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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39052606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Tuning the emission maxima of iridium systems using benzimidazole-based cyclometallating framework. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang H, Liao X, Wu X, Shi C, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Li W, Wang J, Liu Y. Iridium(III) complexes entrapped in liposomes trigger mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and GSDME-mediated pyroptosis. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 228:111706. [PMID: 35033830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this report, a new ligand TFBIP (TFBIP = 2-(4'-trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and its three iridium (III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(TFBIP)](PF6) (Ir1, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(bzq)2(TFBIP)](PF6) (Ir2, bzq = benzo[h]quinolone) and [Ir(piq)2(TFBIP)](PF6) (Ir3, piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline) were synthesized and characterized. The cytotoxicity in vitro of the complexes toward several cancer cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) methods. The complexes show no cytotoxicity (IC50 > 100 μM) against these cancer cells. To enhance anticancer activity, these complexes were trapped in liposomes to form Ir1Lipo, Ir2Lipo and Ir3Lipo. The liposomes Ir1Lipo, Ir2Lipo and Ir3Lipo exhibit high or moderate cytotoxic activity. In particular, Ir1Lipo can effectively inhibit the cell growth with a low IC50 value (< 10 μM) toward A549, HepG2, BEL-7402, B16, HeLa and SGC-7901 cells. Surprisingly, Ir1Lipo has no cytotoxic activity against the normal cell LO2 (IC50 > 100 μM). The apoptosis and pyroptosis were investigated. Ir3Lipo induces apoptosis with a high early apoptotic number of 37%. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial permeability transition pore open and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration and release of cytochrome c were investigated. The expression of Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family proteins was explored by western blot. The antitumor activity in vivo of Ir1Lipo was evaluated with an inhibitory rate of 53%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuanling Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Leesakul N, Kullawanichaiyanan K, Mutić S, Guzsvány V, Nhukeaw T, Ratanaphan A, Saithong S, Konno T, Sirimahachai U, Promarak V. A photoactive iridium(III) complex with 3-methyl-2-phenyl pyridine and 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane: Synthesis, structural characterization and cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2021.1949585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nararak Leesakul
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Thailand
| | - Keerati Kullawanichaiyanan
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Thailand
| | - Sanja Mutić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Valéria Guzsvány
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tidarat Nhukeaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Adisorn Ratanaphan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Saowanit Saithong
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Thailand
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Uraiwan Sirimahachai
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Thailand
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Klaimanee E, Sangwisut P, Saithong S, Leesakul N. Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of [bis-(di-phenyl-phosphan-yl)methane-κ P]chloridobis-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl-κ 2 N, C 1]iridium(III). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:217-221. [PMID: 33953939 PMCID: PMC8061097 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The title IrIII complex, [Ir(C11H8N)2Cl(C25H22P2)], was synthesized from the substitution reaction between the (ppy)2Ir(μ-Cl)2Ir(ppy)2 (ppy = deprotonated 2-phenyl-pyridine, C11H8N-) dimer and 1,1-bis-(di-phenyl-phosphan-yl)methane (dppm, C25H22P2) under an argon gas atmosphere for 20 h. The IrIII atom is coordinated by two C,N-bidentate ppy anions, a unidentate dppm ligand and a chloride anion in a distorted octa-hedral IrC2N2PCl arrangement. The N donor atoms of the ppy ligands are mutually trans while the C atoms are cis. Intra-molecular aromatic π-π stacking between the phenyl rings of ppy and dppm, and C-H⋯Cl inter-actions are observed. In the crystal, C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯π contacts link the mol-ecules into a three-dimensional network. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out to further qu-antify the inter-molecular inter-actions, and indicated that H⋯H contacts (63.9%) dominate the packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekkapong Klaimanee
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Peerapong Sangwisut
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Saowanit Saithong
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Nararak Leesakul
- Division of Physical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
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Yang XH, Zhang Q, Dou SB, Xiao L, Jia XL, Yang RL, Li GN, Niu ZG. Synthesis, properties, DFT calculations, and cytotoxic activity of phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes with heteroatom ancillary ligands. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1802721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Yang
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Shao-Bin Dou
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Xing-Liang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Rui-Lian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Gao-Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Guanidine-modified cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes for mitochondria-targeted imaging and photodynamic therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ma DL, Wu C, Wu KJ, Leung CH. Iridium(III) Complexes Targeting Apoptotic Cell Death in Cancer Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152739. [PMID: 31357712 PMCID: PMC6696146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting apoptosis is a principal strategy in the design of anticancer drugs. In recent years, non-platinum-based scaffolds have been exploited as viable candidates for the exploitation of anticancer agents with potentially lower toxicity than the widely used cisplatin analogues. This review highlights the latest advances in developing iridium(III) complexes as anticancer agents that act particularly via targeting apoptotic cell death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ke-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
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