Different roles of bortezomib and ONX 0914 in acute kidney injury

The ameliorative effects of chrysin on bortezomib-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Reduces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation damage, apoptotic and autophagic death

AIM

Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor antineoplastic agent that was the first to be approved for cancer treatment. One of bortezomib's most prominent dose-limiting effects is nephrotoxicity; the underlying mechanism is believed to be oxidative stress. Chrysin is a compound found actively in honey and many plant species and stands out with its antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to determine the ameliorative effects of chrysin in bortezomib-induced nephrotoxicity.

MATERIAL-METHOD

Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into control, BTZ, CHR, BTZ + CHR25, and BTZ + CHR50. Biochemical, molecular, Western blot, and histological methods analyzed renal function indicators, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and damage pathways.

RESULTS

Chrysin decreased oxidative stress by reducing oxidants (MDA) and increasing antioxidants (SOD, CAT, Gpx, GSH, Nrf-2, HO-1, NQO1). Chrysin reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress by decreasing ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, and GRP-78 levels. Chrysin reduced inflammation damage by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Chrysin exhibited protective properties against apoptotic damage by decreasing Bax and Caspase-3 levels and increasing Bcl-2 levels. In addition, chrysin improved renal function and structural integrity and exhibited healing properties against toxic damage in tissue structure.

CONCLUSION

Overall, chrysin exhibited an ameliorative effect against bortezomib-induced nephrotoxicity.

Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide Donors in Common Kidney Diseases

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a key role in the regulation of physiological processes in mammals. The decline in H2S level has been reported in numerous renal disorders. In animal models of renal disorders, treatment with H2S donors could restore H2S levels and improve renal functions. H2S donors suppress renal dysfunction by regulating autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation through multiple signaling pathways, such as TRL4/NLRP3, AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin, transforming growth factor-β1/Smad3, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the effects of H2S donors on the treatment of common renal diseases, including acute/chronic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, unilateral ureteral obstruction, glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, hyperhomocysteinemia, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, metal-induced nephrotoxicity, and urolithiasis. Novel H2S donors can be designed and applied in the treatment of common renal diseases.

Recent insights how combined inhibition of immuno/proteasome subunits enables therapeutic efficacy

The proteasome is a multicatalytic protease in the cytosol and nucleus of all eukaryotic cells that controls numerous cellular processes through regulated protein degradation. Proteasome inhibitors have significantly improved the survival of multiple myeloma patients. However, clinically approved proteasome inhibitors have failed to show efficacy against solid tumors, neither alone nor in combination with other therapies. Targeting the immunoproteasome with selective inhibitors has been therapeutically effective in preclinical models for several autoimmune diseases and colon cancer. Moreover, immunoproteasome inhibitors prevented the chronic rejection of allogeneic organ transplants. In recent years, it has become apparent that inhibition of one single active center of the proteasome is insufficient to achieve therapeutic benefits. In this review we summarize the latest insights how targeting multiple catalytically active proteasome subunits can interfere with disease progression in autoimmunity, growth of solid tumors, and allograft rejection.