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Notaro A, Frei A, Rubbiani R, Jakubaszek M, Basu U, Koch S, Mari C, Dotou M, Blacque O, Gouyon J, Bedioui F, Rotthowe N, Winter RF, Goud B, Ferrari S, Tharaud M, Řezáčová M, Humajová J, Tomšík P, Gasser G. Ruthenium(II) Complex Containing a Redox-Active Semiquinonate Ligand as a Potential Chemotherapeutic Agent: From Synthesis to In Vivo Studies. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5568-5584. [PMID: 32319768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains one of the dominant treatments to cure cancer. However, due to the many inherent drawbacks, there is a search for new chemotherapeutic drugs. Many classes of compounds have been investigated over the years to discover new targets and synergistic mechanisms of action including multicellular targets. In this work, we designed a new chemotherapeutic drug candidate against cancer, namely, [Ru(DIP)2(sq)](PF6) (Ru-sq) (DIP = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; sq = semiquinonate ligand). The aim was to combine the great potential expressed by Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes and the singular redox and biological properties associated with the catecholate moiety. Experimental evidence (e.g., X-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance, electrochemistry) demonstrates that the semiquinonate is the preferred oxidation state of the dioxo ligand in this complex. The biological activity of Ru-sq was then scrutinized in vitro and in vivo, and the results highlight the promising potential of this complex as a chemotherapeutic agent against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Notaro
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Angelo Frei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Rubbiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Uttara Basu
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Severin Koch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Mari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mazzarine Dotou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Gouyon
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Team Synthèse, Electrochimie, Imagerie et Systèmes Analytiques pour le Diagnostic, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Fethi Bedioui
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Team Synthèse, Electrochimie, Imagerie et Systèmes Analytiques pour le Diagnostic, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nils Rotthowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rainer F Winter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 143 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Martina Řezáčová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Humajová
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tomšík
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
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Rogers HM, White TA, Stone BN, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ. Nonchromophoric Halide Ligand Variation in Polyazine-Bridged Ru(II),Rh(III) Bimetallic Supramolecules Offering New Insight into Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Water. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:3545-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brittany N. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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11
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Knoll JD, Higgins SLH, White TA, Brewer KJ. Subunit Variation to Uncover Properties of Polyazine-Bridged Ru(II), Pt(II) Supramolecules with Low Lying Charge Separated States Providing Insight into the Functioning as H2O Reduction Photocatalysts to Produce H2. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9749-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4004406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Knoll
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | | | - Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
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Higgins SLH, Tucker AJ, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. Metal to ligand charge transfer induced DNA photobinding in a Ru(II)-Pt(II) supramolecule using red light in the therapeutic window: a new mechanism for DNA modification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 48:67-9. [PMID: 22075568 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Ru(II)-Pt(II) supramolecular complex, [(Ph(2)phen)(2)Ru(dpp)PtCl(2)](2+), displays a new mechanism for DNA modification: photobinding through a (3)MLCT excited state. Gel shift analysis, selective DNA precipitation, and DNA melting point experiments support efficient covalent DNA binding following visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L H Higgins
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Chemistry, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
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White TA, Whitaker BN, Brewer KJ. Discovering the Balance of Steric and Electronic Factors Needed To Provide a New Structural Motif for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Water. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15332-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Brittany N. Whitaker
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
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Higgins SLH, White TA, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. Redox, spectroscopic, and photophysical properties of Ru-Pt mixed-metal complexes incorporating 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline as efficient DNA binding and photocleaving agents. Inorg Chem 2010; 50:463-70. [PMID: 21155537 DOI: 10.1021/ic100958r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The redox, spectroscopic, and photophysical properties as well as DNA interactions of the new bimetallic complexes [(Ph2phen)2Ru(BL)PtCl2](2+) (Ph2phen = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and BL (bridging ligand) = dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, or dpq = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline) were investigated. These Ru-polyazine chromophores with Ph2phen TLs (terminal ligands) and polyazine BLs are efficient light absorbers. The [(Ph2phen)2Ru(BL)PtCl2](2+) complexes display reversible Ru(II/III) oxidations at 1.57 (dpp) and 1.58 (dpq) V vs SCE (saturated calomel electrode) with an irreversible Pt(II/IV) oxidation occurring prior at 1.47 V vs SCE. Four, reversible ligand reductions occur at -0.50 dpp(0/-), -1.06 dpp(-/2-), -1.37 Ph2phen(0/-), and -1.56 V vs SCE Ph2phen(0/-). For the [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpq)PtCl2](2+) complex, the first two reductions shift to more positive potentials at -0.23 and -0.96 V vs SCE. The electronic absorption spectroscopy is dominated in the UV region by π → π* ligand transitions and in the visible region by metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions at 517 nm for [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpp)PtCl2](2+) and 600 nm for [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpq)PtCl2](2+). Emission spectroscopy shows that upon attaching Pt to the Ru monometallic precursor the λmax(em) shifts from 664 nm for [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpp)](2+) to 740 nm for [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpp)PtCl2](2+). The cis-Pt(II)Cl2 bioactive site offers the potential of targeting DNA by covalently binding the mixed-metal complex to DNA bases. The multifunctional interactions with DNA were assayed using both linear and circular plasmid pUC18 DNA gel shift assays. Both title complexes can bind to and photocleave DNA with dramatically enhanced efficiency relative to previously reported systems. The impact of the Ph2phen TL on photophysics and bioreactivity is somewhat surprising given the Ru → BL charge transfer (CT) nature of the photoreactive state in the complexes.
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