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Han Z, Tang Y, Lu G, Qi Y, Wu H, Yang Z, Han H, Zhang X, Wu L, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang F. Transition metal elements-doped SnO 2 for ultrasensitive and rapid ppb-level formaldehyde sensing. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13486. [PMID: 36814628 PMCID: PMC9939605 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pristine SnO2, Fe-doped SnO2 and Ni-doped SnO2 were synthesized using facile hydrothermal method. Analysis based on XRD, TEM and UV-Vis DRS measurements demonstrated the successful insertion of Fe and Ni dopants into SnO2 crystal. Formaldehyde-detection measurements revealed that transition metal-doped SnO2 exhibited improved formaldehyde-sensing properties compared with that of pristine SnO2. When the amount of incorporated dopant (Fe or Ni) was 4 at.%, the most effective enhancement on sensing performance of SnO2 was obtained. At 160 °C, the 4 at.% Fe-SnO2 and 4 at.% Ni-SnO2 exhibited higher response values of 7.52 and 4.37 with exposure to low-concentration formaldehyde, respectively, which were 2.4 and 1.4 times higher than that of pristine SnO2. The change of electronic structure and crystal structure as well as catalytic effect of transition metals are chiefly responsible for the enhanced sensing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Han
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Yunxiang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Guixia Lu
- School of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Yuan Qi
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Hecheng Han
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Zhou Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Jiurong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China,Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, A301 Virtual University Park in South District of Nanshan High-tech Zone, Shenzhen, China,Corresponding author. Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China.
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Ma X, Zhu H, Yu L, Li X, Ye E, Li Z, Loh XJ, Wang S. Rare-earth-doped indium oxide nanosphere-based gas sensor for highly sensitive formaldehyde detection at a low temperature. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1609-1618. [PMID: 36602001 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04972d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is widely viewed as a carcinogenic volatile organic compound in indoor air pollution that can seriously threaten human health and life. Thus, there is a critical need to develop gas sensors with improved sensing performance, including outstanding selectivity, low operating temperature, high responsiveness, and short recovery time, for HCHO detection. Currently, doping is considered an effective strategy to raise the sensing performance of gas sensors. Herein, various rare earth elements-doped indium oxide (RE-In2O3) nanospheres were fabricated as gas sensors for improved HCHO detection via a facile and environmentally solvothermal method. Such RE-In2O3 nanosphere-based sensors exhibited remarkable gas-sensing performance, including a high selectivity and stability in air. Compared with pure, Yb-, Dy-doped In2O3 and different La ratios doped into In2O3, 6% La-doped In2O3 (La-In2O3) nanosphere-based sensors demonstrated a high response value of 210 to 100 ppm at 170 °C, which was around 16 times higher than that of the pure In2O3 sensor, and also exhibited a detection limit of 10.9 ppb, and a response time of 30 s to 100 ppm HCHO with a recovery time of 160 s. Finally, such superior sensing performance of the 6% La-In2O3 sensors was proposed to be attributed to the synergistic effect of the large specific surface area and enhanced surface oxygen vacancies on the surface of In2O3 nanospheres, which produced chemisorbed oxygen species to release electrons and provided abundant reaction sites for HCHO gas. This study sheds new light on designing nanomaterials to build gas sensors for HCHO detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Houjuan Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634
| | - Long Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Enyi Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634
| | - Suhua Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
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Zhao J, Li C, Du X, Zhu Y, Li S, Liu X, Liang C, Yu Q, Huang L, Yang K. Recent Progress of Carbon Dots for Air Pollutants Detection and Photocatalytic Removal: Synthesis, Modifications, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200744. [PMID: 36251773 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization has inevitably led to serious air pollution problems, thus it is urgent to develop detection and treatment technologies for qualitative and quantitative analysis and efficient removal of harmful pollutants. Notably, the employment of functional nanomaterials, in sensing and photocatalytic technologies, is promising to achieve efficient in situ detection and removal of gaseous pollutants. Among them, carbon dots (CDs) have shown significant potential due to their superior properties, such as controllable structures, easy surface modification, adjustable energy band, and excellent electron-transfer capacities. Moreover, their environmentally friendly preparation and efficient capture of solar energy provide a green option for sustainably addressing environmental problems. Here, recent advances in the rational design of CDs-based sensors and photocatalysts are highlighted. An overview of their applications in air pollutants detection and photocatalytic removal is presented, especially the diverse sensing and photocatalytic mechanisms of CDs are discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are also provided, emphasizing the importance of synthetic mechanism investigation and rational design of structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Caiting Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xueyu Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Youcai Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shanhong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Le Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Kuang Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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Yong P, Wang S, Zhang X, Pan H, Shen S. MOFs-derived Co-doped In2O3 hollow hexagonal cylinder for selective detection of ethanol. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Garg N, Deep A, Sharma AL. Metal-organic frameworks based nanostructure platforms for chemo-resistive sensing of gases. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Enzyme-free electrochemical sensor for the determination of hydrogen peroxide secreted from MCF-7 breast cancer cells using calcined indium metal-organic frameworks as efficient catalysts. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Gu F, Di M, Han D, Hong S, Wang Z. Atomically Dispersed Au on In 2O 3 Nanosheets for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Formaldehyde. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2611-2619. [PMID: 32786391 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As an important industrial chemical, formaldehyde is used in various fields but is harmful to health. Developing a convenient detection device for formaldehyde is significant. Based on atomically dispersed Au on In2O3 nanosheets, a formaldehyde sensor was fabricated in this work. The highly dispersed Au obtained by the ultraviolet (UV) light-assisted reduction method helps improve the sensing performance. A meager loading amount (0.01 wt %) of Au on In2O3 nanosheets exhibits high sensitivity toward ppb-level formaldehyde. Au acts as an electron sink and promotes the oxidation of formaldehyde. Atomically dispersed Au on In2O3 nanosheets decreases the activation energy and increases the number of active sites, which result in a highly efficient conversion of formaldehyde and a marked resistance change of the fabricated sensors. The selective adsorption and oxidation of formaldehyde on single atom Au's uniform sites establish excellent selectivity. Besides, the sensor exhibits short response/recovery time and excellent stability, with promising applications in formaldehyde detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengyu Di
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Song Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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The Application of Indium Oxide@CPM-5-C-600 Composite Material Derived from MOF in Cathode Material of Lithium Sulfur Batteries. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10010177. [PMID: 31968547 PMCID: PMC7022625 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the “shuttle effect”, the cycle performance of lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery is poor and the capacity decays rapidly. Replacing lithium-ion battery is the maximum problem to be overcome. In order to solve this problem, we use a cage like microporous MOF(CPM-5) as a carbon source, which is carbonized at high temperature to get a micro-mesoporous carbon composite material. In addition, indium oxide particles formed during carbonization are deposited on CPM-5 structure, forming a simple core-shell structure CPM-5-C-600. When it is used as the cathode of Li-S battery, the small molecule sulfide can be confined in the micropores, while the existence of large pore size mesopores can provide a channel for the transmission of lithium ions, so as to improve the conductivity of the material and the rate performance of the battery. After 100 cycles, the specific capacity of the battery can be still maintained at 650 mA h·g−1 and the Coulombic efficiency is close to 100%. When the rate goes up to 2 C, the first discharge capacity not only can reach 1400 mA h·g−1, but also still provides 500 mA h·g−1 after 200 cycles, showing excellent rate performance.
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10
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Wang Z, Hou C, De Q, Gu F, Han D. One-Step Synthesis of Co-Doped In 2O 3 Nanorods for High Response of Formaldehyde Sensor at Low Temperature. ACS Sens 2018; 3:468-475. [PMID: 29350520 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Uniform and monodisperse Co-doped In2O3 nanorods were fabricated by a facile and environmentally friendly hydrothermal strategy that combined the subsequent annealing process, and their morphology, structure, and formaldehyde (HCHO) gas sensing performance were investigated systematically. Both pure and Co-doped In2O3 nanorods had a high specific surface area, which could offer abundant reaction sites to gas molecular diffusion and improve the response of the gas sensor. Results revealed that the In2O3/1%Co nanorods exhibited a higher response of 23.2 for 10 ppm of HCHO than that of the pure In2O3 nanorods by 4.5 times at 130 °C. More importantly, the In2O3/1%Co nanorods also presented outstanding selectivity and long-term stability. The superior gas sensing properties were mainly attributed to the incorporation of Co, which suggested the important role of the amount of oxygen vacancies and adsorbed oxygen in enhancing HCHO sensing performance of In2O3 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changliang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qinma De
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fubo Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Wu MK, Zhou JJ, Yi FY, Chen C, Li YL, Li Q, Tao K, Han L. High-performance supercapacitors of Cu-based porous coordination polymer nanowires and the derived porous CuO nanotubes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16821-16827. [PMID: 29034389 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrode materials for supercapacitors with one-dimensional porous nanostructures, such as nanowires and nanotubes, are very attractive for high-efficiency storage of electrochemical energy. Herein, ultralong Cu-based porous coordination polymer nanowires (copper-l-aspartic acid) were used as the electrode material for supercapacitors, for the first time. The as-prepared material exhibits a high specific capacitance of 367 F g-1 at 0.6 A g-1 and excellent cycling stability (94% retention over 1000 cycles). Moreover, porous CuO nanotubes were successfully fabricated by the thermal decomposition of this nanowire precursor. The CuO nanotube exhibits good electrochemical performance with high rate capacity (77% retention at 12.5 A g-1) and long-term stability (96% retention over 1000 cycles). The strategy developed here for the synthesis of porous nanowires and nanotubes can be extended to the construction of other electrode materials for more efficient energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ke Wu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Jiao-Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Fei-Yan Yi
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Yan-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Kai Tao
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Lei Han
- State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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Metal-Organic Frameworks-Derived Porous In2
O3
Hollow Nanorod for High-Performance Ethanol Gas Sensor. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Xue YY, Wang JL, Li SN, Jiang YC, Hu MC, Zhai QG. Mesoporous Ag/In 2 O 3 composite derived from indium organic framework as high performance formaldehyde sensor. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mai HD, Rafiq K, Yoo H. Nano Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials: Synthetic Strategies and Applications. Chemistry 2017; 23:5631-5651. [PMID: 27862482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nano- (or micro-scale) metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs), also known as coordination polymer particles (CPPs), have received much attention because of their structural diversities and tunable properties. Besides the direct use, NMOFs can be alternatively used as sacrificial templates/precursors for the preparation of a wide range of hybrid inorganic nanomaterials in straightforward and controllable manners. Distinct advantages of using NMOF templates are correlated to their structural and functional tailorability at molecular levels that is rarely acquired in any other conventional template/precursor. In addition, NMOF-derived inorganic nanomaterials with distinct chemical and physical properties are inferred to dramatically expand the scope of their utilization in many fields. In this review, we aim to provide readers with a comprehensive summary of recent progress in terms of synthetic approaches for the production of diverse inorganic hybrid nanostructures from as-synthesized NMOFs and their promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Duy Mai
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Khezina Rafiq
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojong Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
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