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Natural polysaccharides as potential anti-fibrotic agents: A review of their progress. Life Sci 2022; 308:120953. [PMID: 36103957 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, as a common disease which could be found in nearly all organs, is normally initiated by organic injury and eventually ended in cellular dysfunction and organ failure. Currently, effective and safe therapeutic strategies targeting fibrogenesis still in highly demand. Natural polysaccharides derived from natural resources possess promising anti-fibrosis potential, with no deleterious side effects. Based on the etiology and pathogenesis of fibrosis, this review summarizes the intervention effects and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides in the prevention and treatment of fibrosis. Natural polysaccharides are able to regulate each phase of the fibrogenic response, including primary injury to organs, activation of effector cells, the elaboration of extracellular matrix (ECM) and dynamic deposition. In addition, polysaccharides significantly reduce fibrosis levels in multiple organs including heart, lung, liver and kidney. The investigation of the pathogenesis of fibrosis indicates that mechanisms including the inhibition of TGF-β/Smad, NF-κB, HMGB1/TLR4, cAMP/PKA signaling pathways, MMPs/TIMPs system as well as microRNAs are promising therapeutic targets. Natural polysaccharides can target these mediators or pathways to alleviate fibrosis. The information reviewed here offer new insights into the understanding the protective role of natural polysaccharides against fibrosis, help design further experimental studies related to polysaccharides and fibrotic responses, and shed light on a potential treatment for fibrosis.
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Haag F, Janicova A, Xu B, Powerski M, Fachet M, Bundkirchen K, Neunaber C, Marzi I, Relja B, Sturm R. Reduced phagocytosis, ROS production and enhanced apoptosis of leukocytes upon alcohol drinking in healthy volunteers. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2021; 48:2689-2699. [PMID: 33783566 PMCID: PMC9360092 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-021-01643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Alcohol drinking is associated with a serious risk of developing health problems as well as with a large number of traumatic injuries. Although chronic alcohol misuse is known to contribute to severe inflammatory complications, the effects of an acute alcohol misuse are still unclear. Here, the impact of acute alcohol drinking on leukocyte counts and their cellular functions were studied. Methods Twenty-two healthy volunteers (12 female, 10 male) received a predefined amount of a whiskey-cola mixed drink (40% v/v), at intervals of 20 min, over 4 h to achieve a blood alcohol concentration of 1‰. Blood samples were taken before drinking T0, 2 h (T2), 4 h (T4), 6 h (T6), 24 h (T24) and 48 h (T48) after starting drinking alcohol. Leukocytes, monocytes and granulocyte counts and their functions regarding the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS), phagocytosis and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Total leukocyte counts significantly increased at T2 and T4, while granulocyte and monocyte counts decreased at T4 and T6 vs. T0. Monocytes increased significantly at T24 and T48 vs. T0. While the total number of ROS-producing leukocytes and notably granulocytes significantly increased, in parallel, the intracellular ROS intensity decreased at T2 and T6. The numbers of ROS-positive monocytes have shown a delayed modulation of ROS, with a significant reduction in the total number of ROS-producing cells at T48 and a significantly reduced intracellular ROS-intensity at T24. Phagocyting capacity of leukocytes significantly decreased at T4 and T6. In general leukocytes, and notably granulocytes demonstrated significantly increased early (T2), while monocyte exerted significantly increased late apoptosis (T24 and T48). Conclusions Alcohol drinking immediately impacts leukocyte functions, while the impact on monocytes occurs at even later time points. Thus, even in young healthy subjects, alcohol drinking induces immunological changes that are associated with diminished functions of innate immune cells that persist for days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Haag
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Janicova
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Baolin Xu
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Powerski
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Fachet
- Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Ramona Sturm
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Anti-inflammatory Effects of Alcohol Are Associated with JNK-STAT3 Downregulation in an In Vitro Inflammation Model in HepG2 Cells. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:6622701. [PMID: 33791043 PMCID: PMC7997757 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6622701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background In several preclinical and in vitro models of acute inflammation, alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) has been described as an immunomodulatory agent. Similarly, in different pathologies, clinical observations have confirmed either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects of EtOH. The liver plays an important role in immunity and alcohol metabolism; therefore, we analysed dose- and time-dependent effects of EtOH on the inflammatory response of human liver cells in an in vitro model of acute inflammation. Methods HepG2 cells were stimulated with IL-1β and subsequently exposed to EtOH in a low or high dose (85 mM, LoD or 170 mM, HiD) for 1 h (acute exposure) or 72 h (prolonged exposure). IL-6 and TNF-α release was determined by ELISA. Cell viability, adhesion of isolated neutrophils to HepG2 monolayers, their ICAM-1 expression, and the activation of stress-induced protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were analysed. Results In this experimental design, EtOH did not markedly change the cell viability. Acute and prolonged exposure to EtOH significantly reduced dose-independent IL-1β-induced IL-6 and TNF-α release, as well as adhesion capacity to pretreated HepG2 cells. Acute exposure to EtOH significantly decreased the percentage of ICAM-1-expressing cells. IL-1β stimulation notably increased the activation of SAPK/JNK. However, low-dose EtOH exposure reduced this activation considerably, in contradiction to high-dose EtOH exposure. Acute exposure to LoD EtOH significantly diminished the IL-1β-induced STAT3 activation, whereas an acute exposure of cells to either HiD EtOH or in a prolonged setting showed no effects on STAT3 activation. Conclusion EtOH exerts anti-inflammatory potential in this in vitro model of hepatic inflammation. These effects are associated with the reduced activation of JNK/STAT3 by EtOH, particularly in the condition of acute exposure to low-dose EtOH.
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Wagner N, Relja B, Lustenberger T, Leiblein M, Wutzler S, Lefering R, Marzi I. The influence of alcohol on the outcome of trauma patients: a matched-pair analysis of the TraumaRegister DGU®. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2019; 46:463-472. [DOI: 10.1007/s00068-019-01231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Eguchi A, Franz N, Kobayashi Y, Iwasa M, Wagner N, Hildebrand F, Takei Y, Marzi I, Relja B. Circulating Extracellular Vesicles and Their miR "Barcode" Differentiate Alcohol Drinkers With Liver Injury and Those Without Liver Injury in Severe Trauma Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:30. [PMID: 30859103 PMCID: PMC6397866 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), released during tissue/cell injury, contain a “barcode” indicating specific microRNAs (miRs) that can uncover their origin. We examined whether systemic EVs possessing hepatic miR-signatures would indicate ongoing liver injury and clinical complications in trauma patients (TP). We grouped the patients of alcoholic drinkers into “alcohol-drinkers with liver injury (LI)” (EtOH with LI) or “alcohol-drinkers without LI” (EtOH w/o LI) and we compared these groups to “non-drinkers” (no EtOH). When we examined patient blood from the EtOH with LI group we found the total number of EVs to be increased, along with an increase in miR-122 and let7f—two EV-associated miRNAs—and several inflammation-associating cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-33. In contrast, all of the aforementioned readouts were found to be decreased in the EtOH w/o LI group. These novel data demonstrate that hepatocyte damage in alcohol-intoxicated trauma patients presenting with liver injury can be reflected by an increase in circulating serum EVs, their specific miR-“barcode” and the concomitant increase of systemic inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-33. Anti-inflammatory effect of alcohol-drinking in EtOH w/o LI can be presented by a reduced number of hepato-derived EVs, no upregulation of IL-6 and IL-33, and a miR “barcode” different from patients presenting with liver injury. Background: Alcohol abuse is associated with (neuro)protective effects related to (head) injuries, and with negative effects regarding infection rates and survival in severely injured trauma patients (TP). Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are released during tissue and/or cell injury, can contain a “barcode” including specific microRNAs (miRs) that uncover their origin. We examined whether EVs with a hepatic miR signature can be systemically measured, and whether they can indicate ongoing liver injury in alcohol-intoxicated TP and foretell clinical complications. Patients/Methods: We enrolled 35 TP and measured blood EVs, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-10 and IL-33, alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) concentration (BAC), GLDH, GGT, AST, ALT, leukocytes, platelets, and bilirubin. Within circulating EVs we measured the expression levels of miR-122, let7f, miR21, miR29a, miR-155, and miR-146a. Patients of alcohol-drinkers were grouped into “alcohol drinkers with liver injury (LI)” (EtOH with LI) or “alcohol drinkers without LI” (EtOH w/o LI) and compared to “non-drinkers” (no EtOH). We assessed systemic injury characteristics and the outcome of hospitalization with regard to sepsis, septic shock, pneumonia, or mortality. Results: EtOH with LI patients had significantly increased rates of pneumonia vs. the EtOH w/o LI group. EVs, IL-6, and IL-33 levels were significantly increased in EtOH with LI vs. EtOH w/o LI group (p < 0.05). EV number correlated positively with ALT and IL-6 (p < 0.0001). Two miRs, miR-122 and let7f, were increased only in the blood EVs from the EtOH with LI group (p < 0.05). Five miRs, miR-122, let7f, miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-146a, were reduced in the blood EVs from the EtOH w/o LI group, vs. no EtOH (p < 0.05). Notably miR-122 correlated significantly with increased bilirubin levels in the EtOH with LI group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Liver injury in alcohol-intoxicated TP is reflected by increased EV numbers, their specific miR barcode, and the correlated increase of systemic inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-33. Interestingly, severely injured TP without liver injury were found to have a reduced number of liver-derived EVs, no observed inflammatory infiltration and reduced specific miR “barcode.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Saitama, Japan
| | - Niklas Franz
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yoshinao Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Motoh Iwasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Nils Wagner
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Nguyen TQ, Simpson PM, Braaf SC, Cameron PA, Judson R, Gabbe BJ. Level of agreement between medical record and ICD-10-AM coding of mental health, alcohol and drug conditions in trauma patients. HEALTH INF MANAG J 2018; 48:127-134. [DOI: 10.1177/1833358318769482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite the reliance on administrative data in epidemiological studies, there is little information on the completeness of co-morbidities in administrative data coded from medical records. Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify the agreement between the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) administrative coding of mental health, drug and alcohol co-morbidities and medical records in a severely injured patient population. Method: A random sample of patients ( n = 500) captured by the Victorian State Trauma Registry and definitively managed at the state’s adult major trauma services was selected for the study. Retrospective medical record review was conducted to collect data about documented co-morbidities. The agreement between ICD-10-AM data generated from routine hospital coding and medical record–based co-morbidities was determined using Cohen’s κ and prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) statistics. Results: The percentage of agreement between the medical record and ICD-10-AM coding for mental health, drug and alcohol co-morbidities was 72.8%, and the PABAK showed moderate agreement (PABAK = 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37, 0.54). There was no difference in agreement between unintentional injury patients (PABAK = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.62) compared with intentional injury patients (PABAK = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.49), and no change in agreement for patients admitted before (PABAK = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.50) and after the introduction of mandatory co-morbidity coding (PABAK = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.54). Conclusion: Despite documentation in the medical record, a large proportion of mental health, drug and alcohol conditions were not coded in ICD-10-AM. Acknowledgement of these limitations is needed when using ICD-10-AM coded co-morbidities in research studies and health policy development. Implications: This work has implications for researchers of drug and alcohol abuse; mental health; accidents and injuries; workers' compensation; health workforce; health services; and policy decisions for healthcare, emergency services, insurance industry, national productivity and welfare costings reliant on those research outcomes.
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Deng Y, Pang Q, Miao RC, Chen W, Zhou YY, Bi JB, Liu SS, Zhang JY, Qu K, Liu C. Prognostic significance of pretreatment albumin/globulin ratio in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:5317-28. [PMID: 27601923 PMCID: PMC5005008 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment nutritional and immunological statuses play an indispensable role in predicting the outcome of patients with various types of malignancies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of albumin/globulin ratio (AGR) in overall survival (OS) and recurrence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following radical hepatic carcinectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study included a total of 172 patients with HCC with complete medical and follow-up information between 2002 and 2012. AGR was calculated according to the following formula: AGR = albumin/globulin. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cutoff value. The associations of AGR with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis were assessed. Further multivariate analysis using Cox regression model and subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic curve determined 37.65, 31.99, and 1.48 as the optimal cutoff values of albumin, globulin, and AGR in terms of 5-year OS or death, respectively. On the basis of the cutoff value of AGR, all the patients were divided, respectively, into low-AGR (n=105) and high-AGR (n=67) groups. AGR was found to be significantly correlated with age, cancer embolus, international normalized ratio, and postoperative outcome (P<0.05). Hepatitis B virus infection (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.125; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.285-3.153), tumor node metastasis stage (HR: 1.656; 95% CI: 1.234-2.223), serum albumin (HR: 0.546; 95% CI: 0.347-0.857), and AGR (HR: 0.402; 95% CI: 0.233-0.691) were independent predictors of OS via univariate and multivariate survival analyses. However, alpha-fetoprotein (HR: 1.708; 95% CI: 1.027-2.838), tumor node metastasis stage (HR: 1.464; 95% CI: 1.078-1.989), and AGR (HR: 0.493; 95% CI: 0.293-0.828) functioned as independent risk variables for predicting recurrence. Moreover, AGR showed superior prognostic value for OS and recurrence in the subgroups with normal level of albumin or survival time beyond 6 months. CONCLUSION Pretreatment AGR might serve as an effective biomarker to evaluate the prognosis of patients with a diagnosis of HCC. Based on the results, AGR, characterized with easy accessibility, objectivity, and noninvasiveness, should be included in the routine assessment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Chen Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bin Bi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Shun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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RELJA B, OMID N, WAGNER N, MÖRS K, WERNER I, JUENGEL E, PERL M, MARZI I. Ethanol, ethyl and sodium pyruvate decrease the inflammatory responses of human lung epithelial cells via Akt and NF-κB in vitro but have a low impact on hepatocellular cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:517-25. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Relja B, Weber R, Maraslioglu M, Wagner N, Borsello T, Jobin C, Marzi I, Lehnert M. Differential Relevance of NF-κB and JNK in the Pathophysiology of Hemorrhage/Resususcitation-Induced Liver Injury after Chronic Ethanol Feeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137875. [PMID: 26367181 PMCID: PMC4569329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethanol (EtOH) abuse worsens pathophysiological derangements after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (H/R) that induce hepatic injury and strong inflammatory changes via JNK and NF-κB activation. Inhibiting JNK with a cell-penetrating, protease-resistant peptide D-JNKI-1 after H/R in mice with healthy livers ameliorated these effects. Here, we studied if JNK inhibition by D-JNKI-1 in chronically EtOH-fed mice after hemorrhagic shock prior to the onset of resuscitation also confers protection. METHODS Male mice were fed a Lieber-DeCarli diet containing EtOH or an isocaloric control (ctrl) diet for 4 weeks. Animals were hemorrhaged for 90 min (32 ± 2 mm Hg) and randomly received either D-JNKI-1 (11 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i. p.) or sterile saline as vehicle (veh) immediately before the onset of resuscitation. Sham animals underwent surgical procedures without H/R and were either D-JNKI-1 or veh treated. Two hours after resuscitation, blood samples and liver tissue were harvested. RESULTS H/R induced hepatic injury with increased systemic interleukin (IL)-6 levels, and enhanced local gene expression of NF-κB-controlled genes such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)9. c-Jun and NF-κB phosphorylation were increased after H/R. These effects were further increased in EtOH-fed mice after H/R. D-JNKI-1 application inhibited the proinflammatory changes and reduced significantly hepatic injury after H/R in ctrl-fed mice. Moreover, D-JNKI-1 reduces in ctrl-fed mice the H/R-induced c-Jun and NF-κB phosphorylation. However, in chronically EtOH-fed mice, JNK inhibition did not prevent the H/R-induced hepatic damage and proinflammatory changes nor c-Jun and NF-κB phosphorylation after H/R. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate, that JNK inhibition is protective only in not pre-harmed liver after H/R. In contrast, the pronounced H/R-induced liver damage in mice being chronically fed with ethanol cannot be prevented by JNK inhibition after H/R and seems to be under the control of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Relja
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Roxane Weber
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miriam Maraslioglu
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils Wagner
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Unit, Instituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mark Lehnert
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Decreased inflammatory responses of human lung epithelial cells after ethanol exposure are mimicked by ethyl pyruvate. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:781519. [PMID: 25530684 PMCID: PMC4233669 DOI: 10.1155/2014/781519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose. Leukocyte migration into alveolar space plays a critical role in pulmonary inflammation resulting in lung injury. Acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure exerts anti-inflammatory effects. The clinical use of EtOH is critical due to its side effects. Here, we compared effects of EtOH and ethyl pyruvate (EtP) on neutrophil adhesion and activation of cultured alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Experimental Approach. Time course and dose-dependent release of interleukin- (IL-) 6 and IL-8 from A549 were measured after pretreatment of A549 with EtP (2.5–10 mM), sodium pyruvate (NaP, 10 mM), or EtOH (85–170 mM), and subsequent lipopolysaccharide or IL-1beta stimulation. Neutrophil adhesion to pretreated and stimulated A549 monolayers and CD54 surface expression were determined. Key Results. Treating A549 with EtOH or EtP reduced substantially the cytokine-induced release of IL-8 and IL-6. EtOH and EtP (but not NaP) reduced the adhesion of neutrophils to monolayers in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. CD54 expression on A549 decreased after EtOH or EtP treatment before IL-1beta stimulation. Conclusions and Implications. EtP reduces secretory and adhesive potential of lung epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions. These findings suggest EtP as a potential treatment alternative that mimics the anti-inflammatory effects of EtOH in early inflammatory response in lungs.
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Maraslioglu M, Weber R, Korff S, Blattner C, Nauck C, Henrich D, Jobin C, Marzi I, Lehnert M. Activation of NF-κB after chronic ethanol intake and haemorrhagic shock/resuscitation in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:506-18. [PMID: 23646923 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic ethanol abuse and haemorrhagic shock are major causes of global mortality and, separately, induce profound hepato- and immune-toxic effects via activation of NF-κB. Here, we assessed the effects of chronic ethanol intake upon the pathophysiological derangements after haemorrhagic shock with subsequent resuscitation (H/R), with particular attention to the contribution of NF-κB. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Transgenic NF-κB(EGFP) mice, expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the transcriptional control of NF-κB cis-elements were fed a Lieber-DeCarli diet containing ethanol (EtOH-diet) or an isocaloric control diet for 4 weeks and were then pairwise subjected to H/R. Liver tissues and peripheral blood were sampled at 2 or 24 h after H/R. Cytokines in blood and tissue and leukocyte activation (as CD11b expression) were measured, along with EGFP as a marker of NF-κB activation. KEY RESULTS The EtOH-diet increased mortality at 24 h after H/R and elevated liver injury, associated with an up-regulation of NF-κB-dependent genes and IL-6 release; it also increased production of NF-κB-driven intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and EGFP in liver tissue. At 2h after the H/R procedure in ethanol-fed mice we observed the highest proportion of NF-κB activated non-parenchymal cells and an NF-κB-dependent increase in polymorphonuclear leukocyte CD11b expression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The EtOH-diet exacerbated liver injury after H/R, accompanying an overwhelming hepatic and systemic immune response. Our findings contribute to evidence implicating NF-κB as a key player in the orchestration of the immune response in haemorrhagic shock patients with a history of chronic ethanol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maraslioglu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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Management and outcome of patients with blunt splenic injury and preexisting liver cirrhosis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76:1354-61. [PMID: 24854300 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The response of liver cirrhosis (LC) patients to abdominal trauma, including blunt splenic injury (BSI) is unfavorable. To better understand the response to BSI in LC patients, the present study reviewed a much larger group of such patients, derived from the National Trauma Data Bank. METHODS The National Trauma Data Bank was queried for 2002 to 2010, and all adult BSI patients without severe brain trauma were identified. LC and non-LC patients were compared using nonoperative management (NOM) failure and mortality as primary outcomes. Predictors of these outcomes in LC patients were identified. RESULTS Of the 77,753 identified BSI patients, 289 (0.37%) had LC. Overall, 90% of the patients underwent initial NOM (86% in LC and 90% in non-LC patients, p = 0.091) with a global 90% success rate. Compared with non-LC patients, LC patients had a lower NOM success rate (83% vs. 90%, p = 0.004) despite increased use of splenic artery angioembolization (13% vs. 8%, p = 0.001). LC patients also had more complications per patient, an increased hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay, and a higher mortality (22% vs. 6%, p < 0.0001), which was independent of the treatment paradigm. In the LC group, mortality in those who underwent immediate surgery was 35% versus 46% in failed NOM (p = 0.418) and 14% (p = 0.019) in successful NOM patients. LC patients who did not require surgery were more likely to survive than those who had surgery alone (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.30). Preexisting coagulopathy (AOR, 3.28) and Grade 4 to 5 BSI (AOR, 11.6) predicted NOM failure in LC patients, whereas male sex (AOR, 4.34), hypotension (AOR, 3.15), preexisting coagulopathy (AOR, 3.06), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of less than 13 (AOR, 6.33) predicted mortality. CONCLUSION LC patients have a higher rate of complications, mortality, and NOM failure compared with non-LC patients. Because LC patients with failed NOM have a mortality rate similar to those undergoing immediate surgery, judgment must be exerted in selecting initial management options. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level III.
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Chronic ethanol feeding modulates inflammatory mediators, activation of nuclear factor-κB, and responsiveness to endotoxin in murine Kupffer cells and circulating leukocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:808695. [PMID: 24623963 PMCID: PMC3928853 DOI: 10.1155/2014/808695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol abuse is known to increase susceptibility to infections after injury, in part, by modification of macrophage function. Several intracellular signalling mechanisms are involved in the initiation of inflammatory responses, including the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. In this study, we investigated the systemic and hepatic effect of chronic ethanol feeding on in vivo activation of NF-κB in NF-κBEGFP reporter gene mice. Specifically, the study focused on Kupffer cell proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and activation of NF-κB after chronic ethanol feeding followed by in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that chronic ethanol upregulated NF-κB activation and increased hepatic and systemic proinflammatory cytokine levels. Similarly, LPS-stimulated IL-1β release from whole blood was significantly enhanced in ethanol-fed mice. However, LPS significantly increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels. These results demonstrate that chronic ethanol feeding can improve the responsiveness of macrophage LPS-stimulated IL-6 and TNF-α production and indicate that this effect may result from ethanol-induced alterations in intracellular signalling through NF-κB. Furthermore, LPS and TNF-α stimulated the gene expression of different inflammatory mediators, in part, in a NF-κB-dependent manner.
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