis of existing evidence on the effectiveness of treatment interventions for the prevention of PTE in people who have suffered a moderate/severe TBI to increase awareness and understanding among consumers. Electronic medical databases (n = 5) and gray literature published between January 2010 and April 2015 were searched for studies on the management of PTE. Twenty‐two eligible studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. No evidence was found for the effectiveness of any pharmacological treatments in the prevention or treatment of symptomatic seizures in adults with PTE. However, limited high‐level evidence for the effectiveness of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam was identified for PTE in children. Low‐level evidence was identified for nonpharmacological interventions in significantly reducing seizures in patients with PTE, but only in a minority of cases, requiring further high‐level studies to confirm the results. This review provides an opportunity for researchers and health service professionals to better understand the underlying pathophysiology of PTE to develop novel, more effective therapeutic targets and to improve the quality of life of people with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Piccenna
- The Epilepsy Foundation Melbourne Victoria Australia.,Department of Medicine The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Graeme Shears
- The Epilepsy Foundation Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- James Stewart Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine The Royal Melbourne Hospital The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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15
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Esquenazi Y, Kalamangalam GP, Hope OA, Krish SN, Slater J, Tandon N. Surgical Resection for Epilepsy Following Cerebral Gunshot Wounds. World Neurosurg 2016; 95:276-284. [PMID: 27546337 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The surgical management of epilepsy after penetrating gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the head has not been described in the modern era. Given the extensive damage to the cranium and cortex from such injuries, the safety and efficacy of surgical intervention are unclear. We report surgical strategy and outcomes after resection for medically refractory epilepsy following GSWs in 4 patients. METHODS A prospectively compiled database of 325 patients with epilepsy was used to identify patients undergoing surgery for medically refractory epilepsy after a GSW to the brain. Seizure frequency, scalp and intracranial electroencephalography evaluation, type of resection, and seizure outcomes were compiled. RESULTS All 4 patients underwent direct electrocorticography recordings either with implanted electrodes or intraoperatively that were used to drive surgical decision making. All patients had intracranial shrapnel fragments and large areas of encephalomalacia on imaging. Intracranial electrodes were placed in 2 patients to localize seizure onsets. Two patients underwent frontal lobe resections, and the other 2 patients underwent multilobar resections. Latency between injury and epilepsy surgery was 12 years, and mean age at surgery was 28 years. In all cases, epilepsy surgery led to a significant improvement in seizure control (Engel class I, 2 patients; II, 1 patient; and III, 1 patient). CONCLUSIONS Epilepsy is common after penetrating head injury, and the incidence is likely to increase given the growing numbers of armed conflicts in urban centers worldwide. In selected cases, intracranial monitoring and surgical resections may be safely performed and can lead to favorable seizure outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshua Esquenazi
- Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Mischer Neuroscience Institute, Memorial Hermann Hospital - Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Giridhar P Kalamangalam
- Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Omotola A Hope
- Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sonia N Krish
- Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeremy Slater
- Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Mischer Neuroscience Institute, Memorial Hermann Hospital - Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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16
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Chauvette S, Soltani S, Seigneur J, Timofeev I. In vivo models of cortical acquired epilepsy. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 260:185-201. [PMID: 26343530 PMCID: PMC4744568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex is the site of origin of several forms of acquired epilepsy. Here we provide a brief review of experimental models that were recently developed to study neocortical epileptogenesis as well as some major results obtained with these methods. Most of neocortical seizures appear to be nocturnal and it is known that neuronal activities reveal high levels of synchrony during slow-wave sleep. Therefore, we start the review with a description of mechanisms of neuronal synchronization and major forms of synchronized normal and pathological activities. Then, we describe three experimental models of seizures and epileptogenesis: ketamine-xylazine anesthesia as feline seizure triggered factor, cortical undercut as cortical penetrating wound model and neocortical kindling. Besides specific technical details describing these models we also provide major features of pathological brain activities recorded during epileptogenesis and seizures. The most common feature of all models of neocortical epileptogenesis is the increased duration of network silent states that up-regulates neuronal excitability and eventually leads to epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Chauvette
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Local F-6500, 2601 de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J2G3
| | - Sara Soltani
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Local F-6500, 2601 de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J2G3; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Josée Seigneur
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Local F-6500, 2601 de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J2G3
| | - Igor Timofeev
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Local F-6500, 2601 de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J2G3; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Abstract
Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the most common and devastating complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Currently, the etiopathology and mechanisms of PTE are poorly understood and as a result, there is no effective treatment or means to prevent it. Antiepileptic drugs remain common preventive strategies in the management of TBI to control acute posttraumatic seizures and to prevent the development of PTE, although their efficacy in the latter case is disputed. Different strategies of PTE prophylaxis have been showing promise in preclinical models, but their translation to the clinic still remains elusive due in part to the variability of these models and the fact they do not recapitulate all complex pathologies associated with human TBI. TBI is a multifaceted disorder reflected in several potentially epileptogenic alterations in the brain, including mechanical neuronal and vascular damage, parenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage, subsequent toxicity caused by iron-rich hemoglobin breakdown products, and energy disruption resulting in secondary injuries, including excitotoxicity, gliosis, and neuroinflammation, often coexisting to a different degree. Several in vivo models have been developed to reproduce the acute TBI cascade of events, to reflect its anatomical pathologies, and to replicate neurological deficits. Although acute and chronic recurrent posttraumatic seizures are well-recognized phenomena in these models, there is only a limited number of studies focused on PTE. The most used mechanical TBI models with documented electroencephalographic and behavioral seizures with remote epileptogenesis include fluid percussion, controlled cortical impact, and weight-drop. This chapter describes the most popular models of PTE-induced TBI models, focusing on the controlled cortical impact and the fluid percussion injury models, the methods of behavioral and electroencephalogram seizure assessments, and other approaches to detect epileptogenic properties, and discusses their potential application for translational research.
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Nga VDW, Lim J, Choy DKS, Nyein MA, Lu J, Chou N, Yeo TT, Teoh SH. Effects of polycaprolactone-based scaffolds on the blood-brain barrier and cerebral inflammation. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:647-53. [PMID: 25335965 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe pathoanatomical and mechanical injuries compromise patient recovery and survival following penetrating brain injury (PBI). The realization that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a major role in dictating post-PBI events has led to rising interests in possible therapeutic interventions through the BBB. Recently, the choroid plexus has also been suggested as a potential therapeutic target. The use of biocompatible scaffolds for the delivery of therapeutic agents, but little is known about their interaction with cerebral tissue, which has important clinical implications. Therefore, the authors have sought to investigate the effect of polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL/tricalcium phosphate (PCL/TCP) scaffolds on the maintenance of BBB phenotype posttraumatic brain injury. Cranial defects of 3 mm depth were created in Sprague Dawley rats, and PCL and PCL/TCP scaffolds were subsequently implanted in predetermined locations for a period of 1 week and 1 month. Higher endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) expressions from PCL-based scaffold groups (p>0.05) were found, suggesting slight advantages over the sham group (no scaffold implantation). PCL/TCP scaffold group also expressed EBA to a higher degree (p>0.05) than PCL scaffolds. Importantly, higher capillary count and area as early as 1 week postimplantation suggested lowered ischemia from the PCL/TCP scaffold group as compared with PCL and sham. Evaluation of interlukin-1β expression suggested that the PCL and PCL/TCP scaffolds did not cause prolonged inflammation. BBB transport selectivity was evaluated by the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP-4). Attenuated expression of AQP-4 in the PCL/TCP group (p<0.05) suggested that PCL/TCP scaffolds altered BBB selectivity to a lower degree as compared with sham and PCL groups, pointing to potential clinical implications in reducing cerebral edema. Taken together, the responses of PCL-based scaffolds with brain tissue suggested safety, and encourages further preclinical evaluation in PBI management with these scaffolds.
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Irimia A, Van Horn JD. Epileptogenic focus localization in treatment-resistant post-traumatic epilepsy. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 22:627-31. [PMID: 25542591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologically intractable post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a major clinical challenge for patients with penetrating traumatic brain injury, where the risk for this condition remains very high even decades after injury. Although over 20 anti-epileptic drugs (AED) are in common use today, approximately one-third of epilepsy patients have drug-refractory seizures and even more have AED-related adverse effects which compromise life quality. Simultaneously, there have been repeated recommendations by radiologists and neuroimaging experts to incorporate localization based on electroencephalography (EEG) into the process of clinical decision making regarding PTE patients. Nevertheless, thus far, little progress has been accomplished towards the use of EEG as a reliable tool for locating epileptogenic foci prior to surgical resection. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of pharmacologically resistant PTE, address the need for effective anti-epileptogenic treatments, and highlight recent progress in the development of noninvasive methods for the accurate localization of PTE foci for the purpose of neurosurgical intervention. These trends indicate the current emergence of promising methodologies for the noninvasive study of post-traumatic epileptogenesis and for the improved neurosurgical planning of epileptic foci resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Irimia
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, SSB1-102, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - John Darrell Van Horn
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, SSB1-102, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
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Seizure disorder secondary to remote gunshot wound of the head: a case of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2014; 10:643-6. [PMID: 24771478 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-014-9566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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van Heerden J, Desmond PM, Tress BM, Kwan P, O'Brien TJ, Lui EH. Magnetic resonance imaging in adults with epilepsy: a pictorial essay. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2014; 58:312-9. [PMID: 24433513 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This pictorial essay highlights the role of the radiologist as a member of the adult epilepsy multidisciplinary team, and gives an overview of MRI-evident epileptogenic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolandi van Heerden
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Alcalá-Cerra G, Paternina-Caicedo A, Díaz-Becerra C, Gutiérrez-Paternina JJ. [Seizure outcomes of cerebral hemispherectomy in adults: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis]. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2013; 24:154-62. [PMID: 23742783 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucir.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to determine the seizure control rate of cerebral hemispherectomies in adult patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis was carried out. Seven international databases and scientific meeting proceedings were reviewed. Individual patient data were analysed to establish potential factors associated with postoperative seizure control. RESULTS Eight articles that satisfied the pre-established selection criteria were identified. After a median follow-up of 70 months (interquartile range, 29-175.5), 79.4% of patients remained seizure-free. There were no statistically significant differences in age at onset of epilepsy, duration of epilepsy, age at surgery, time of follow-up, gender, surgical-laterality, aetiology and ictal EEG abnormalities between seizure-free patients and those with recurrences. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral hemispherectomy has a high seizure control rate in adult patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. None of the variables analysed in the present study were associated with surgical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Neurociencias (CISNEURO), Cartagena de Indias, Colombia; Sección de Neurocirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
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Electroacupuncture-induced attenuation of experimental epilepsy: a comparative evaluation of acupoints and stimulation parameters. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:149612. [PMID: 23589718 PMCID: PMC3622388 DOI: 10.1155/2013/149612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) on epilepsy remains to be verified because of previous controversies that might be due to the complexity of the effects induced by different acupoints and stimulation approaches adopted. Therefore, we investigated the effects of EA on epilepsy to determine the specific acupoints and optimal stimulation parameters in this work. Experimental epilepsy was induced by injecting kainic acid to the lateral cerebral ventricle of adult male SD rats. EA with a low-frequency (10 Hz/1 mA) or high-frequency (100 Hz/1 mA) current was applied to the epileptic model for 30 minutes starting at 0.5 hour after the injection. Four pairs of acupoints were tested, that is, Shuigou (DU26) + Dazhui (DU14), Jinsuo (DU8) + Yaoqi (EXB9), Neiguan (PC6) + Quchi (LI11), and Fenglong (ST40) + Yongquan (KI1). We found that (1) low- or high-frequency EA at different acupoints reduced epileptic seizures (P < 0.05
versus the control) with an exception of low-frequency EA at Neiguan (PC6) and Quchi (LI11); (2) low-frequency EA induced a better effect at Fenglong (ST40) plus Yongquan (KI1) than that of the other acupoints (P < 0.05); (3) there is no significant difference in the effects of high-frequency EA at these acupoints; and (4) the high-frequency EA elicited a greater effect than that of low-frequency EA in all groups (P < 0.05), with an exception at Jinsuo (DU8) + Yaoqi (EXB9). The EA-induced attenuation appeared 1–1.5 hours after EA with no appreciable effect in the first hour after EA in either the EEG or the behavioral tests. We conclude that EA attenuation of epileptic seizures is dependent on the stimulation parameters and acupoints and that the delay in appearance of the EA effect could be a reflection of the time required by the EA signal to regulate neural function in the central nervous system.
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