1
|
Wu H, Zhang Y, Xu H, Xu B, Chen J, Guo L, Liu Q, Xie J. Urinary Profile of Alkylated DNA Adducts and DNA Oxidative Damage in Sulfur Mustard-Exposed Rats Revealed by Mass Spectrometry Quantification. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1495-1502. [PMID: 37625021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Alkylation reagents, represented by sulfur mustard (SM), can damage DNA molecules directly as well as lead to oxidative stress, causing DNA lesions indirectly. Correspondingly, two types of biomarkers including alkylated DNA adducts and oxidative DNA adducts are commonly involved in the research of DNA damage evaluation caused by these agents. However, the correlations and differences of the occurrence, duration, severity, and traceability between alkylation and oxidation lesions on the DNA molecular level reflected by these two types of biomarkers have not been systematically studied. A simultaneous determination method for four alkylated DNA adducts, i.e., N7-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)2'-guanine (N7-HETEG), O6-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-2'-guanine (O6-HETEG), N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-2'-adenine (N3-HETEA), and bis(2-ethyl-N7-guanine)thioether (Bis-G), and the oxidative adduct 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in urine samples by isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-HPLC-MS/MS) was built with a lower limit of detection of 0.02 ng/mL (except Bis-G, 0.05 ng/mL) and a recovery of 79-111%. The profile of these adducts was simultaneously monitored in urine samples after SD rats' dermal exposure to SM in three dose levels (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg). The time-effect and dose-effect experiments revealed that when exposed to SM, DNA alkylation lesions would happen earlier than those of oxidation. For the two types of biomarkers, alkylated DNA adducts showed an obvious dose-effect relationship and could be used as internal exposure dose and effect biomarkers, while 8-OH-dG did not show a correlation with exposure dose, demonstrating that it was more suitable as a biomarker for DNA oxidative lesions but not an indicator for the extent of cytotoxicity and internal exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Label-free functional and structural imaging of liver microvascular complex in mice by Jones matrix optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20054. [PMID: 34625574 PMCID: PMC8501041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate label-free imaging of the functional and structural properties of microvascular complex in mice liver. The imaging was performed by a custom-built Jones-matrix based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (JM-OCT), which is capable of measuring tissue's attenuation coefficient, birefringence, and tiny tissue dynamics. Two longitudinal studies comprising a healthy liver and an early fibrotic liver model were performed. In the healthy liver, we observed distinctive high dynamics beneath the vessel at the initial time point (0 h) and reappearance of high dynamics at 32-h time point. In the early fibrotic liver model, we observed high dynamics signal that reveals a clear network vascular structure by volume rendering. Longitudinal time-course imaging showed that these high dynamics signals faded and decreased over time.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gilardoni M, Léonço D, Caffin F, Gros-Désormeaux F, Eldin C, Béal D, Ouzia S, Junot C, Fenaille F, Piérard C, Douki T. Evidence for the systemic diffusion of (2-chloroethyl)-ethyl-sulfide, a sulfur mustard analog, and its deleterious effects in brain. Toxicology 2021; 462:152950. [PMID: 34534560 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard, a chemical warfare agent known to be a vesicant of skin, readily diffuses in the blood stream and reaches internal organs. In the present study, we used the analog (2-chloroethyl)-ethyl-sulfide (CEES) to provide novel data on the systemic diffusion of vesicants and on their ability to induce brain damage, which result in neurological disorders. SKH-1 hairless mice were topically exposed to CEES and sacrificed at different time until 14 days after exposure. A plasma metabolomics study showed a strong systemic impact following a self-protection mechanism to alleviate the injury of CEES exposure. This result was confirmed by the quantification of specific biomarkers in plasma. Those were the conjugates of CEES with glutathione (GSH-CEES), cysteine (Cys-CEES) and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC-CEES), as well as the guanine adduct (N7Gua-CEES). In brain, N7Gua-CEES could be detected both in DNA and in organ extracts. Similarly, GSH-CEES, Cys-CEES and NAC-CEES were present in the extracts until day14. Altogether, these results, based on novel exposure markers, confirm the ability of vesicants to induce internal damage following dermal exposure. The observation of alkylation damage to glutathione and DNA in brain provides an additional mechanism to the neurological insult of SM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gilardoni
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Léonço
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Fanny Caffin
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Place Général Valérie André, BP 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - Fanny Gros-Désormeaux
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Place Général Valérie André, BP 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - Camille Eldin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - David Béal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sadia Ouzia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Piérard
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Place Général Valérie André, BP 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ke Q, Yang J, Liu H, Huang Z, Bu L, Jin D, Liu C. Dose- and time-effects responses of Nonylphenol on oxidative stress in rat through the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112185. [PMID: 33836420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is a representative environmental endocrine-disrupting compound that can induce oxidative stress in organisms. The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway acts an important role in preventing oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of oxidative stress caused by NP on Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in rats. Rats were treated with NP (30, 90, 270 mg/kg) for different exposure time (7, 14 and 28 days). The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in serum and glutathione S-transferase (GST), UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) in liver were detected by ELISA kits. Western blot was used to detect Keap1, Nrf2 protein expression in liver and cerebral cortex. The results showed that 28 days of NP exposure significantly increased ROS levels in NPH group. And 14 days exposure to NP significantly enhanced the levels of GST and UGT, while 28 days of exposure showed a suppressive effect. In liver, Keap1 levels was upregulated at 7, 14 and 28 days of NP exposure, while nuclear Nrf2 levels decreased at 7 and 28 days but increased at 14 days. In cerebral cortex, Keap1 and Nrf2 expression increased at 14 days but decreased at 28 days. Besides, with the prolongation of NP exposure time, the GST and UGT levels in NPM and NPH groups were increased firstly and then decreased, while Keap1 and Nrf2 protein levels were constantly decreased in liver and cerebral cortex. In conclusion, the lower dose and shorter exposure time of NP activated the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway that may reduce the damage of oxidative stress, but when further exposed to NP at higher dose and time, the pathway could be inhibited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Ke
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jiao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Huan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhuoquan Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lingling Bu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Dengpeng Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Chunhong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng X, Liu C, Yang Y, Liang L, Chen B, Yu H, Xia J, Liu S, Li Y. Advances in sulfur mustard-induced DNA adducts: Characterization and detection. Toxicol Lett 2021; 344:46-57. [PMID: 33705862 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a blister chemical warfare agent with severe cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. It can extensively alkylate important macromolecules in organisms, such as proteins, DNA, and lipids, and produce a series of metabolites, among which the characteristic ones can be used as biomarkers. The exact toxicological mechanisms of SM remain unclear but mainly involve the DNA lesions induced by alkylation and oxidative stress caused by glutathione depletion. Various methods have been used to analyze DNA damage caused by SM. Among these methods, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology stands out and makes it possible to observe damage in view of biomarkers induced by SM. Sample preparation is critical for detection by LC-MS/MS and mainly includes DNA isolation, adduct hydrolysis, and adduct purification. Moreover, optimization of chromatographic conditions, selection of MS transitions, and quantitative strategies are also essential. SM-DNA adducts are generally considered to be N7-HETEG, O6-HETEG, N7-BisG, and N3-HETEA. This article proposes some other possibilities of SM-DNA adducts for the identification of SM genotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Changcai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Longhui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Huilan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Junmei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Shilei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China.
| | - Yihe Li
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roser M, Béal D, Eldin C, Gudimard L, Caffin F, Gros-Désormeaux F, Léonço D, Fenaille F, Junot C, Piérard C, Douki T. Glutathione conjugates of the mercapturic acid pathway and guanine adduct as biomarkers of exposure to CEES, a sulfur mustard analog. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1337-1351. [PMID: 33410976 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical warfare agent, is a strong alkylating compound that readily reacts with numerous biomolecules. The goal of the present work was to define and validate new biomarkers of exposure to SM that could be easily accessible in urine or plasma. Because investigations using SM are prohibited by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, we worked with 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a monofunctional analog of SM. We developed an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) approach to the conjugate of CEES to glutathione and two of its metabolites: the cysteine and the N-acetylcysteine conjugates. The N7-guanine adduct of CEES (N7Gua-CEES) was also targeted. After synthesizing the specific biomarkers, a solid-phase extraction protocol and a UHPLC-MS/MS method with isotopic dilution were optimized. We were able to quantify N7Gua-CEES in the DNA of HaCaT keratinocytes and of explants of human skin exposed to CEES. N7Gua-CEES was also detected in the culture medium of these two models, together with the glutathione and the cysteine conjugates. In contrast, the N-acetylcysteine conjugate was not detected. The method was then applied to plasma from mice cutaneously exposed to CEES. All four markers could be detected. Our present results thus validate both the analytical technique and the biological relevance of new, easily quantifiable biomarkers of exposure to CEES. Because CEES behaves very similar to SM, the results are promising for application to this toxic of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Roser
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - David Béal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Camille Eldin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Leslie Gudimard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Fanny Caffin
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Fanny Gros-Désormeaux
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Daniel Léonço
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Piérard
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Long-term Respiratory Effects of Mustard Vesicants. Toxicol Lett 2020; 319:168-174. [PMID: 31698045 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard and related vesicants are cytotoxic alkylating agents that cause severe damage to the respiratory tract. Injury is progressive leading, over time, to asthma, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, airway stenosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. As there are no specific therapeutics available for victims of mustard gas poisoning, current clinical treatments mostly provide only symptomatic relief. In this article, the long-term effects of mustards on the respiratory tract are described in humans and experimental animal models in an effort to define cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to lung injury and disease pathogenesis. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying pulmonary toxicity induced by mustards may help in identifying potential targets for the development of effective clinical therapeutics aimed at mitigating their adverse effects.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghaffarpour S, Foroutan A, Askari N, Abbas FM, Salehi E, Nikoonejad M, Naghizadeh MM, Eskandarian M, Moghadam KG, Akbari HMH, Yarmohammadi ME, Ghazanfari T. SP-A and TLR4 localization in lung tissue of SM-exposed patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 80:105936. [PMID: 31718931 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term pulmonary complications are one of the major long-term consequences of sulfur mustard (SM) exposure. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) involves in the pathogenesis of several pulmonary disorders. Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) regulates LPS-induced TLR4 localization and activation responses. However, the intensity and significance of TLR4 and SP-A expression by lung cells in SM-exposed patients is not clear. METHODS The gene expression of TLR4 (through real-time PCR) and TLR4 and SP-A positive cells and alveolar type II cells, as SP-A producers, (using IHC) were assessed in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) specimens from SM-exposed (n = 17), and non-SM exposed individuals (n = 12). RESULTS TLR4 gene expression did not change between study groups. However, its cell surface presentation was significantly reduced in SM-exposed patients and particularly in which with constrictive bronchiolitis compared with the control group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). Frequency of alveolar type II cells was lower in the case group rather than the control group while the number of SP-A positive cells did not alter. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that reduced TLR4 cell surface presentation may have anti-inflammatory function and SP-A may have a critical role in regulation of inflammatory responses in SM-exposed patients. Further investigation on other possible mechanisms involved in TLR4 internalization maybe help to illustrate the modulatory or inflammatory activity of TLR4 in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ghaffarpour
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Foroutan
- Department of Physiology, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nayere Askari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahid Bahonar, University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mashhadi Abbas
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eisa Salehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Mehdi Naghizadeh
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Non Communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Science, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maryam Eskandarian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keivan Gohari Moghadam
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Mohammad Hosseini Akbari
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Traditional Medicine School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|