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A study of the mechanisms responsible for the action of new immunosuppressants and their effects on rat small intestinal transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2021; 70:101497. [PMID: 34785307 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a series of studies, using an identical rat intestinal transplantation model, we evaluated the effects of several drugs. FK-506 caused a significant attenuation in the proliferation of allogeneic CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ secreting effector functions. FYT720 resulted in a marked reduction in the numbers of lymphocytes, associated with a reduction of T cell recruitment, in grafts. An anti-MAdCAM antibody was next reported to significantly down-regulate CD4+ T cell infiltration in intestinal grafts by blocking the adhesion molecule, and could be useful as an induction therapy. Concerning TAK-779, this CCR5 and CXCR3 antagonist diminished the number of graft-infiltrating cells by suppressing the expression of their receptors in the graft. As a result, it reduced the total number of recipient T cells involved in graft rejection. As the next step, we focused on the participation of monocytes/ macrophages in this field. PQA-18 has been the focus of a novel immunosuppressant that attenuates not only the production of various cytokines, such as IL-2 & TNF-α, on T cells, but the differentiation of macrophages by inhibiting PAK2 as well. In this report, we summarize our previous studies not only regarding the above drugs, but on an anti-complement drug and a JAK inhibitor as well.
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Anti-Tumor Potential of IMP Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: A Century-Long Story. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091346. [PMID: 31514446 PMCID: PMC6770829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purine nucleotides ATP and GTP are essential precursors to DNA and RNA synthesis and fundamental for energy metabolism. Although de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis is increased in highly proliferating cells, such as malignant tumors, it is not clear if this is merely a secondary manifestation of increased cell proliferation. Suggestive of a direct causative effect includes evidence that, in some cancer types, the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo GTP biosynthesis, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), is upregulated and that the IMPDH inhibitor, mycophenolic acid (MPA), possesses anti-tumor activity. However, historically, enthusiasm for employing IMPDH inhibitors in cancer treatment has been mitigated by their adverse effects at high treatment doses and variable response. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanistic role of IMPDH in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, as well as the development of IMPDH inhibitors with selective actions on GTP synthesis, have prompted a reappraisal of targeting this enzyme for anti-cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the history of IMPDH inhibitors, the development of new inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs, and future directions and strategies to overcome existing challenges.
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Kim YJ, Cubitt B, Chen E, Hull MV, Chatterjee AK, Cai Y, Kuhn JH, de la Torre JC. The ReFRAME library as a comprehensive drug repurposing library to identify mammarenavirus inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104558. [PMID: 31302150 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several mammarenaviruses, chiefly Lassa virus (LASV) in Western Africa and Junín virus (JUNV) in the Argentine Pampas, cause severe disease in humans and pose important public health problems in their endemic regions. Moreover, mounting evidence indicates that the worldwide-distributed mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected human pathogen of clinical significance. The lack of licensed mammarenavirus vaccines and partial efficacy of current anti-mammarenavirus therapy limited to an off-label use of the nucleoside analog ribavirin underscore an unmet need for novel therapeutics to combat human pathogenic mammarenavirus infections. This task can be facilitated by the implementation of "drug repurposing" strategies to reduce the time and resources required to advance identified antiviral drug candidates into the clinic. We screened a drug repurposing library of 11,968 compounds (Repurposing, Focused Rescue and Accelerated Medchem [ReFRAME]) and identified several potent inhibitors of LCMV multiplication that had also strong anti-viral activity against LASV and JUNV. Our findings indicate that enzymes of the rate-limiting steps of pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis, the pro-viral MCL1 apoptosis regulator, BCL2 family member protein and the mitochondrial electron transport complex III, play critical roles in the completion of the mammarenavirus life cycle, suggesting they represent potential druggable targets to counter human pathogenic mammarenavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell V Hull
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Kunikawa S, Tanaka A, Takasuna Y, Tasaki M, Chida N. A novel 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivative as selective inhibitor of protein kinase C theta prevents allograft rejection in a rat heart transplant model. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5499-5509. [PMID: 30274941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) plays a critical role in T cell signaling and is an attractive target for the treatment of T cell-mediated diseases such as transplant rejection and autoimmune disease. To identify PKCθ inhibitors, we focused on the 2,6-diamino-3-carbamoyl-5-cyanopyrazine derivative 2, which exhibited moderate PKCθ inhibitory activity. Optimization of 2 identified the 2,4-diamino-5-cyanopyrimidine derivative 16c, which exhibited potent PKCθ inhibitory activity and showed good selectivity against other PKC isozymes. Compound 16c prolonged graft survival in an in vivo rat heterotopic cardiac transplant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kunikawa
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Takasuna
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tasaki
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Noboru Chida
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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Discovery of tricyclic dipyrrolopyridine derivatives as novel JAK inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5311-5326. [PMID: 28789911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) play a crucial role in cytokine mediated signal transduction. JAK inhibitors have emerged as effective immunomodulative agents for the prevention of transplant rejection. We previously reported that the tricyclic imidazo-pyrrolopyridinone 2 is a potent JAK inhibitor; however, it had poor oral absorption due to low membrane permeability. Here, we report the structural modification of compound 2 into the tricyclic dipyrrolopyridine 18a focusing on reduction of polar surface area (PSA), which exhibits potent in vitro activity, improved membrane permeability and good oral bioavailability. Compound 18a showed efficacy in rat heterotopic cardiac transplants model.
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Nakajima Y, Aoyama N, Takahashi F, Sasaki H, Hatanaka K, Moritomo A, Inami M, Ito M, Nakamura K, Nakamori F, Inoue T, Shirakami S. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 4,6-diaminonicotinamide derivatives as novel and potent immunomodulators targeting JAK3. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4711-4722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nakajima Y, Inoue T, Nakai K, Mukoyoshi K, Hamaguchi H, Hatanaka K, Sasaki H, Tanaka A, Takahashi F, Kunikawa S, Usuda H, Moritomo A, Higashi Y, Inami M, Shirakami S. Synthesis and evaluation of novel 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carboxamide derivatives as potent and orally efficacious immunomodulators targeting JAK3. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4871-4883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fukahori H, Chida N, Maeda M, Tasaki M, Kawashima T, Noto T, Tsujimoto S, Nakamura K, Oshima S, Hirose J, Higashi Y, Morokata T. Effect of novel PKCθ selective inhibitor AS2521780 on acute rejection in rat and non-human primate models of transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 27:232-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kojima R, Yoshida T, Tasaki H, Umejima H, Maeda M, Higashi Y, Watanabe S, Oku N. Release mechanisms of tacrolimus-loaded PLGA and PLA microspheres and immunosuppressive effects of the microspheres in a rat heart transplantation model. Int J Pharm 2015; 492:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nakanishi T, Kozuki Y, Eikyu Y, Kubo K, Kawato Y, Marui T, Seki N, Masunaga T, Tamura K, Morokata T. In vitro and in vivo characterization of AS2643361, a novel and highly potent inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 674:58-63. [PMID: 22075081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase is a critical target in solid organ transplantation. To this end, the development of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) represents a major advance in transplant medicine. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects of a novel IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor, AS2643361, in several immunological and non-immunological models. The in vitro inhibitory activity of AS2643361 on immune cell and endothelial cell proliferation and on antibody production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B cells, was significantly more potent than that of mycophenolic acid, the active form of MMF, despite the similar potency of these compounds on IMP dehydrogenase. In a rat heterotopic cardiac transplant model, monotherapy using orally administered AS2643361 at 10 or 20mg/kg/day prolonged the median graft survival time from 6 to 16 and 19days, respectively. In dinitrophenol-lipopolysaccharide stimulated rats, oral administration of AS2643361 at 2.5, 5 or 10mg/kg/day resulted in suppression of antibody production. In vivo antibody production against alloantigen was also suppressed by AS2643361 treatment at 5 or 10mg/kg/day. Furthermore, treatment with AS2543361 effectively inhibited balloon injury induced-intimal thickening, which is a major cause of late allograft loss. Overall, the in vivo activity of AS2643361 was over two-fold more potent than that of MMF. In addition, gastrointestinal toxicity, considered a dose-limiting factor for MMF, was reduced with AS2643361 treatment. These results suggest AS2643361 has higher potency and less toxicity than MMF, making it a potential candidate for treatment of acute and chronic rejection in transplant medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nakanishi
- Astellas Research Institute of America LLC, Transplantation Immunology, Skokie, IL 60077, USA.
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Nakanishi T, Morokata T, Noto T, Kubo K, Umeno H, Kinugasa F, Eikyu Y, Kozuki Y, Seki N. Effect of the inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor BMS-566419 on renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1434-9. [PMID: 20832515 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is a major cause of late allograft loss. One morphological characteristic of CAN is renal interstitial fibrosis. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), the inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor, has been reported to attenuate the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. However, the question of whether the newly synthesized IMPDH inhibitors with structures different from MMF have an antifibrotic effect remains unanswered. We evaluated the antifibrotic effects of BMS-566419, a chemically synthesized IMPDH inhibitor, using an experimental rat model, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), in comparison with those of MMF. Expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), which play important roles in UUO-induced renal fibrosis, were also investigated to determine the mechanism by which BMS-566419 affects the progression of renal fibrosis. After 14 days of UUO, interstitial fibrosis was frequently observed in the renal cortex of rats administered vehicle control. BMS-566419 by oral administration showed a significant and dose-dependent suppressive effect on UUO-induced renal fibrosis in histopathological experiments. BMS-566419 treatment also decreased collagen content, as indicated by hydroxyproline concentration, and the expression of collagen type 1 mRNA. BMS-566419 also decreased the expression of mRNA for both MCP-1 and TGF-β1. The antifibrotic effects of treatment with BMS-566419 at 60 mg/kg seemed comparable to those with MMF at 40 mg/kg. These results suggest that BMS-566419 and other chemically synthesized IMPDH inhibitors have beneficial pharmacological effects similar to those of MMF, and are potential pharmaceutical candidates in the treatment of fibrotic renal disease, including CAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nakanishi
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
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