Lycorine inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 up-regulation in RAW264.7 cells through suppressing P38 and STATs activation and increases the survival rate of mice after LPS challenge

Exploring the safety of lycorine in the central nervous system and its impact on pain-like behaviors in mice

Alkaloid analgesics have been associated with adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, it is crucial to characterize the effects of alkaloid analgesics. Plants rich in lycorine, an alkaloid, have shown promise as analgesics. However, the exploration of their CNS side effects, and analgesic effectiveness remains incomplete. The aim of the present study was to investigate the CNS safety profiles of lycorine and its potential analgesic efficacy. Lycorine (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) did not affect motor coordination, and doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg of lycorine did not lead to any impairment in spontaneous locomotor activity. However, the highest dose (30 mg/kg) demonstrated a significant impairment in rearing behavior and an increase in immobility. The safety doses were subsequently used to assess the analgesic efficacy of lycorine in a mouse model of inflammatory pain. Lycorine (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in pain-like behaviors in formalin-induced mice. In the in vitro study, lycorine regulated immune cells, suggesting its involvement as a cellular mechanism underlying the suppression of pain-like behaviors observed in the formalin model. Overall, our findings delineate the CNS safety range of lycorine in mice and suggest its potential use as an analgesic.

Identifying and validating potential therapeutic targets for septic heart failure and the cardioprotective effects of lycorine

BACKGROUND

Septic heart failure has been recognized as a puzzle since antiquity and poses a major challenge to modern medicine. Our previous work has demonstrated the potential effects of lycorine (LYC) on sepsis and septic myocardial injury. Nonetheless, further exploration is needed to elucidate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

In this study, we conducted transcriptome analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify the key genes and reveal the mechanism of LYC against septic heart failure.

PURPOSE

This study aims to apply bioinformatic analysis and experimental validations to explore the protective effects and underlying mechanism of LYC on the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis model mice.

RESULTS

Transcriptome analysis revealed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following LYC treatment. WGCNA analysis identified gene modules associated with LYC-mediated protection, with BCL3 emerging as a core gene within these modules. Notably, BCL3 was an overlapping gene of DEGs and WGCNA core genes induced by LYC treatment, and is highly negatively correlated with cardiac function indicator. In vivo and in vitro study further prove that LYC exerted a protective effect against septic myocardial injury through inhibiting BCL3. BCL3 siRNA ameliorated LPS-induced cardiac injury and inflammation, while BCL3 overexpression reversed the protective effect of LYC against LPS injury.

CONCLUSION

In summary, our findings demonstrate the significant attenuation of septic myocardial disorder by LYC, with the identification of BCL3 as a pivotal target gene. This study is the first to report the role of BCL3 in sepsis and septic myocardial injury. Furthermore, the strategy for hub genes screening used in our study facilitates a comprehensive exploration of septic targets and reveals the potential targets for LYC effect. These findings may offer a new therapeutic strategy for the management of septic heart failure, highlighting the cardioprotective effect of LYC as adjunctive therapy for sepsis management.

Novel l-Cysteine Incomplete Degradation Method for Preparation of Procyanidin B2-3'-O-Gallate and Exploration of its in Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity and in Vivo Tissue Distribution

In this study, an effective method for preparation of bioactive galloylated procyanidin B2-3'-O-gallate (B2-3'-G) was first developed by incomplete depolymerization of grape seed polymeric procyanidins (PPCs) using l-cysteine (Cys) in the presence of citric acid. The structure-activity relationship of B2-3'-G was further evaluated in vitro through establishing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. The results suggested that the better protective effects of B2-3'-G against inflammation were attributed to its polymerization degree and the introduction of the galloyl group, compared to its four corresponding structural units. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the B2-3'-G prototype was distributed in plasma, small intestine, liver, lung, and brain. Remarkably, B2-3'-G was able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and appeared to play an important role in improving brain health. Furthermore, a total of 18 metabolites were identified in tissues. Potential metabolic pathways, including reduction, methylation, hydration, desaturation, glucuronide conjugation, and sulfation, were suggested.

Galgravin Isolated from Piper kadsura Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Endotoxemia in Mice

Sepsis results from uncontrolled inflammation, characterized by cytokine storm and immunoparalysis. To assess whether galgravin, a natural lignan isolated from Piper kadsura, can be used to treat sepsis, models of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages and LPS-induced endotoxemia mice were used. Galgravin suppressed NF-κB activation in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages without causing significant cytotoxicity, in which proinflammatory molecules like TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 were downregulated. In addition, the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 was also suppressed by galgravin in LPS-activated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Moreover, galgravin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS in the lungs and decreased TNF-α and IL-6 in the serum and IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of LPS-challenged mice. The COX-2 expression in tissues, including the lung, liver, and kidney, as well as the lung alveolar hemorrhage, was also reduced by galgravin. The present study reveals the anti-inflammatory effects of galgravin in mouse models and implies its potential application in inflammation diseases.

Chlorogenic acid: a review on its mechanisms of anti-inflammation, disease treatment, and related delivery systems

Chlorogenic acid is a bioactive compound ubiquitously present in the natural realm, lauded for its salient anti-inflammatory and antioxidant attributes. It executes its anti-inflammatory function by moderating the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory mediators, namely, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, NO, and PGE2. Concurrently, it modulates key signaling pathways and associated factors, including NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf2, and others, bestowing protection upon cells and tissues against afflictions such as cardio-cerebrovascular and diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, the inherent low bioavailability of chlorogenic acid poses challenges in practical deployments. To surmount this limitation, sophisticated delivery systems, encompassing liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles, have been devised, accentuating their stability, release mechanisms, and bioactivity. Given its innate anti-inflammatory prowess and safety profile, chlorogenic acid stands as a promising contender for advanced biomedical investigations and translational clinical endeavors.

Formulation design and physicochemical evaluation of an anti-inflammatory hydrogel patch containing Crinum asiaticum L. extract

Background and purpose

Crinum asiaticum L. has long been used in Thai traditional medicine to treat osteoarthritis and inflammation by placing it on painful areas without further formulation design which is suboptimal for therapeutic use. Thus, this research aims to formulate a topical hydrogel patch containing C. asiaticum L. extracts (CAE) for anti-inflammatory effects.

Experimental approach

The hydrogel patches are made from carrageenan, locust bean gum, with glycerin as a plasticizer and contain CAE formulated by using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design for design, determination of the effect of independent factors on the tensile strength, and optimization of the hydrogel patch formulation. In vitro release and skin permeation studies using a modified Franz diffusion cell and anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated.

Findings/Results

The optimized CAE hydrogel patch showed a good correlation between predicted and observed tensile strength values and exerted its maximum cumulative lycorine release and permeation at 69.38 ± 2.78% and 48.51 ± 0.45%, respectively which were fit to Higuchi's kinetic model. The release rates were found to decrease with an increase in the polymer proportion of carrageenan and locust bean gum. In addition, the patch exerted potent in vitro anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 21.36 ± 0.78 μg/mL.

Conclusion and implication

The optimized CAE hydrogel patch application was successfully formulated with excellent mechanical properties, cumulative release, permeation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, it has the potential to be further developed as a herbal application to relieve pain and inflammation. The in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of this delivery system should be further investigated.

Lycorine protects against septic myocardial injury by activating AMPK-related pathways

Cardiac dysfunction is a common complication in patients with sepsis triggering high morbidity and mortality. Lycorine (LYC), the main effective monomer component extracted from Lycoris bulbs, possesses antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, liver protection properties. In this study, the effect of LYC pre- and post-treatment as well as the underlying mechanism were evaluated in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of Balb/c mice. The survival rate, anal temperature, sepsis score, blood biochemical/routine indicators, cardiac function, sepsis-related pathophysiological processes, and AMPK signaling in septic mice were observed by echocardiography, histological staining, western blot, qPCR, and etc. LYC pretreatment attenuated myocardial injury in septic mice by improving survival rate, sepsis score, blood biochemical/routine indicators, cardiac function and structure, inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, improving mitochondrial function, modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress, and activating AMPK pathway. In particular, AMPK deficiency and AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) partially reversed the protective effects of LYC in septic mice. In addition, LYC posttreatment also has slight protective phenotypes on septic myocardial injury, but the effect is not as ideal as pretreatment. Taken together, these findings suggest that LYC may be a potential drug for the treatment of sepsis.

Exploring the anti-inflammatory potential of Colocasia esculenta root extract in in-vitro and in-vivo models of inflammation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Colocasia esculenta (CE) (L.) Schott is an annual herbaceous tropical plant from the family of Araceae which has been traditionally used for the healing of various ailments such as asthma, arthritis, internal hemorrhage, diarrhea, and neurological disorders. The plant is reported to have potential anti-microbial, anti-fungal, antimetastatic, anti-hepatotoxic, and anti-lipid peroxidative activities.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study is designed to explore the potential anti-inflammatory property of Colocasia esculenta methanolic root extract (CEMRE) on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model was used to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory action of CEMRE. Adult male Wistar rats (180-220 g; n = 6) were pre-treated with CEMRE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) orally before 1 h of injection of 1% carrageenan. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg BW) was given orally as the standard drug. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandinE2 (PGE2), and cytokines levels were measured. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was done to identify the phytoconstituents present in CEMRE. The inhibitory activity of CEMRE was investigated against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in in vitro assessment of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with Indomethacin (5 μM and 10 μM) and CEMRE (17 μg/ml and 34 μg/ml) followed by induction of LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h. Docking analyses were also performed to explore the interaction of important phytoconstituents (Sinapic acid, Acetylsalicylic acid, L-fucose, Salicylic acid, Quinic acid, Zingerone, and Gingerol) of CEMRE with COX-2 and iNOS.

RESULTS

Pre-treatment with CEMRE (400 mg/kg) could inhibit the paw inflammation significantly which was elevated due to carrageenan induction. The inhibition is comparable to that of the standard drug Indomethacin. The concentration of serum AST, ALT, ALP, NO, PGE2 and cytokines were also considerably lowered in the CEMRE-treated group as compared to the carrageenan-induced group. CEMRE (34 μg/ml) inhibited the LPS-stimulated relative expression of mRNA of COX-2 and iNOS and significantly reduced the expression of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Docking analyses revealed promising interaction with low binding energies between Sinapic acid with both the target proteins COX-2 and iNOS.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, our results suggested that CEMRE exhibited effective anti-inflammatory actions on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells by reducing the in vivo paw edema inhibition, inhibiting the serum NO, PGE2, cytokines and also reduced the in vitro production of NO, PGE2 along with expressions of mRNA COX-2 and iNOS. Molecular docking demonstrated good binding affinities among the target proteins and ligand Sinapic acid. Thus the bioactive compound from CE need to be isolated and purified.

Natural-Derived COX-2 Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs: A Review of their Structural Diversity and Mechanism of Action

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key-type enzyme playing a crucial role in cancer development, making it a target of high interest for drug designers. In the last two decades, numerous selective COX-2 inhibitors have been approved for various clinical conditions. However, data from clinical trials propose that the prolonged use of COX-2 inhibitors is associated with life-threatening cardiovascular side effects. The data indicate that a slight structural modification can help develop COX-2 selective inhibitors with comparative efficacy and limited side effects. In this regard, secondary metabolites from natural sources offer great hope for developing novel COX-2 inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. In recent years, various nature-derived organic scaffolds are being explored as leads for developing new COX-2 inhibitors. The current review attempts to highlight the COX-2 inhibition activity of some naturally occurring secondary metabolites, concerning their capacity to inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and inhibit cancer development, aiming to establish a structure-activity relationship.

A Comparative Study between Lycorine and Galantamine Abilities to Interact with AMYLOID β and Reduce In Vitro Neurotoxicity

Galantamine is a natural alkaloid extracted from the Amaryllidaceae plants and is used as the active ingredient of a drug approved for the treatment of the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. It mainly acts as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, increasing concentrations of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. Recent cellular studies have also shown the ability of galantamine to protect SH-SY5Y cell lines against amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced toxicity. Such investigations have supported and validated further in-depth studies for understanding the chemical and molecular features associated with galantamine-protective abilities. In addition to galantamine, other natural alkaloids are known to possess AChE inhibitory activity; among them lycorine has been extensively investigated for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumoral activities as well. Despite its interesting biological properties, lycorine's neuroprotective functions against Aβ-induced damages have not been explored so far. In this research study, the ability of galantamine and lycorine to suppress Aβ-induced in vitro neuronal toxicity was evaluated by investigating the chemical interactions of the two alkaloids with Aβ peptide. A multi-technique spectroscopic analysis and cellular cytotoxicity assays were applied to obtain new insights on these molecular associations. The comparison between the behaviors exhibited by the two alkaloids indicates that both compounds possess analogue abilities to interact with the amyloidogenic peptide and protect cells.

Pseudolycorine chloride ameliorates Th17 cell-mediated central nervous system autoimmunity by restraining myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion

CONTEXT

The alkaloids of Narcissus tazetta L. var. Chinensis Roem (Amaryllidaceae) have antitumor and antiviral activities. However, the immunopharmacological effects of one of its constituents, pseudolycorine chloride (PLY), have not been reported yet.

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the effect of PLY on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expansion and differentiation into monocyte-like MDSCs (M-MDSCs) and examined whether PLY alleviates Th17 cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro, MDSCs were treated with PLY (0.67, 2 and 6 μM) or solcitinib (10 μM, positive control) for 48 or 96 h, and their proliferation, expansion, and differentiation into M-MDSCs were examined by flow cytometry. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG_35-55) was used to induce EAE in female C57BL/6 mice, and the mice were treated with 40 mg/kg/d PLY or 1 mg/kg/d FK-506 (tacrolimus, positive control) for 21 days. Inflammatory infiltration, spinal cord demyelination, and MDSCs and Th17 cells infiltration into the spinal cord were examined using haematoxylin and eosin staining, Luxol fast blue staining, and immunofluorescence, respectively.

RESULTS

In vitro, PLY (IC50/24 h = 6.18 μM) significantly inhibited IL-6 and GM-CSF-induced MDSCs proliferation, expansion and differentiation into M-MDSCs at all concentrations used. However, these concentrations did not show cytotoxicity. In mice, PLY (40 mg/kg) treatment alleviated EAE and inhibited inflammatory infiltration, demyelination, and MDSCs and Th17 cells infiltration into the spinal cord.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

PLY may be an excellent candidate for the treatment of MS and other autoimmune diseases.

Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids Decrease the Proliferation, Invasion, and Secretion of Clinically Relevant Cytokines by Cultured Human Colon Cancer Cells

Alkaloids isolated from members of the Amaryllidaceae plant family are promising anticancer agents. The purpose of the current study was to determine if the isocarbostyrils narciclasine, pancratistatin, lycorane, lycorine, crinane, and haemanthamine inhibit phenomena related to cancer progression in vitro. To achieve this, we examined the proliferation, adhesion, and invasion of cultured human colon cancer cells via MTT assay and Matrigel-coated Boyden chambers. In addition, Luminex assays were used to quantify the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and cytokines associated with poor clinical outcomes. We found that all alkaloids decreased cell proliferation regardless of TP53 status, with narciclasine exhibiting the greatest potency. The effects on cell proliferation also appear to be specific to cancer cells. Narciclasine, lycorine, and haemanthamine decrease both adhesion and invasion but with various potencies depending on the cell line. In addition, narciclasine, lycorine, and haemanthamine decreased the secretion of MMP-1, -2, and -7, as well as the secretion of the cytokines pentraxin 3 and vascular endothelial growth factor. In conclusion, the present study shows that Amaryllidaceae alkaloids decrease phenomena and cytokines associated with colorectal cancer progression, supporting future investigations regarding their potential as multifaceted drug candidates.

Lycorine and organ protection: Review of its potential effects and molecular mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Multiorgan dysfunction, especially sepsis-related multiorgan damage, remains a major cause of high mortality in the late stages of infection and a great clinical challenge. In recent years, natural drugs have received widespread attention because of their low cost, wide sources, high efficacy, low toxicity, and limited side effects. Lycorine, a natural compound extracted from Amaryllidaceae, exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including in the regulation of autophagy and the induction of cancer cell apoptosis, and has anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and antitumor activities. However, studies on lycorine have mainly focused on its antitumor properties, and research on its use for organ protection, especially in sepsis-related organ injury, is relatively limited.

PURPOSE

To review and discuss the effects and mechanisms of lycorine in the treatment of multi-organ dysfunction, especially sepsis.

METHODS

Literature searches in electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, were performed using 'Lycorine', 'Amaryllidaceae', 'Pharmacology', 'Pharmacokinetics', 'Anti-inflammation', 'Autophagy', 'Apoptosis', 'Anti-microbial and anti-parasitic', 'Antitumor', 'Organ protection', and 'Sepsis' as keywords, the correlated literature was extracted and conducted from the databases mentioned above.

RESULTS

By summarizing the progress made in existing research, we found that the general effects of lycorine involve the regulation of autophagy and the induction of cancer cell apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, and antitumor effects; through these pathways, the compound can ameliorate organ damage. In addition, lycorine was found to have an important effect on organ damage in sepsis.

CONCLUSION

Lycorine is a promising natural organ protective agent. This review will provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of organ protection, especially in sepsis.

Insights to the tribe Haemantheae of the South African Amaryllidaceae

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The family Amaryllidaceae has been documented in traditional systems of medicine around the globe. Its member tribe Haemantheae occurs chiefly in South Africa, where around twenty of its species are identifiable with a wide variety of functions in such practices.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This account details work published from 2013 to 2020 on the tribe Haemantheae involving Clivia, Cryptostephanus, Haemanthus, Scadoxus and Gethyllis. Focus is maintained on the traditional medicinal aspects, pharmacological activities and identification of the active principles. Significant effort is also made to outline the molecular basis to some of these effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The major search engine platforms including, SciFinder, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Google Scholar were utilized at the literature consolidation stage. Keywords engaged in the process included 'Amaryllidaceae' and 'Haemantheae' as well as individual genera and specie names.

RESULTS

Twenty-four species of the five genera were encountered over the designated time frame. New traditional medicinal information has emerged on nine of these species, where usage ranged from the treatment of wounds and infections, circulatory and gastrointestinal issues to AIDS and TB. Significant amounts of new data also appeared in relation to the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antidepressive and cytotoxic effects of these plants. Potent activities were observed in some instances, as they were in regards to the anti-inflammatory effects of some Gethyllis species in their cyclooxygenase-inhibitory effects. The entities behind these activities, with few exceptions, were shown to be isoquinoline alkaloids which are known to dominate the chemistry of the Amaryllidaceae. Interesting observations were also made for the mechanisms behind some of the effects, notably in the inflammatory and motorneuron disease arenas.

CONCLUSIONS

The tribe Haemantheae has proved to be a rich and diverse platform for studies of the Amaryllidaceae in the key areas of traditional medicine, pharmacology and phytochemistry. Indigenous knowledge has played a significant role in guiding the biological evaluations, while identification of the active principles has been bolstered by the exceedingly rich alkaloid diversity of the Amaryllidaceae. As such, Haemantheae should continue to feature prominently in drug discovery efforts targeted at the family.

Lycorine Ameliorates Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats: Emphasis on Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and STAT3 Inhibition Effects

Liver fibrosis is a foremost medical concern worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, numerous risk factors contribute to its high rates. Lycorine—a natural alkaloid—has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activates. It has been reported to inhibit STAT3 in cancer. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the possible antifibrotic effect of lycorine against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis in rats and at elucidating the possible mechanisms. Liver fibrosis was induced by TAA (200 mg/kg i.p.), three per week for four weeks. Treatment with lycorine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg/d) amended TAA-induced rise of serum transaminases that was confirmed histopathologically. Moreover, it ameliorated liver fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by hindering the TAA-induced increase of hepatic hydroxyproline content, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) expressions. TAA-induced oxidative stress was amended by lycorine treatment via restoring reduced glutathione and diminishing lipid peroxidation. Moreover, lycorine ameliorated hepatic inflammation by preventing the rise of inflammatory cytokines. Notably, lycorine inhibited STAT3 activity, as evidenced by the decreased phospho-STAT3 expression, accompanied by the elevation of the hepatic Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In conclusion, lycorine hinders TAA-induced liver fibrosis in rats, due to—at least partly—its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, along with its ability to inhibit STAT3 signaling.

Recent development on COX-2 inhibitors as promising anti-inflammatory agents: The past 10 years

Cyclooxygenases play a vital role in inflammation and are responsible for the production of prostaglandins. Two cyclooxygenases are described, the constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 and the inducible cyclooxygenase-2, for which the target inhibitors are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Prostaglandins are a class of lipid compounds that mediate acute and chronic inflammation. NSAIDs are the most frequent choices for treatment of inflammation. Nevertheless, currently used anti-inflammatory drugs have become associated with a variety of adverse effects which lead to diminished output even market withdrawal. Recently, more studies have been carried out on searching novel selective COX-2 inhibitors with safety profiles. In this review, we highlight the various structural classes of organic and natural scaffolds with efficient COX-2 inhibitory activity reported during 2011–2021. It will be valuable for pharmaceutical scientists to read up on the current chemicals to pave the way for subsequent research.

Mechanistic insight into immunomodulatory effects of food-functioned plant secondary metabolites

Medicinally important plant-foods offer a balanced immune function, which is essential for protecting the body against antigenic invasion, mainly by microorganisms. Immunomodulators play pivotal roles in supporting immune function either suppressing or stimulating the immune system's response to invading pathogens. Among different immunomodulators, plant-based secondary metabolites have emerged as high potential not only for immune defense but also for cellular immunoresponsiveness. These natural immunomodulators can be developed into safer alternatives to the clinically used immunosuppressants and immunostimulant cytotoxic drugs which possess serious side effects. Many plants of different species have been reported to possess strong immunomodulating properties. The immunomodulatory effects of plant extracts and their bioactive metabolites have been suggested due to their diverse mechanisms of modulation of the complex immune system and their multifarious molecular targets. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and polyphenols have been reported as responsible for the immunomodulatory effects of several medicinal plants. This review illustrates the potent immunomodulatory effects of 65 plant secondary metabolites, including dietary compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action on cellular and humoral immune functions in in vitro and in vivo studies. The clinical potential of some of the compounds to be used for various immune-related disorders is highlighted.

Sinoacutine inhibits inflammatory responses to attenuates acute lung injury by regulating NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways

Background

Stephania yunnanensis H. S. Lo is widely used as an antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory herbal medicine in SouthWest China. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of sinoacutine (sino), one of the primary components extracted from this plant.

Methods

A RAW264.7 cell model was established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced for estimation of cytokines in vitro, qPCR was used to estimate gene expression, western blot analysis was used to estimate protein level and investigate the regulation of NF- κB, JNK and MAPK signal pathway. In addition, an acute lung injury model was established to determine lung index and levels of influencing factors.

Results

Using the RAW264.7 model, we found that sino reduced levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) but increased levels of IL-6. qPCR analysis revealed that sino (50, 25 μg/ml) inhibited gene expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). western blot analysis showed that sino significantly inhibited protein levels of both iNOS and COX-2. Further signalling pathway analysis validated that sino also inhibited phosphorylation of p65 in the NF-κB and c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathways but promoted the phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 in the MAPK signalling pathway. In addition, in a mouse model induced by LPS, we determined that sino reduced the lung index and the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), NO, IL-6 and TNF-α in lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in acute lung injury (ALI).

Conclusion

Taken together, our results demonstrate that sino is a promising drug to alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory reactions.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03458-0.

Amaryllidaceae Alkaloid Cherylline Inhibits the Replication of Dengue and Zika Viruses

Dengue fever, caused by dengue virus (DENV), is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease and is endemic in many tropical and subtropical parts of the world, with an increasing incidence in temperate regions. The closely related flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) can be transmitted vertically in utero and causes congenital Zika syndrome and other birth defects. In adults, ZIKV is associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. There are no approved antiviral therapies against either virus. Effective antiviral compounds are urgently needed. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are a specific class of nitrogen-containing compounds produced by plants of the Amaryllidaceae family with numerous biological activities. Recently, the AA lycorine was shown to present strong antiflaviviral properties. Previously, we demonstrated that Crinum jagus contained lycorine and several alkaloids of the cherylline, crinine, and galanthamine types with unknown antiviral potential. In this study, we explored their biological activities. We show that C. jagus crude alkaloid extract inhibited DENV infection. Among the purified AAs, cherylline efficiently inhibited both DENV (50% effective concentration [EC₅₀], 8.8 μM) and ZIKV replication (EC₅₀, 20.3 μM) but had no effect on HIV-1 infection. Time-of-drug-addition and -removal experiments identified a postentry step as the one targeted by cherylline. Consistently, using subgenomic replicons and replication-defective genomes, we demonstrate that cherylline specifically hinders the viral RNA synthesis step but not viral translation. In conclusion, AAs are an underestimated source of antiflavivirus compounds, including the effective inhibitor cherylline, which could be optimized for new therapeutic approaches.

Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Function of Gynura procumbens Polyphenols Ligand

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of polyphenols contained in Gynura procumbens (GP) extract were systematically analyzed. Polyphenols in GP were analyzed for nine peaks using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS), and quantitatively determined through each standard. A total of nine polyphenolic compounds were identified in the samples and their MS data were tabulated. To determine the potential of bioactive ingredients targeting DPPH and COX-2, we analyzed them by ultrafiltration combined with LC. The results identified the major compounds exhibiting binding affinity for DPPH and COX-2. Caffeic acid, kynurenic acid, and chlorogenic acid showed excellent binding affinity to DPPH and COX-2, suggesting that they can be considered as major active compounds. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effect of GP was confirmed in vitro. This study will not only be used to provide basic data for the application of GP to the food and pharmaceutical industries, but will also provide information on effective screening methods for other medicinal plants.

Advancement in research on the role of the transient receptor potential vanilloid channel in cerebral ischemic injury (Review)

Stroke is a common critical disease occurring in middle-aged and elderly individuals, and is characterized by high morbidity, lethality and mortality. As such, it is of great concern to medical professionals. The aim of the present review was to investigate the effects of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) subtypes during cerebral ischemia in ischemia-reperfusion animal models, oxygen glucose deprivation and in other administration cell models in vitro to explore new avenues for stroke research and clinical treatments. TRPV1, TRPV2 and TRPV4 employ different methodologies by which they confer protection against cerebral ischemic injury. TRPV1 and TRPV4 are likely related to the inhibition of inflammatory reactions, neurotoxicity and cell apoptosis, thus promoting nerve growth and regulation of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+). The mechanisms of neuroprotection of TRPV1 are the JNK pathway, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and therapeutic hypothermia. The mechanisms of neuroprotection of TRPV4 are the PI3K/Akt pathways, NMDA receptor and p38 MAPK pathway, amongst others. The mechanisms by which TRPV2 confers its protective effects are predominantly connected with the regulation of nerve growth factor, MAPK and JNK pathways, as well as JNK-dependent pathways. Thus, TRPVs have the potential for improving outcomes associated with cerebral ischemic or reperfusion injuries. The protection conferred by TRPV1 and TRPV4 is closely related to cellular Ca2+ influx, while TRPV2 has a different target and mode of action, possibly due to its expression sites. However, in light of certain contradictory research conclusions, further experimentation is required to clarify the mechanisms and specific pathways by which TRPVs act to alleviate nerve injuries.

Lycorine, a natural alkaloid, promotes the degradation of alpha-synuclein via PKA-mediated UPS activation in transgenic Parkinson's disease models

BACKGROUND

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative motor disorders, and is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies containing misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) and by selective degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons. Studies have shown that upregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) activity promotes the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins such as α-syn and Tau, so as to alleviate the neuropathology of neurodegenerative diseases.

PURPOSE

To identify and investigate lycorine as a UPS enhancer able to decrease α-syn in transgenic PD models.

METHODS

Dot blot was used to screen α-syn-lowering compounds in an inducible α-syn overexpression cell model. Inducible wild-type (WT) and mutant α-syn-overexpressing PC12 cells, WT α-syn-overexpressing N2a cells and primary cultured neurons from A53T transgenic mice were used to evaluate the effects of lycorine on α-syn degradation in vitro. Heterozygous A53T transgenic mice were used to evaluate the effects of lycorine on α-syn degradation in vivo. mCherry-GFP-LC3 reporter was used to detect autophagy-dependent degradation. Ub-R-GFP and Ub-G76V-GFP reporters were used to detect UPS-dependent degradation. Proteasome activity was detected by fluorogenic substrate Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC (Suc-LLVY-AMC).

RESULTS

Lycorine significantly promoted clearance of over-expressed WT and mutant α-syn in neuronal cell lines and primary cultured neurons. More importantly, 15 days' intraperitoneal administration of lycorine effectively promoted the degradation of α-syn in the brains of A53T transgenic mice. Mechanistically, lycorine accelerated α-syn degradation by activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to promote proteasome activity.

CONCLUSION

Lycorine is a novel α-syn-lowering compound that works through PKA-mediated UPS activation. This ability to lower α-syn implies that lycorine has the potential to be developed as a pharmaceutical for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD, associated with UPS impairment and protein aggregations.

Untargeted GC/MS-based approach for identification of anti-inflammatory alkaloids from Hippeastrum elegans (Amaryllidaceae) using a human neutrophil model

Hippeastrum elegans is an Amaryllidaceae species producing alkaloids with pharmaceutical potential including lycorine and galanthamine. Herein, we developed a non-targeted metabolomic study associated to chemometrics and biological evaluations to identify the H. elegans constituents that were able to reduce the human neutrophils proinflammatory mechanisms. The alkaloid fractions were extracted from bulbs cultivated for 15 months (m) and harvested in six harvest periods (5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 m). The GC-MS analysis allowed the detection of 41 alkaloids being 31 identified. All alkaloid components varied over the cultivation and most of them were lycorine-type skeletons. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) distinguished three groups according to the chemical profile (group I: 5, 7, and 9 m; group II: 11 m and group III: 13 and 15 m). Therefore, the biological assays were only performed with one of the representative samples of each group: 7 m, 11 m and 15 m. None of them was toxic to human neutrophils by LDH activity and MTT test. The 7 m and 15 m-alkaloid fractions showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing human neutrophil degranulation. However, the former one was more effective in inhibiting the cell activation based on the reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Afterwards, Partial Least Squares analysis (PLS) indicated lycorine and 11,12-dehydro-2-methoxy-assoanine as the compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of the bioactive fraction. Thus, the 7 m-alkaloid fraction of H. elegans seems to be a promising anti-inflammatory drug that deserves additional research.

Effects of Various Preextraction Treatments of Crinum asiaticum Leaf on Its Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Chemical Properties

Crinum asiaticum Linn. has been used in Thai traditional medicine to relieve inflammatory symptoms and treat osteoarthritis. There have been reports on its potent anti-inflammatory property but nothing on the effects of different pretreatments on its chemical properties and anti-inflammatory activity. Pretreatment of herbal raw materials is an important step which affects the overall quality of Thai traditional medicine. The objectives of this study were to investigate different treatments of C. asiaticum leaves prior to ethanolic extraction and to compare the extracts for their anti-inflammatory activity and chemical properties. The treatments included hot air drying in an oven, microwave drying, traditional grilling on a charcoal stove before drying in an oven, and temperature shock in hot and cold water before hot air drying. The anti-inflammatory activity and chemical properties of the extracts were analyzed using the established methods. Results showed that 95% ethanolic extract of hot air oven-dried leaves had the highest anti-inflammatory activity and total phenolic and lycorine contents. We recommend hot air drying as a preextraction treatment for C. asiaticum leaves for its simplicity, best retention of the herbal quality, and suitability for scaling up to an industrial process.

Protective Role of Natural Products in Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Focus on Nitric Oxide Pathway

In spite of therapeutic modalities such as surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) remains an incurable fatal disease. This necessitates further therapeutic options that could enhance the efficacy of existing modalities. Nitric Oxide (NO), a short-lived small molecule, has been revealed to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of GBM. Several studies have demonstrated that NO is involved in apoptosis, metastasis, cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and many other processes implicated in GBM pathobiology. Herein, we elaborate on the role of NO as a therapeutic target in GBM and discuss some natural products affecting the NO signaling pathway.

Lycorine hydrochloride suppresses stress-induced premature cellular senescence by stabilizing the genome of human cells

Lycorine, a natural compound isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Lycoris radiata, exhibits multiple pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer effects. Accumulating evidence also indicates that lycorine might hold the potential to treat age-associated Alzheimer's disease. However, whether lycorine is involved in delaying the onset of cellular senescence and its underlying mechanisms has not been determined. Here, we demonstrate that the salt of lycorine, lycorine hydrochloride, significantly suppressed stress-induced premature cellular senescence (SIPS) by ~2-fold, as determined by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and the expression of p16 and p21. In addition, pretreating cells with lycorine hydrochloride significantly inhibited the expression of CXCL1 and IL1α, two factors of the senescence-associated secreted phenotype (SASP) in SIPS cells. Further experiments revealed that lycorine hydrochloride promoted both the homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Mechanistic studies suggested that lycorine hydrochloride treatment promoted the transcription of SIRT1 and SIRT6, critical longevity genes positively regulating both HR and NHEJ repair pathways, thereby stimulating DSB repair and stabilizing genomes. Inhibiting SIRT1 enzymatic activity abrogated the protective effect of lycorine hydrochloride on delaying the onset of SIPS, repairing DSBs, and restoring genome integrity. In summary, our work indicates that lycorine hydrochloride might hold therapeutic potential for treating age-associated diseases or promoting healthy aging by stabilizing genomes.

Location, Location, Location: How Vascular Specialization Influences Hematopoietic Fates During Development

During embryonic development, sequential waves of hematopoiesis give rise to blood-forming cells with diverse lineage potentials and self-renewal properties. This process must accomplish two important yet divergent goals: the rapid generation of differentiated blood cells to meet the needs of the developing embryo and the production of a reservoir of hematopoietic stem cells to provide for life-long hematopoiesis in the adult. Vascular beds in distinct anatomical sites of extraembryonic tissues and the embryo proper provide the necessary conditions to support these divergent objectives, suggesting a critical role for specialized vascular niche cells in regulating disparate blood cell fates during development. In this review, we will examine the current understanding of how organ- and stage-specific vascular niche specialization contributes to the development of the hematopoietic system.

Astilbe Chinensis ethanol extract suppresses inflammation in macrophages via NF-κB pathway

Background

Macrophages play a crucial role in inflammation. Astilbe chinensis is one of perennial herbs belonging to the genus Astilbe. Plants in the genus have been used for pain, headaches, arthralgia, and chronic bronchitis. However, the effect of A.chinensis on inflammation remains unclear. To study the anti-inflammatory action of A.chinensis ethanol extract (ACE), we investigated the effect of ACE on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in macrophages.

Methods

We evaluated the effectiveness of ACE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and thioglycollate (TG)-elicited peritoneal macrophages from male C57BL/6 mice. We measured the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and examined the anti-inflammatory actions of ACE on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway in the macrophages. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to determine protein level and translocation, respectively.

Results

ACE suppressed the output of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), and pro-inflammatory cytokines in stimulated macrophages via inhibiting the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins. ACE suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). We examined the efficacies of ACE on NF-κB activation by measuring the expressions including IκB kinase (IKK), inhibitor of κB (IκB), and nuclear p65 proteins. In addition, the inhibition of NF-κB p65’s translocation was determined with immunofluorescence assay.

Conclusion

Our findings manifested that ACE inhibited LPS or TG-induced inflammation by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages. It indicated that ACE is a potential therapeutic mean for inflammation and related diseases.

Tetramethylpyrazine Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Sepsis in Rats via Protecting Blood-Brain Barrier, Impairing Inflammation and Nitrous Oxide Systems

The aim of this study was to assess the underlying impact of Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), which is the main activity compound of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, on the blood–brain barrier, inflammatory and nitrous oxide systems in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. The SD rats were divided into control group, LPS treatment group, and LPS + TMP treatment group. TMP administered by tail vein injection. The mortality of experimental rats was recorded during the experiment. Rats were sacrificed after 14 days. Peripheral blood was collected and the expression levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were detected by ELISA. The integrity of blood-brain barrier was detected by sodium fluorescein staining. Lung and brain tissues were taken to detect the infiltration of immune cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of tight junctions related proteins and oxidative stress-related proteins. The results showed that TMP treatment for 14 days significantly decreased the weight loss and increased the survival rate of the septic rats significantly. TMP decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and alleviated the sepsis-induced damage in both the lung and brain tissues. The inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, were significantly decreased post-TMP treatment. Histopathological analysis with sodium fluorescein staining density showed that TMP had a protective effect on the basal lamina and cerebral cortex. Also, TMP significantly increased expression of the tight junction-related proteins claudin-5 and occludin in the brain tissue and increased the expression of the ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 genes, indicating alleviated the degree of blood–brain barrier destruction. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoblotting confirmed that TMP could inhibit the indicators of the nitrous oxide system, iNOS and eNOS; in addition, TMP significantly decreased the levels of MDA and NO. The findings showed that TMP treatment during sepsis was associated with the protection of the blood–brain barrier and the suppression of inflammatory reactions and the nitrous oxide system. This study reveals a promising protective role of TMP in septic encephalopathy and may suggest a therapeutic approach for fighting the deadly disease of sepsis in the clinic.

The Effects of Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Baker Seeds on Neuroprotection and Antineuroinflammation in Neuronal Cell Lines

Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Baker is a Korean herbal medicine that is traditionally prescribed for reducing fever and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated if the ethanol extract of C. asiaticum seeds (ECAS) influences the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. ECAS markedly inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Concurrent treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ECAS significantly prevented the neuronal cell death by regulating phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. ECAS revealed antineuroinflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide production and suppressing inducible nitric oxide expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Furthermore, the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis determined lycorine as a standard compound of ECAS. Our data suggest that ECAS has inhibitory effects on AD pathogenesis such as AChE activation, neuronal damage, and neuroinflammation.

NOTCH3 signaling is essential for NF-κB activation in TLR-activated macrophages

Macrophage activation by Toll receptors is an essential event in the development of the response against pathogens. NOTCH signaling pathway is involved in the control of macrophage activation and the inflammatory processes. In this work, we have characterized NOTCH signaling in macrophages activated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering and determined that DLL1 and DLL4 are the main ligands responsible for NOTCH signaling. We have identified ADAM10 as the main protease implicated in NOTCH processing and activation. We have also observed that furin, which processes NOTCH receptors, is induced by TLR signaling in a NOTCH-dependent manner. NOTCH3 is the only NOTCH receptor expressed in resting macrophages. Its expression increased rapidly in the first hours after TLR4 activation, followed by a gradual decrease, which was coincident with an elevation of the expression of the other NOTCH receptors. All NOTCH1, 2 and 3 contribute to the increased NOTCH signaling detected in activated macrophages. We also observed a crosstalk between NOTCH3 and NOTCH1 during macrophage activation. Finally, our results highlight the relevance of NOTCH3 in the activation of NF-κB, increasing p65 phosphorylation by p38 MAP kinase. Our data identify, for the first time, NOTCH3 as a relevant player in the control of inflammation.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential of Hippeastrum psittacinum (Ker Gawl.) herb (Amaryllidaceae)

Hippeastrum psittacinum, Amaryllidaceae, is used in traditional medicine as a purgative, aphrodisiac, and anticough remedy. The ethanol extract (EE) and alkaloid-rich fractions (ARF) from H. psittacinum bulbs were evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The EE cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 cells, and the neuroprotective and genotoxic activities in SH-SY5Y cells, were also estimated. Fifteen alkaloids were identified in the EE by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ARFs were less active for AChE inhibition than EE. The viability of both cell lines was higher than 70% with EE concentrations below 25 μg/mL. The EE decreased nitrite release in RAW cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, showing values of 83, 67, and 53% at 6.25, 12.5, and 25 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the EE partially protected SH-SY5Y cells from hydrogen peroxide-mediated deleterious effects by approximately 50% at the same concentrations. The micronucleus assays showed that the extract caused chromosomal missegregation at concentrations above 12.5 μg/mL. The in silico analyses showed that some alkaloids presented properties of permeation of the blood-brain barrier and the intestine. Our findings present new evidence of the potential of H. psittacinum potential as an AChE inhibitor, as well as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent.

Lycorine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through the HMGB1/TLRs/NF-κB pathway

Lung injury associated with systemic inflammatory response is a common problem affecting human health. Previous studies have shown that lycorine exerts a anti-inflammatory effect. However, whether lycorine alleviates lung injury remains unclear. To explore this issue, BALB/c mice and MLE-12 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish lung injury mouse model and cell model, respectively. Glycyrrhizic acid, known as an inhibitor of ALI, was also used to study the effects of lycorine in vitro. Our results showed that after LPS treatment, the lung injury score, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in the lung tissues and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly increased, whereas their levels were decreased by lycorine. Additionally, LPS injection activated the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/Toll-like receptors (TLRs)/NF-κB pathway. However, lycorine treatment attenuated the activity of the HMGB1/TLRs/NF-κB pathway in the lung tissues. In vitro studies showed that lycorine administration significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines and MDA and attenuated the activity of the HMGB1/TLRs/NF-κB pathway in LPS-treated cells. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of lycorine on the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in LPS-treated lung cells were similar with that of glycyrrhizic acid, and this inhibition was intensified by both lycorine and glycyrrhizic acid treatment. We suggest that lycorine could alleviate LPS-induced lung injury of inflammation and oxidative stress by blocking the HMGB1/TLRs/NF-κB pathway, which gives a new perspective for ALI therapy to treat lycorine as a potential treatment clinically.

Natural Compound Library Screening Identifies New Molecules for the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Myocardial fibrosis is a hallmark of cardiac remodeling and functionally involved in heart failure development, a leading cause of deaths worldwide. Clinically, no therapeutic strategy is available that specifically attenuates maladaptive responses of cardiac fibroblasts, the effector cells of fibrosis in the heart. Therefore, our aim was to develop novel antifibrotic therapeutics based on naturally derived substance library screens for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.

METHODS

Antifibrotic drug candidates were identified by functional screening of 480 chemically diverse natural compounds in primary human cardiac fibroblasts, subsequent validation, and mechanistic in vitro and in vivo studies. Hits were analyzed for dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of human cardiac fibroblasts, modulation of apoptosis, and extracellular matrix expression. In vitro findings were confirmed in vivo with an angiotensin II-mediated murine model of cardiac fibrosis in both preventive and therapeutic settings, as well as in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat model. To investigate the mechanism underlying the antifibrotic potential of the lead compounds, treatment-dependent changes in the noncoding RNAome in primary human cardiac fibroblasts were analyzed by RNA deep sequencing.

RESULTS

High-throughput natural compound library screening identified 15 substances with antiproliferative effects in human cardiac fibroblasts. Using multiple in vitro fibrosis assays and stringent selection algorithms, we identified the steroid bufalin (from Chinese toad venom) and the alkaloid lycorine (from Amaryllidaceae species) to be effective antifibrotic molecules both in vitro and in vivo, leading to improvement in diastolic function in 2 hypertension-dependent rodent models of cardiac fibrosis. Administration at effective doses did not change plasma damage markers or the morphology of kidney and liver, providing the first toxicological safety data. Using next-generation sequencing, we identified the conserved microRNA 671-5p and downstream the antifibrotic selenoprotein P1 as common effectors of the antifibrotic compounds.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified the molecules bufalin and lycorine as drug candidates for therapeutic applications in cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction.

Lycorine Attenuates Autophagy in Osteoclasts via an Axis of mROS/TRPML1/TFEB to Reduce LPS-Induced Bone Loss

Lycorine, a plant alkaloid, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by acting in macrophages that share precursor cells with osteoclasts (OCs). We hypothesized that lycorine might decrease bone loss by acting in OCs after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, since OCs play a main role in LPS-induced bone loss. Microcomputerized tomography (μCT) analysis revealed that lycorine attenuated LPS-induced bone loss in mice. In vivo tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining showed that increased surface area and number of OCs in LPS-treated mice were also decreased by lycorine treatment, suggesting that OCs are responsible for the bone-sparing effect of lycorine. In vitro, the increased number and activity of OCs induced by LPS were reduced by lycorine. Lycorine also decreased LPS-induced autophagy in OCs by evaluation of decreased lipidated form of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3) (LC3II) and increased sequestosome 1 (p62). Lycorine attenuated oxidized transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily (TRPML1) by reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and decreased transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear translocation. Lycorine reduced the number and activity of OCs by decreasing autophagy in OCs via an axis of mROS/TRPML1/TFEB. Collectively, lycorine protected against LPS-induced bone loss by acting in OCs. Our data highlight the therapeutic potential of lycorine for protection against inflammatory bone loss.

Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic analysis of lycorine treatment in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection

Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses (HPAIV) cause rapid systemic illness and death in susceptible animals, leading to a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Although vaccines and drugs are the best solution to prevent this threat, a more effective treatment for H5 strains of influenza has yet to be developed. Therefore, the development of therapeutics/drugs that combat H5N1 influenza virus infection is becoming increasingly important. Lycorine, the major component of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, exhibits better protective effects against A/CK/GD/178/04 (H5N1) (GD178) viruses than the commercial neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir in our prior study. Lycorine demonstrates outstanding antiviral activity because of its inhibitory activity against the export of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) from the nucleus. However, how lycorine affects the proteome of AIV infected cells is unknown. Therefore, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis to identify changes in protein expression in AIV-infected Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells treated with lycorine. Three groups were designed: mock infection group (M), virus infection group (V), and virus infection and lycorine-treated after virus infection group (L). The multiplexed tandem mass tag (TMT) approach was employed to analyze protein level in this study. In total, 5,786 proteins were identified from the three groups of cells by using TMT proteomic analysis. In the V/M group, 1,101 proteins were identified, of which 340 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were determined during HPAIV infection; among the 1,059 proteins identified from the lycorine-treated group, 258 proteins presented significant change. Here, 71 proteins showed significant upregulation or downregulation of expression in the virus-infected/mock and virus-infected/lycorine-treated comparisons, and the proteins in each fraction were functionally classified further. Interestingly, lycorine treatment decreased the levels of the nuclear pore complex protein 93 (Nup93, E2RSV7), which is associated with nuclear–cytoplasmic transport. In addition, Western blot experiments confirmed that the expression of Nup93 was significantly downregulated in lycorine treatment but induced after viral infection. Our results may provide new insights into how lycorine may trap vRNPs in the nucleus and suggest new potential therapeutic targets for influenza virus.

Lycorine Derivative LY-55 Inhibits EV71 and CVA16 Replication Through Downregulating Autophagy

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a global health concern, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. HFMD caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) infection is usually self-limited but occasionally leads to severe pulmonary edema, neurological complications, and even death. Unfortunately, no effective drugs are currently available in clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of HFMD. Thus, anti-HFMD drugs must be urgently developed. A previous study had reported that lycorine could inhibit EV71 replication. In the present study, we found that LY-55, a lycorine derivative, inhibited the replication of EV71 and CVA16 in vitro and provided partial protection to mice from EV71 infection, as indicated by the decreased viral load and protein expression levels in muscles, clinical scores, and increased survival rates of infected mice. Mechanistically, LY-55 was not directly viricidal. Instead, the LY-55-mediated inhibition of EV71 and CVA16 was found to be mechanistically possible, at least in part, through downregulating autophagy, which plays an important role for EV71 and CVA16 replication. These findings suggest that LY-55 could be a potential lead or supplement for the development of anti-HFMD agents in the future.

Discovery and characterisation of lycorine-type alkaloids in Lycoris spp. (Amaryllidaceae) using UHPLC-QTOF-MS

INTRODUCTION

Lycorine, one of the most common alkaloids in Lycoris spp., is believed to possess pharmacological activity.

OBJECTIVE

To discover and identify lycorine-type alkaloids in the crude extracts of bulbs from six Lycoris spp. by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) detection.

METHODOLOGY

A qualitative analytical method with a data mining strategy was utilised. Based on the fragmentation patterns of standards investigated in positive tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) mode, the fragmentation rules of lycorine-type alkaloids were summarised. These types of alkaloids were additionally classified as different subtypes based on structural features and MS/MS fragmentation patterns, and the diagnostic ions for characterisation of different subtypes of alkaloids were designated.

RESULTS

Thirty-seven lycorine type alkaloids, including 16 previously undescribed compounds, were efficiently screened out and tentatively identified from the crude extracts of six Lycoris spp. Lycoris sprengri may be a preferable species for studying or extracting lycorine-type alkaloids because of elevated relative concentrations and highest diversity of alkaloids.

CONCLUSION

The UHPLC-QTOF-MS and MS/MS data-mining strategy proved useful for the detection and tentative identification of lycorine-type alkaloids in bulbs of Lycoris spp. and could be extended to other Amaryllidaceae genera. The consequent profiling of the lycorine-type alkaloids will be useful in the quality control of raw materials of Lycoris species and the exploration of superior species.

Identification of narciclasine from Lycoris radiata (L'Her.) Herb. and its inhibitory effect on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages

Lycoris radiata (L'Her.) Herb. (L. radiata) was traditionally used as a folk medicine in China for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, the specific component responsible for its considerable toxicity remained unclear thus restricting its clinical trials. Narciclasine (NCS) was isolated from L. radiata and treatment of NCS for 72 h exhibited significant antiproliferative effects against L02, Hep G2, HT-29 and RAW264.7 cells. However, what needs to be emphasized is that at safe working concentrations of 0.001-0.016 μM, administration of NCS for 24 h inhibited the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-ɑ), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages thereby suppressing production of nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, TNF-ɑ and IL-1β. NCS supplementation also inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation by suppressing NF-κB P65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, IκBɑ degradation and phosphorylation, and IκKɑ/β phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and P38, and expression of COX-2 was also attenuated by NCS. These results suggested that NCS might exert anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways even at very low doses.

Anti‑inflammatory effects of 6‑formyl umbelliferone via the NF‑κB and ERK/MAPK pathway on LPS‑stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

Inhibition of over‑activated inflammation has been demonstrated as one of the most efficient strategies for treating inflammatory diseases. In the present study, 6‑formyl umbelliferone (6FU) was used to evaluate its anti‑inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 6FU inhibited chronic inflammatory processes, including increasing nitric oxide levels, and the expression of pro‑inflammatory genes and producing cytokines was investigated by a nitrite assay and reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Nitric oxide and pro‑inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑6 were decreased by treatment with 6FU, without cell cytotoxicity in LPS‑stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, which was measured by a WST‑1 assay. In the western blot analysis, the expression levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 was downregulated in 6FU‑treated cells. Furthermore, in the western blotting and immunofluorescence staining results, translocation activities of ERK1/2 and NF‑κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus were suppressed, which may inhibit translation of numerous proteins associated with pro‑inflammation, including inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‑2. Therefore, based on these results, it was suggested that 6FU may be a potential candidate for the development of agents against chronic inflammation.

Lycorine inhibits melanoma A375 cell growth and metastasis through the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Malignant melanoma, one of the most aggressive skin cancers, has a very high mortality rate. Currently, the number of drugs to treat melanoma is low. Although new immunotherapeutic approaches based on the use of antibodies against immune checkpoints have shown long term responses, it is urgent to develop novel anti-melanoma drugs with a high efficiency and a low toxicity in a large number of patients. Lycorine, a natural product, has been reported to exert antitumor effects on some cancers. However, the impact of lycorine on melanoma cells is still unknown. Using the CCK8 assay, we found that lycorine can suppress the proliferation of melanoma A375 cells in a dose-time-dependent manner. Moreover, a transwell assay showed that lycorine inhibited the migration and invasion of A375 cells significantly. Further, lycorine treatment could induce the apoptosis of the A375 cells. Biochemical analyses showed that the expression level of the anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 protein decreased, while the expression of the pro-apoptosis protein Bax and active caspase-3 increased after lycorine treatment. Finally, using western blot assay, we found that the antitumor effects of lycorine on A375 cells might be through the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Based on these observations, we suggest that lycorine may be an interesting candidate for further studies on its ability to represent a novel antitumor drug for human melanoma treatment in the future.

Lycorine: A prospective natural lead for anticancer drug discovery

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Outline of the anticancer properties and associated molecular mechanism mediated by lycorine.

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Comprehensive analysis of the structure activity relationship associated with anticancer activity of lycorine.

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Summary of the pharmacological aspects and implications for future directions with this compound.

Nature is the most abundant source for novel drug discovery. Lycorine is a natural alkaloid with immense therapeutic potential. Lycorine is active in a very low concentration and with high specificity against a number of cancers both in vivo and in vitro and against various drug-resistant cancer cells. This review summarized the therapeutic effect and the anticancer mechanisms of lycorine. At the same time, we have discussed the pharmacology and comparative structure-activity relationship for the anticancer activity of this compound. The researches outlined in this paper serve as a foundation to explain lycorine as an important lead compound for new generation anticancer drug design and provide the principle for the development of biological strategies to utilize lycorine in the treatment of cancers.

Suppression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Mediators in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Stem Extract of Alternanthera sessilis via the Inhibition of the NF-κB Pathway

Alternanthera sessilis, an edible succulent herb, has been widely used as herbal drug in many regions around the globe. Inflammation is a natural process of the innate immune system, accompanied with the increase in the level of proinflammatory mediators, for example, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PGE2); cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); and enzymes including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via the activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) subunit p65 due to the phosphorylation of inhibitory protein, IκBα. Inflammation over a short period of time is essential for its therapeutic effect. However, prolonged inflammation can be detrimental as it is related to many chronic diseases such as delayed wound healing, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, ways to curb chronic inflammation have been extensively investigated. In line with that, in this present study, we attempted to study the suppression activity of the proinflammatory cytokines and mediators as a characteristic of anti-inflammatory action, by using stem extract of A. sessilis in the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The results showed that the extract has significantly inhibited the production of the proinflammatory mediators including NO and PGE2; cytokines comprising IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα; and enzymes covering the iNOS and COX-2 by preventing the IκBα from being degraded, to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit p65 in order to hinder the inflammatory pathway activation. These results indicated that the stem extract of A. sessilis could be an effective candidate for ameliorating inflammatory-associated complications.

All-Trans Retinoic Acid Ameliorates the Early Experimental Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Inhibiting the Loss of the Blood-Brain Barrier via the JNK/P38MAPK Signaling Pathway

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) influences the outcomes of cerebral ischemic reperfusion (CIR) injury, but the mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ATRA on loss of the blood brain barrier (BBB) following CIR and to explore the possible mechanisms. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed on male SD rats to construct an in vivo CIR model. Neurological deficits, BBB permeability, brain edema, MRI and JNK/P38 MAPK proteins were detected at 24 h following CIR. We demonstrated that ATRA pretreatment could alleviate CIR-induced neurological deficits, increase of BBB permeability, infarct volume, degradation of tight junction proteins, inhibit MMP-9 protein expression and activity. ATRA treatment also reduced the p-P38 and p-JNK protein level. However the protective effect of ATRA on CIR could be reversed by administration of retinoic acid alpha receptor antagonist Ro41-5253. SP600125 and SB203580, which is the JNK/P38 pathway inhibitors has the same protective effect as ATRA. These results indicated that ATRA may inhibit the JNK/P38 MAPK pathway to alleviate BBB disruption and improve CIR outcomes.