1
|
Luan J, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Li C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Peng X, Zhao G, Lin J. The Role of LC3-Associated Phagocytosis Inhibits the Inflammatory Response in Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:4. [PMID: 38953845 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.8.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP) in the immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. Methods The formation of single-membrane phagosomes was visualized in the corneas of healthy or A. fumigatus-infected humans and C57BL/6 mice using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rubicon siRNA (si-Rubicon) was used to block Rubicon expression. RAW 264.7 cells or mice corneas were infected with A. fumigatus with or without pretreatment of si-Rubicon and scrambled siRNA. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with Dectin-1 antibody or Dectin-1 overexpressed plasmid and then stimulated with A. fumigatus. Flow cytometry was used to label macrophages in normal and infected corneas of mice. In mice with A. fumigatus keratitis, the severity of the disease was assessed using clinical scores. We used lentiviral technology to transfer GV348-Ubi-GFP-LC3-II-SV40-Puro Lentivirus into the mouse cornea. The GFP-LC3 fusion protein was visualized in corneal slices using a fluorescence microscope. We detected the mRNA and protein expressions of the inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA. We detected the expression of LAP-related proteins Rubicon, ATG-7, Beclin-1, and LC3-II using Western blot or immunofluorescence. Results Accumulation of single-membrane phagosomes within macrophages was observed in the corneas of patients and mice with A. fumigatus keratitis using TEM. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis results show that the number of macrophages in the cornea of mice significantly increases after infection with A. fumigatus. LAP-related proteins were significantly elevated in the corneas of mice and RAW 264.7 cells after infection with A. fumigatus. The si-Rubicon treatment elevated the clinical score of mice. In A. fumigatus keratitis mice, the si-Rubicon treated group showed significantly higher expression of IL-6 and IL-1β and lower expression of IL-10 and LC3-II compared to the control group. In RAW 264.7 cells, treatment with the Dectin-1 overexpressed plasmid upregulated the expression of LAP-related proteins, a process that was significantly inhibited by the Dectin-1 antibody. Conclusions LAP participates in the anti-inflammatory immune process of fungal keratitis (FK) and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. LAP is regulated through the Dectin-1 signaling pathway in A. fumigatus keratitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu W, Tian X, Gu L, Yu B, Wang Z, Chi M, Lin J, Wang Q, Liu G, Zhao G, Cui Li. Oxymatrine mitigates Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by suppressing fungal activity and restricting pyroptosis. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109830. [PMID: 38364932 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory keratitis caused by excessive inflammation and fungal damage. Excessive inflammation can lead to tissue damage and corneal opacity, resulting in a poor prognosis for FK. Oxymatrine (OMT) is a natural alkaloid, which has rich pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammation. However, its antifungal activity and the mechanism of action in FK have not been elucidated. This study confirmed that OMT suppressed Aspergillus fumigatus growth, biofilm formation, the integrity of fungal cell and conidial adherence. OMT not only effectively reduced corneal fungal load but also inflammation responses. OMT lessened the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages in FK. In addition, OMT up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and down-regulated the expression of IL-18, IL-1β, caspase-1, NLRP3 and GSDMD. Pre-treatment with Nrf2 inhibitor up-regulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1, NLRP3 and GSDMD supressed by OMT. In conclusion, OMT has efficient anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects by suppressing fungal activity and restricting pyroptosis via Nrf2 pathway. OMT is considered as a potential option for the treatment of FK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lingwen Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Menghui Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guibo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dobó J, Kocsis A, Farkas B, Demeter F, Cervenak L, Gál P. The Lectin Pathway of the Complement System-Activation, Regulation, Disease Connections and Interplay with Other (Proteolytic) Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1566. [PMID: 38338844 PMCID: PMC10855846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is the other major proteolytic cascade in the blood of vertebrates besides the coagulation-fibrinolytic system. Among the three main activation routes of complement, the lectin pathway (LP) has been discovered the latest, and it is still the subject of intense research. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), other collectins, and ficolins are collectively termed as the pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) of the LP, and they are responsible for targeting LP activation to molecular patterns, e.g., on bacteria. MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are the effectors, while MBL-associated proteins (MAps) have regulatory functions. Two serine protease components, MASP-1 and MASP-2, trigger the LP activation, while the third component, MASP-3, is involved in the function of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement. Besides their functions within the complement system, certain LP components have secondary ("moonlighting") functions, e.g., in embryonic development. They also contribute to blood coagulation, and some might have tumor suppressing roles. Uncontrolled complement activation can contribute to the progression of many diseases (e.g., stroke, kidney diseases, thrombotic complications, and COVID-19). In most cases, the lectin pathway has also been implicated. In this review, we summarize the history of the lectin pathway, introduce their components, describe its activation and regulation, its roles within the complement cascade, its connections to blood coagulation, and its direct cellular effects. Special emphasis is placed on disease connections and the non-canonical functions of LP components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- József Dobó
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (A.K.); (B.F.)
| | - Andrea Kocsis
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (A.K.); (B.F.)
| | - Bence Farkas
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (A.K.); (B.F.)
| | - Flóra Demeter
- Cell Biology and Cell Therapy Group, Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.D.); (L.C.)
| | - László Cervenak
- Cell Biology and Cell Therapy Group, Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (F.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (J.D.); (A.K.); (B.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dellière S, Aimanianda V. Humoral Immunity Against Aspergillus fumigatus. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:603-621. [PMID: 37289362 PMCID: PMC10249576 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is one the most ubiquitous airborne opportunistic human fungal pathogens. Understanding its interaction with host immune system, composed of cellular and humoral arm, is essential to explain the pathobiology of aspergillosis disease spectrum. While cellular immunity has been well studied, humoral immunity has been poorly acknowledge, although it plays a crucial role in bridging the fungus and immune cells. In this review, we have summarized available data on major players of humoral immunity against A. fumigatus and discussed how they may help to identify at-risk individuals, be used as diagnostic tools or promote alternative therapeutic strategies. Remaining challenges are highlighted and leads are given to guide future research to better grasp the complexity of humoral immune interaction with A. fumigatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dellière
- Institut Pasteur, Immunobiology of Aspergillus, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France.
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Institut Pasteur, Immunobiology of Aspergillus, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Xu X. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Combination Therapy for Colorectal Cancer: An Overview. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:1527-1540. [PMID: 37131870 PMCID: PMC10149070 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s408349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common diseases in the world. Tumor immunotherapy is an innovative cancer treatment that acts by activating the human body's autoimmune system. Immune checkpoint block has been shown to be effective in DNA deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high CRC. However, the therapeutic effect for proficient mismatch repair/microsatellite stability patients still requires further study and optimization. At present, the main CRC strategy is to combine other therapeutic methods, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy. Here, we review the current status and the latest progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of CRC. At the same time, we consider therapeutic opportunities for transforming cold to hot, as well as perspectives on possible future therapies, which may be in great demand for drug-resistant patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xuanfu Xu, Department of Gastroenterology, Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-021-25066666, Email
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luan S, Peng X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhan L, Yin J, Luan J, Ji X, Zhao G. Gallic Acid Ameliorates Aspergillus Fumigatus Keratitis Through Reducing Fungal Load and Suppressing the Inflammatory Response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:12. [PMID: 36350620 PMCID: PMC9652715 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of gallic acid (GA) on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. Methods CCK-8 assay and Draize eye test were used to determine the non-cytotoxic concentration of GA in RAW264.7 cells and an A. fumigatus keratitis mouse model. The antifungal effects of GA were analyzed using minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), biofilm formation test, fungal adherence assay, calcofluor white staining, and propidium iodide staining. The therapeutic effects of GA were estimated by slit lamp photographs, clinical score, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and Periodic acid-Schiff staining in vivo. Immunofluorescence staining and myeloperoxidase assay were conducted to identify neutrophil infiltration and activity. RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot were performed to detect the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Nrf2/HO-1. Results In HCECs and A. fumigatus keratitis mouse model, GA at 100 µg/mL did not affect cell viability, thus this concentration was applied to subsequent experiments. In vitro, GA significantly inhibited A. fumigatus growth, biofilm formation, and adhesion. In vivo, 100 µg/mL GA alleviated the severity of fungal keratitis (FK) by repressing fungal load, reducing neutrophil infiltration, and lowering MPO activity. Besides, the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, LOX-1, and COX-2 was inhibited, whereas Nrf2 and HO-1 expression was enhanced at both mRNA and protein levels in the 100 µg/mL GA treated group in comparison to PBS control. Conclusions GA ameliorates FK severity through inhibiting A. fumigatus load, reducing neutrophils infiltration, downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhancing the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which provides new insight into A. fumigatus keratitis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songying Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiao Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junjie Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Manieri TM, Takata DY, Targino RC, Quintilio W, Batalha-Carvalho JV, da Silva CML, Moro AM. Characterization of Neutralizing Human Anti-Tetanus Monoclonal Antibodies Produced by Stable Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1985. [PMID: 36297421 PMCID: PMC9611486 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetanus toxin (TeNT) is produced by C. tetani, a spore-forming bacillus broadly spread in the environment. Although an inexpensive and safe vaccine is available, tetanus persists because of a lack of booster shots and variable responses to vaccines due to immunocompromised status or age-decreased immune surveillance. Tetanus is most prevalent in low- and medium-income countries, where it remains a health problem. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can prevent the severity of illness and death caused by C. tetani infection. We identified a panel of mAbs that bind to TeNT, some of which were investigated in a preclinical assay, showing that a trio of mAbs that bind to different sites of TeNT can neutralize the toxin and prevent symptoms and death in mice. We also identified two mAbs that can impair the binding of TeNT to the GT1b ganglioside receptor in neurons. In this work, to generate a series of cell lines, we constructed vectors containing sequences encoding heavy and light constant regions that can receive the paired variable regions resulting from PCRs of human B cells. In this way, we generated stable cell lines for five mAbs and compared and characterized the antibody produced in large quantities, enabling the characterization experiments. We present the results regarding the cell growth and viability in a fed-batch culture, titer measurement, and specific productivity estimation. The affinity of purified mAbs was analyzed by kinetics and under steady-state conditions, as three mAbs could not dissociate from TeNT within 36,000 s. The binding of mAbs to TeNT was confirmed by ELISA and inhibition of toxin binding to GT1b. The use of the mAbs mixture confirmed the individual mAb contribution to inhibition. We also analyzed the binding of mAbs to FcγR by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and the glycan composition. Molecular docking analyses showed the binding site of an anti-tetanus mAb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maria Manieri
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Yumi Takata
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Quintilio
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - João Victor Batalha-Carvalho
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Moro
- Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- Center for Research and Development in Immunobiologicals (CeRDI), Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology (INCT/iii), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luan J, Peng X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Tian X, Zhan L, Zhao G. The therapeutic potential of chondroitin sulfate in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Mol Immunol 2022; 147:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
9
|
Ji X, Peng X, Long X, Zhang Y, Lin J, Yin J, Zhang R, Zhao G. Laccase-mediated functionalization of natamycin by gallic acids for the therapeutic effect on Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175041. [PMID: 35597265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To improve the therapeutic effect of natamycin on fungal keratitis (FK), the grafted derivatives of natamycin and gallic acid were obtained, and the effects of the grafted derivatives on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis were investigated. The structure of natamycin grafted with gallic acid was identified by FT-IR and UV-Vis, and the successful synthesis of Gallic-Natamycin (GA-NAT) was proved. CCK-8 and the Draize eye test showed that GA-NAT had less cytotoxicity. Then, through in vitro antibacterial experiments such as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), adhesion, biofilm formation, and calcium fluorescence staining and in vivo experiments such as clinical score and plate counting, the results showed that GA-NAT had similar antifungal activity to natamycin, but had a better therapeutic effect than natamycin. Myeloperoxidase assay and immunofluorescence staining also showed that GA-NAT significantly inhibited neutrophil recruitment and activity. Moreover, It was further found that GA-NAT could inhibit the mRNA and protein expressions of LOX-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β. These results indicated that GA-NAT inhibited the fungal growth, reduced the neutrophil infiltration into cornea, and down-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors in lesions, which provides a new choice for FK treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266000, China.
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266000, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Xiaojing Long
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China.
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 40201, USA.
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266000, China.
| | - Jiao Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266000, China.
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266000, China.
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lima CN, Oliveira WF, Silva PMM, Filho PEC, Juul-Madsen K, Moura P, Vorup-Jensen T, Fontes A. Mannose-binding lectin conjugated to quantum dots as fluorescent nanotools for carbohydrate tracing. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35145049 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac4e72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have stood out as nanotools for glycobiology due to their photostability and ability to be combined with lectins. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is involved in the innate immune system and plays important roles in the activation of the complement cascade, opsonization, and elimination of apoptotic and microbial cells. Herein, adsorption and covalent coupling strategies were evaluated to conjugate QDs to a recombinant human MBL (rhMBL). The most efficient nanoprobe was selected by evaluating the conjugate ability to labelCandida albicansyeasts by flow cytometry. The QDs-rhMBL conjugate obtained by adsorption at pH 6.0 was the most efficient, labelingca.100% of cells with the highest median fluorescence intensity. The conjugation was also supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and size analyses.C. albicanslabeling was calcium-dependent; 12% and <1% of cells were labeled in buffers without calcium and containing EDTA, respectively. The conjugate promoted specific labeling (based on cluster effect) since, after inhibition with mannan, there was a reduction of 80% in cell labeling, which did not occur with methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside monosaccharide. Conjugates maintained colloidal stability, bright fluorescence, and biological activity for at least 8 months. Therefore, QDs-rhMBL conjugates are promising nanotools to elucidate the roles of MBL in biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carinna N Lima
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Weslley F Oliveira
- Departament of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paloma M M Silva
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Cabral Filho
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Kristian Juul-Madsen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Patrícia Moura
- Biological Science Institute, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The role of Glabridin in antifungal and anti-inflammation effects in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 214:108883. [PMID: 34896107 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of Glabridin (GLD) in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis and its associated mechanisms. METHODS Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) conidia was inoculated in 96-well plate, and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm formation ability were evaluated after GLD treatment. Spore adhesion ability was evaluated in conidia infected human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Keratitis mouse model was created by corneal intrastromal injection with A. fumigatus conidia, and GLD treatment started at the day after infection. The number of fungal colonies was calculated by plate count, and degree of corneal inflammation was assessed by clinical score. Flow cytometry, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and immunofluorescence staining (IFS) experiments were used to assess neutrophil infiltrations. PCR, ELISA and Western blot were conducted to determine levels of TLR4, Dectin-1 as well as downstream inflammatory factors. RESULTS GLD treatment suppressed the proliferation, biofilm formation abilities and adhesive capability of A. fumigatus. In mice upon A. fumigatus infection, treatment of GLD showed significantly decreased severity of corneal inflammation, reduced number of A. fumigatus in cornea, and suppressed neutrophil infiltration in cornea. GLD treatment obviously inhibited mRNA and protein levels of Dectin-1, TLR4 and proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, HMGB1, and TNF-α in mice corneas compared to the control group. CONCLUSION GLD has antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects in fungal keratitis through suppressing A. fumigatus proliferation and alleviating neutrophil infiltration, and repressing the expression of TLR4, Dectin-1 and proinflammatory mediators.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang R, Peng X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhan L, Tian X, Yin J, Zhao G. The Role of SREC-Ⅰ in Innate Immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:12. [PMID: 34236384 PMCID: PMC8267217 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the role of scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cell-1 (SREC-Ⅰ) in vitro and in a mouse model of Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Methods SREC-Ⅰ mRNA and protein expression were tested in both normal and A fumigatus stimulated human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Immunofluorescence was used to detect SREC-Ⅰ expression in human corneas with or without A fumigatus infection. HCECs were incubated with SREC-Ⅰ small interfering RNA, then the mRNA levels of LOX-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α were detected after A fumigatus stimulation. A mouse fungal keratitis (FK) model was established and SREC-Ⅰ mRNA and protein expression were detected by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. The severity of FK was evaluated by clinical score. CLCX1, LOX-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA expression levels were tested before and after anti-SREC-Ⅰ treatment. Results SREC-Ⅰ expressed in normal and A fumigatus treated HCECs and human corneal epithelium. In vitro experiment showed that SREC-Ⅰ mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased after A fumigatus stimulation. SREC-Ⅰ small interfering RNA treatment inhibited the expressions of LOX-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α in HCECs. The expressions of CLCX1, LOX-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α were elevated in mice with A fumigatus keratitis, which could be decreased by SREC-Ⅰ-neutralizing antibody treatment. Conclusions SREC-Ⅰ is a key mediator in inflammatory response induced by A fumigatus keratitis. SREC-Ⅰ blockade could be a potential therapeutic approach for FK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiao Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lipoxin A4 activates ALX/FPR2 to attenuate inflammation in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107785. [PMID: 34162149 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the anti-inflammatory effect of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS In A. fumigatus keratitis mouse models, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the level of LXA4. Clinical scores were utilized to evaluate fungal keratitis (FK) severity. Fungal load was assessed by plate count. Immunofluorescence staining, HE staining and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays were carried out to evaluate the neutrophil infiltration and activity. In A. fumigatus infected mouse corneas and inactivated A. fumigatus-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and ELISA were applied to assess the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and anti-inflammatory factors.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining in RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS LXA4 level was significantly increased in mice with A. fumigatus keratitis. In an A. fumigatus keratitis mouse model, LXA4 treatment alleviated FK severity, reduced fungal load and repressed neutrophil infiltration and activity. Additionally, LXA4 inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TLR-2, TLR-4, Dectin-1 and iNOS, and promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and Arg-1. In RAW264.7 cells, LXA4 receptor/formyl peptide receptor 2 (ALX/FPR2) blockade reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of LXA4. LXA4 suppressed inactivated A. fumigatus induced elevated ROS production in RAW264.7 cells, which was abrogated by ALX/FPR2 antagonist Boc-2. CONCLUSION LXA4 ameliorated inflammatory response by suppressing neutrophil infiltration, downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and ROS production through ALX/FPR2 receptor in A. fumigatus keratitis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang T, Li K, Xiao S, Xia Y. A Plausible Role for Collectins in Skin Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:594858. [PMID: 33790889 PMCID: PMC8006919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.594858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex organ that faces the external environment and participates in the innate immune system. Skin immune homeostasis is necessary to defend against external microorganisms and to recover from stress to the skin. This homeostasis depends on interactions among a variety of cells, cytokines, and the complement system. Collectins belong to the lectin pathway of the complement system, and have various roles in innate immune responses. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin kidney 1, and liver (CL-K1, CL-L1) activate the lectin pathway, while all have multiple functions, including recognition of pathogens, opsonization of phagocytosis, and modulation of cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses. Certain collectins are localized in the skin, and their expressions change during skin diseases. In this review, we summarize important advances in our understanding of how MBL, surfactant proteins A and D, CL-L1, and CL-K1 function in skin immune homeostasis. Based on the potential roles of collectins in skin diseases, we suggest therapeutic strategies for skin diseases through the targeting of collectins and relevant regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengxiang Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yin J, Peng X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Gao H, Tian X, Zhang R, Zhao G. Quercetin amelioratesAspergillus fumigatuskeratitis by inhibiting fungal growth, toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107435. [PMID: 33550031 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. METHODS Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and C57BL/6 mice were stimulated by A. fumigatus and treated with quercetin or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) after infection. In HCECs, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and cytotoxicity tests (CCK-8) were used to detect the antifungal effect and cytotoxicity of quercetin. In mice with A. fumigatuskeratitis, clinical score, plate counting and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were performed to evaluate the effects of quercetin in vivo. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay and immunofluorescence staining were applied to assess neutrophil recruitment and infiltration. Real time PCR (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory mediators. RESULTS Compared with DMSO control, quercetin (16-64 μM) significantly inhibited the growth of A. fumigatus in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting cell viability in HCECs. In corneas of mice with A. fumigatuskeratitis, quercetin decreased clinical score and fungal load, and reduced neutrophil recruitment and infiltration to the corneal stroma. Moreover, quercetin attenuated the expression of inflammatory mediators including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), TLR-2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that quercetin treatment can ameliorate A. fumigatus keratitis by inhibiting the growth of A. fumigatus, decreasing neutrophil recruitment and infiltration, and downregulating the productions of TLR-4, TLR-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1, indicating quercetin is likely to become a potential therapeutic agent in FK treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China.
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Central Hospital, NO. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266042, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao W, Yang H, Lyu L, Zhang J, Xu Q, Jiang N, Liu G, Wang L, Yan H, Che C. GSDMD, an executor of pyroptosis, is involved in IL-1β secretion in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108375. [PMID: 33279525 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protein GSDMD is an important performer of pyroptosis and a universal substrate for the inflammatory caspase. However, the role and regulatory mechanism of GSDMD in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis is remains unknown. Here we detected GSDMD protein in the cornea of normal and fungal-infected C57BL/6 mice. Human corneal epithelial cell (HCECs) were preincubated with a hydrochloride solution (IFNR inhibitor), ruxolitinib (JAK/STAT inhibitor), belnacasan (caspase-1 inhibitor) before infection with A. fumigatus conidia. Mice corneas were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus after pretreatment of GSDMD siRNA via subconjunctival injection. After, samples were harvested at specific time points and the expression of GSDMD and IL-1β was assessed by PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Compared with the control group, we observed that the expression of GSDMD in fungal-infected mice cornea was significantly increased. After pretreatment with IFNR, JAK/STAT and caspase-1 inhibitors before fungal infection, the expression of GSDMD was significantly inhibited compared to the DMSO control in HCECs. Moreover, the GSDMD siRNA treatment have significantly weaken corneal inflammatory response, decreasing the proinflammatory factor IL-1β secretion and reducing neutrophils and macrophages recruitment in mice infected corneas. In summary, the data here provided evidences that GSDMD, an executor of pyroptosis, is involved in the early immune response of A. fumigatus keratitis. Additionally, the inhibition of GSDMD expression can affect the secretion of IL-1β and the recruitment of neutrophil and macrophages by blocking IFNR, JAK/STAT and caspase-1 signaling pathway. The protein GSDMD may emerge as a potential therapeutic target for A. fumigatus keratitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Leyu Lyu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guibo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haijing Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chengye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhan L, Peng X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Gao H, Zhu Y, Huan Y, Zhao G. Honokiol Reduces Fungal Load, Toll-Like Receptor-2, and Inflammatory Cytokines in Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:48. [PMID: 32347916 PMCID: PMC7401949 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We characterized the effects of Honokiol (HNK) on Aspergillus fumigatus-caused keratomycosis and the underlying mechanisms. HNK is known to have anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties, but the influence on fungal keratitis (FK) remains unknown. Methods In ex vivo, minimum inhibitory concentration and Cell Count Kit-8 assay were carried out spectrophotometrically to provide preferred concentration applied in vivo. Time kill assay pointed that HNK was fungicidal and fungistatic chronologically. Adherence assay, crystal violet staining, and membrane permeability assay tested HNK effects on different fungal stages. In vivo, clinical scores reflected the improvement degree of keratitis outcome. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay, flow cytometry (FCM), and immunohistofluorescence staining (IFS) were done to evaluate neutrophil infiltration. Plate count detected HNK fungicidal potentiality. RT-PCR, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) verified the anti-inflammatory activity of HNK collaboratively. Results In vitro, MIC90 HNK was 8 µg/mL (no cytotoxicity), and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was 12 µg/mL for A. fumigatus. HNK played the fungistatic and fungicidal roles at 6 and 24 hours, respectively, inhibiting adherence at the beginning, diminishing biofilms formation, and increasing membrane permeability all the time. In vivo, HNK improved C57BL/6 mice outcome by reducing disease severity (clinical scores), neutrophil infiltration (MPO, FCM, and IFS), and fungal loading (plate count). RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA revealed that HNK downregulated mRNA and protein expression levels of Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), IL-1β, and TNF-α. Conclusions Our study suggested HNK played antifungal and anti-inflammatory roles on keratomycosis by reducing survival of fungi, infiltration of leucocytes, and expression of HMGB1, TLR-2, and proinflammatory cytokines, providing a potential treatment for FK.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li C, Li C, Lin J, Zhao G, Xu Q, Jiang N, Wang Q, Peng X, Zhu G, Jiang J. The Role of Autophagy in the Innate Immune Response to Fungal Keratitis Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus Infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:25. [PMID: 32084267 PMCID: PMC7326573 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the role of autophagy in the innate immune response to fungal keratitis (FK) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Methods Corneal samples obtained from patients and mice with FK were visualized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Autophagy-related proteins LC3B-II, Beclin-1, LAMP-1, and p62 in A. fumigatus-infected corneas of C57BL/6 mice were tested by Western blot. After treatment with autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine (CQ), or inducer rapamycin, autophagy-related proteins were detected by Western blot. Corneas were photographed with slit lamp microscopy and pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) were assessed by immunofluorescent staining and observed under TEM. The levels of CXCL-1, IL-1β, HMGB1, IL-18, TNF-α, and IL-10 were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The quantification of fungal loads was detected and photographed. Results The accumulation of autophagosomes in corneas of patients and mice with FK was observed with TEM. The expression of LC3B-II, Beclin-1, and LAMP-1 was elevated in corneas after fungal infection, whereas p62 was reduced. Treatment with 3-MA or CQ upregulated clinical scores, pathological changes, and the expression of CXCL-1, IL-1β, HMGB1, IL-18, and TNF-α except IL-10. The morphology of PMNs was changed and PMN recruitment was increased in mice corneas treated with 3-MA or CQ, whereas rapamycin reduced the inflammatory response to keratitis. These results were statistically significant. Conclusions A. fumigatus infection increases the expression of autophagy in corneas. Autophagy plays an anti-inflammatory role in the innate immune response to A. fumigatus keratitis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou Y, Lin J, Peng X, Li C, Zhang J, Wang Q, Zhu G, You J, Zhao G. The role of netrin-1 in the mouse cornea during Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 71:372-381. [PMID: 30952101 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effects of netrin-1 on inflammation in Aspergillus fumigatus-infected mouse corneas and on proliferation and migration in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). METHODS Netrin-1 and the receptor A2BAR were detected in normal and infected corneas from C57BL/6 mice and RAW 264.7 cells. The mice were injected subconjunctivally with recombinant netrin-1. The severity of the disease was determined by clinical scores, photography with a slit lamp, RT-PCR, western blotting, myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays and immunofluorescence staining of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs). The effects of netrin-1 on RAW 264.7 cells in vitro were determined by RT-PCR. The role of A2BAR was demonstrated in vivo by detecting the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 in corneas pretreated subconjunctivally with an A2BAR antagonist (PSB1115). RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigates) and netrin-1 with or without PSB1115 pretreatment. A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation ability, and cell migration ability was determined by cell scratch experiments with HCECs. RESULTS Netrin-1 expression decreased slightly after A. fumigatus infection and then increased to its peak. A2BAR expression increased at 1 day post infection (p.i.), with a subsequent decline. Compared to the PBS control, exogenous netrin-1 attenuated the inflammatory response, PMN infiltration, and expression of the proinflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α, while IL-10 expression was up-regulated. In RAW 264.7 cells, recombinant netrin-1 obviously inhibited the mRNA expression of IL-1β and TNF-α and promoted the mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Pretreatment with PSB1115 resulted in disease aggravation and higher levels of the proinflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α both in vivo and in vitro. And the effect of netrin-1 on inflammatory factors was abolished by PSB1115. Moreover, compared to the control treatment, exogenous netrin-1 significantly facilitated the proliferation and migration of HCECs. CONCLUSIONS Netrin-1 attenuates inflammation in C57BL/6 mice infected with A. fumigatus, and it may play this role via the receptor A2BAR. Additionally, netrin-1 can promote the proliferation and migration of HCECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia You
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun Q, Li C, Lin J, Peng X, Wang Q, Jiang N, Xu Q, Zhao G. Celastrol ameliorates Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis via inhibiting LOX-1. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:101-109. [PMID: 30798158 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of Celastrol (CLT) on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. METHODS Primary peritoneal macrophages of C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with CLT before A. fumigatus hyphae stimulation. C57BL/6 mice were infected with A. fumigatus. Mice corneas were treated with CLT from 1 day post infection. Clinical score, PCR, ELISA and Western blot were used to test expression of anti-inflammatory mediators, proinflammatory mediators and Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1(LOX-1). The protein levels of p38MAPK after pretreated with CLT in macrophages of C57BL/6 mice challenged with A. fumigatus were tested by Western blot. RESULTS C57BL/6 mice treated with CLT from 1 day post infection showed decreased disease, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β, MIP-2 and LOX-1 levels. CLT treatment markedly inhibiting mRNA and proteins levels of anti-inflammatory mediators, proinflammatory mediators and LOX-1 in macrophages of C57BL/6 mice compared with control group. CLT pretreatment before A. fumigatus stimulation obviously inhibiting protein levels of p38MAPK versus DMSO pretreated group in macrophages of C57BL/6 mice challenged with A. fumigatus. CONCLUSION These data provide evidences that CLT ameliorates A. fumigatus keratitis of C57BL/6 mice via inhibiting LOX-1. CLT pretreatment before A. fumigatus stimulation decreased levels of inflammation in macrophages of C57BL/6 mice, which may be regulated by p-p38MAPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|