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Palma-Jacinto JA, López-López E, Medina-Franco JL, Montero-Ruíz O, Santiago-Roque I. Putative mechanism of a multivitamin treatment against insulin resistance. Adipocyte 2024; 13:2369777. [PMID: 38937879 PMCID: PMC11216102 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2024.2369777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is caused by the abnormal secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue, which is induced by an increase in lipid accumulation in adipocytes, hepatocytes, and myocytes. The inflammatory pathway involves multiple targets such as nuclear factor kappa B, inhibitor of nuclear factor κ-B kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Vitamins are micronutrients with anti-inflammatory activities that have unclear mechanisms. The present study aimed to describe the putative mechanisms of vitamins involved in the inflammatory pathway of insulin resistance. The strategy to achieve this goal was to integrate data mining and analysis, target prediction, and molecular docking simulation calculations to support our hypotheses. Our results suggest that the multitarget activity of vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B12, C, D3, and E inhibits nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase, in addition to vitamins A and B12 against inhibitor of nuclear factor κ-B kinase. The findings of this study highlight the pharmacological potential of using an anti-inflammatory and multitarget treatment based on vitamins and open new perspectives to evaluate the inhibitory activity of vitamins against nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and inhibitor of nuclear factor κ-B kinase in an insulin-resistant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Palma-Jacinto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Faculty of Bioanalysis-Xalapa, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos S/N Unidad del Bosque, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Edgar López-López
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center for Research, Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oreth Montero-Ruíz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Faculty of Bioanalysis-Xalapa, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos S/N Unidad del Bosque, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Isela Santiago-Roque
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Faculty of Bioanalysis-Xalapa, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontólogos S/N Unidad del Bosque, Xalapa, Mexico
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Russo C, Valle MS, D’Angeli F, Surdo S, Giunta S, Barbera AC, Malaguarnera L. Beneficial Effects of Manilkara zapota-Derived Bioactive Compounds in the Epigenetic Program of Neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2024; 16:2225. [PMID: 39064669 PMCID: PMC11280255 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gestational diet has a long-dated effect not only on the disease risk in offspring but also on the occurrence of future neurological diseases. During ontogeny, changes in the epigenetic state that shape morphological and functional differentiation of several brain areas can affect embryonic fetal development. Many epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs control brain gene expression, both in the course of neurodevelopment and in adult brain cognitive functions. Epigenetic alterations have been linked to neuro-evolutionary disorders with intellectual disability, plasticity, and memory and synaptic learning disorders. Epigenetic processes act specifically, affecting different regions based on the accessibility of chromatin and cell-specific states, facilitating the establishment of lost balance. Recent insights have underscored the interplay between epigenetic enzymes active during embryonic development and the presence of bioactive compounds, such as vitamins and polyphenols. The fruit of Manilkara zapota contains a rich array of these bioactive compounds, which are renowned for their beneficial properties for health. In this review, we delve into the action of each bioactive micronutrient found in Manilkara zapota, elucidating their roles in those epigenetic mechanisms crucial for neuronal development and programming. Through a comprehensive understanding of these interactions, we aim to shed light on potential avenues for harnessing dietary interventions to promote optimal neurodevelopment and mitigate the risk of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Maria Stella Valle
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Floriana D’Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sofia Surdo
- Italian Center for the Study of Osteopathy (CSDOI), 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Antonio Carlo Barbera
- Section of Agronomy and Field Crops, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (L.M.)
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Duc Nguyen H, Hee Jo W, Hong Minh Hoang N, Kim MS. Short-term treatment with risperidone ameliorated 1,2-diacetylbenzene-induced liver dysfunction. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110687. [PMID: 37499398 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Diacetylbenze (C10H10O2, DAB) is a potential inducer or activator of toxic mechanisms. DAB exerts high absorption by the gastrointestinal tract and high blood-brain barrier penetration. However, only the effects of DAB on the central nervous system were reported, with a dearth of evidence of DAB's effects on the liver, which is more susceptible to toxic substances. Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug, has been shown to protect against DAB-induced cognitive impairment in an animal model. Risperidone was found to have little or no effect on the liver after short-term administration. The question of whether risperidone can protect against DAB-induced liver dysfunction, particularly after short-term administration, is unknown. Thus, this study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective effects of risperidone on DAB-induced liver dysfunction in male C57BL/6 mice treated with DAB 5 mg/kg for 1 week and risperidone 0.125-0.25 mg/kg for 2 weeks. After exposure to DAB 5 mg/kg for 1 week, we found that DAB induced liver damage by increasing liver function biomarkers (GGT, ALT, and AST), reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF- α), activating apoptosis (elevated Caspase-3 and Bax levels and reduced Bcl2 level), TLR4/JNK/NF-κB, Jak2/Stat5 pathways, and suppressing Jak2/Stat3 and IRS1/PI3K/AKT/MDM2 pathways. After a 2-week course of treatment, risperidone was able to lessen these effects; the higher dose (0.25 mg/kg) appeared to be more effective than the lower dose (0.125 mg/kg). To strengthen findings from in vivo analysis, in silico analysis also found three targets (Stat3, Caspase-3, AKT, IL-1β), two miRNAs (miR-26b-5p and miR-34a-5p), two transcription factors (NFKB1 and NFKB2), and numerous pathways ("AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications", "hepatitis B", "alcoholic liver disease", "apoptosis", and "liver cirrhosis") as the key molecular processes involved in the pathogenesis of DAB-induced liver damage and targeted by risperidone. The physicochemical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of DAB and risperidone also support the toxic effects of DAB and the beneficial properties of risperidone in the liver. In conclusion, these findings reflect the therapeutic effects of risperidone on DAB-induced liver dysfunction after 1 week and 2 weeks exposure to DAB and risperidone, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen HD. Higher intakes of nutrients and regular drinking are associated with habitual sleep duration in pre- and postmenopausal women with comorbidities. Sleep Health 2023; 9:688-697. [PMID: 37246065 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the association between nutrient intake, health-related behaviors, and habitual sleep duration in pre- and postmenopausal women. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS 2084 pre- and postmenopausal women aged 18-80 years old. MEASUREMENTS Nutrient intake and sleep duration were measured by a 24-hour recall approach and self-reports, respectively. We examined the association and interaction between comorbidities, nutrient intake, and sleep duration groups among 2084 women using data from KNHASES (2016-2018) and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS In premenopausal women, we observed negative associations between very short (<5 hours)/short (5-6 hours)/long (≥9 hours) sleep duration and 12 nutrients (vitamin B1, B3, vitamin C, PUFA, n-6 fatty acid, iron, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, fiber, carbohydrate) and a positive association between retinol and short sleep duration (prevalence ratio (PR), 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15). In premenopausal women, interactions were found between comorbidities and PUFA (PR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.56-9.41), n-3 fatty acid (PR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.17-5.05), n-6 fatty acid (PR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.46-8.13), fat (PR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.15-6.64), and retinol (PR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06-1.53) for very short and short sleep duration, respectively. Interactions between comorbidities, vitamin C (PR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.24-0.72), and carbohydrates (PR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.05-2.70) for very short and short sleep duration in postmenopausal women, respectively. Regular drinking was positively associated with a risk of short sleep duration in postmenopausal women (PR, 2.74, 95% CI: 1.11-6.74). CONCLUSIONS Dietary intake and alcohol use were found to be involved in sleep duration, so healthcare staff should encourage women to maintain a healthy diet and reduce alcohol use to improve sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen HD. In silico identification of novel heterocyclic compounds combats Alzheimer's disease through inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase enzymatic activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37723904 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2259482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that heterocyclic molecules possess properties against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymatic activity, which is a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, this study aimed to further evaluate the relationship between heterocyclic molecules and their biological activities. A dataset of 38 selective and potent heterocyclic compounds (-log[the half‑maximal inhibitory concentration (pIC50)]) values ranging from 8.02 to 10.05) was applied to construct a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study, including Bayesian model average (BMA), artificial neural network (ANN), multiple nonlinear regression (MNLR), and multiple linear regression (MLR) models. Four models met statistical acceptance in internal and external validation. The ANN model was superior to other models in predicting the pIC50 of the outcome. The descriptors put into the models were found to be comparable with the target-ligand complex X-ray structures, making these models interpretable. Three selected molecules possess drug-like properties (pIC50 values ranged from 9.19 to 9.54). The docking score between candidates and the BChE receptor (RCSB ID 6EYF) ranged from -8.4 to -9.0 kcal/mol. Remarkably, the pharmacokinetics, biological activities, molecular dynamics, and physicochemical properties of compound 18 (C20H22N4O, pIC50 value = 9.33, oxadiazole derivative group) support its protective effects on AD treatment due to its non-toxic nature, non-carcinogen, cholinergic nature, capability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and high gastrointestinal absorption.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
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Garodia P, Hegde M, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin, inflammation, and neurological disorders: How are they linked? Integr Med Res 2023; 12:100968. [PMID: 37664456 PMCID: PMC10469086 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2023.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the extensive research in recent years, the current treatment modalities for neurological disorders are suboptimal. Curcumin, a polyphenol found in Curcuma genus, has been shown to mitigate the pathophysiology and clinical sequalae involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Methods We searched PubMed database for relevant publications on curcumin and its uses in treating neurological diseases. We also reviewed relevant clinical trials which appeared on searching PubMed database using 'Curcumin and clinical trials'. Results This review details the pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions and neuroprotective properties of curcumin, its derivatives and formulations in various preclinical and clinical investigations. The effects of curcumin on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brain tumors, epilepsy, Huntington's disorder (HD), ischemia, Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and traumatic brain injury (TBI) with a major focus on associated signalling pathways have been thoroughly discussed. Conclusion This review demonstrates curcumin can suppress spinal neuroinflammation by modulating diverse astroglia mediated cascades, ensuring the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
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Nguyen HD. An evaluation of the effects of mixed heavy metals on prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: epidemiological and toxicogenomic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28037-3. [PMID: 37326729 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The link between mixed heavy metals (mercury, lead, and cadmium), prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially molecular mechanisms, is poorly understood. Thus, we aimed to identify the association between mixed heavy metals and T2DM and its components using a data set from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We further analyzed the main molecular mechanisms implicated in T2DM development induced by mixed heavy metals using in-silico analysis. Our findings observed that serum mercury was associated with prediabetes, elevated glucose, and ln2-transformed glucose when using different statistical methods. "AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications", "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease", "metabolic Syndrome X", and three miRNAs (hsa-miR-98-5p, hsa-let-7a-5p, and hsa-miR-34a-5p) were listed as the most important molecular mechanisms related to T2DM development caused by mixed heavy metals. These miRNA sponge structures were created and examined, and they may be beneficial in the treatment of T2DM. The predicted cutoff values for three heavy metal levels linked to T2DM and its components were specifically identified. Our results imply that chronic exposure to heavy metals, particularly mercury, may contribute to the development of T2DM. To understand the changes in the pathophysiology of T2DM brought on by a combination of heavy metals, more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 57922, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen HD, Kim MS. Identification of promising inhibitory heterocyclic compounds against acetylcholinesterase using QSAR, ADMET, biological activity, and molecular docking. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 104:107872. [PMID: 37119698 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds exert diverse functions, especially acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. Thus, identifying the association between their detailed structures and biological activities is important to the development of novel medications for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. In this study, diverse sets of 120 potent and selective heterocyclic compounds (-log[the half‑maximal inhibitory concentration] (pIC50) values ranged from 8.01 to 12.50) were used to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models using multiple linear regression (MLR), multiple nonlinear regression (MNLR), Bayesian model average (BMA), and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The models' robustness and stability have been assessed using both internal and external methodology. ANN outperforms MLR, MNLR, and BMA according to external validation. The molecular descriptors incorporated into the model were in satisfactory correlation with the AChE receptor-ligand complex X-ray structures, making the model interpretable and predictive. Three selected compounds exert drug-like characteristics (pIC50 values ranged from 11.01 to 11.17). The binding affinity between the optimal compounds and the AChE receptor (RCSB ID 3LII) ranged from - 7.4 to - 8.8 kcal/mol. Remarkably, the pharmacokinetics, physicochemical properties, and biological activities of compound 25 (C23H32N2O2, PubChem CID 118727071, pIC50 value = 11.17) were found to be consistent with its therapeutic effects in AD due to its cholinergic and non-toxic nature, non-P-glycoprotein, high gastrointestinal absorption, and capability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Neurotherapeutic Effects of Quercetin and Its Metabolite Compounds on Cognitive Impairment and Parkinson's Disease: An In Silico Study. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:151-169. [PMID: 36848007 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00816-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Little is known about the metabolomic profile of quercetin and its biological effects. This study aimed to determine the biological activities of quercetin and its metabolite products, as well as the molecular mechanisms of quercetin in cognitive impairment (CI) and Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Key methods used were MetaTox, PASS Online, ADMETlab 2.0, SwissADME, CTD MicroRNA MIENTURNE, AutoDock, and Cytoscape. RESULTS A total of 28 quercetin metabolite compounds were identified by phase I reactions (hydroxylation and hydrogenation reactions) and phase II reactions (methylation, O-glucuronidation, and O-sulfation reactions). Quercetin and its metabolites were found to inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2. The studied compounds demonstrated significant gastrointestinal absorption and satisfied Lipinsky's criterion. Due to their high blood-brain barrier permeability, P-glycoprotein inhibition, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capabilities, quercetin and its metabolite products have been proposed as promising molecular targets for the therapy of CI and PD. By regulating the expression of crucial signaling pathways [mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and neuroinflammation and glutamatergic signaling], genes [brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), human insulin gene (INS), and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), miRNAs (hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-203a-3p, and hsa-miR-335-5p], and transcription factors [specificity protein 1 (SP1), v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA), and nuclear factor Kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1)], quercetin exhibited its neurotherapeutic effects in CI and PD. In addition to inhibiting β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, quercetin also showed robust interactions and binding affinities with heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), INS, DRD2, and γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAa). CONCLUSION This study identified 28 quercetin metabolite products. The metabolites have similar characteristics to quercetin such as physicochemical properties, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), and biological activities. More research, especially clinical trials, is needed to find out how quercetin and its metabolites protect against CI and PD.
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Nguyen HD. Prognostic biomarker prediction for glioma induced by heavy metals and their mixtures: An in-silico study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 459:116356. [PMID: 36563751 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although there is an association between heavy metals and glioma, the molecular mechanisms involved in glioma development remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the molecular mechanisms implicated in glioma development induced by heavy metals and their mixtures using various methodologies and databases (CTD, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, miRNAsong, GeneMANIA, Metascape, MIENTURNET, UALCAN). I found that heavy metals, particularly arsenic, mercury, lead, and cadmium, as well as their mixtures, have substantial influences on the etiology of gliomas. "glioblastoma signaling pathways," "integrated cancer pathway," "central carbon metabolism in cancer," "microRNAs in cancer," "p53 signaling pathway," "chemical carcinogenesis-DNA adducts," "glioma," "TP53 network," and "MAPK signaling pathway" were the predominant molecular pathways implicated in the glioma development induced by the studied heavy metals and their mixtures. Five genes (SOD1, CAT, GSTP1, PTGS2, TNF), two miRNAs (hsa-miR-26b-5p and hsa-miR-143-3p), and transcription factors (DR1 and HNF4) were identified as key components related to combined heavy metal and glioma development. Physical interactions were found to be the most common among the heavy metals and their mixtures studied (ranging from 45.2% to 77.6%). The expression level of SOD1 was significantly lower in glioblastoma multiforma samples compared to normal samples, whereas GSTP1 and TP53 expression levels were significantly higher. Brain lower and grade glioma patients who had higher levels of TP53, hsa-miR-25, hsa-miR-34, hsa-miR-222, and hsa-miR-143 had a reduced likelihood of survival. Our findings suggest that further priority should be given to investigating the impact of specific heavy metals or their mixtures on these molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen HD. Interactions between heavy metals and sleep duration among pre-and postmenopausal women: A current approach to molecular mechanisms involved. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120607. [PMID: 36347409 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, and mercury) and their mixtures on sleep duration in pre-and postmenopausal women, particularly the molecular mechanisms, remain unknown. Here, we assessed the interaction between heavy metals and sleep duration among pre-and postmenopausal women (n = 1134). Furthermore, molecular mechanisms related to sleep disorders induced by studied heavy metals were further analyzed to support the previous findings. We found that serum lead levels were positively related to weekend and weekday sleep duration in premenopausal women. There were interactions between serum lead and mercury and menopausal status for sleep duration. Serum lead and mercury levels were shown to be inversely related to sleep duration in postmenopausal women. Despite the lack of statistically significant associations between mixed heavy metals and sleep duration, there were increasing trends in premenopausal women's sleeping patterns and decreasing trends in postmenopausal women's sleeping patterns. In silico analysis, IL1B, hsa-21-5p, hsa-887-3p, hsa-877-3p, and NR4A1 were identified as the most relevant genes, miRNAs, and transcription factors linked with sleep disorders induced by combined heavy metals (cadmium, lead, and mercury). Furthermore, "type 1 melanocortin receptor binding," "endocrine hormone secretion," "interleukin-1 receptor antagonist activity," "altered melanocortin system," and "sleep wake disorders" were identified as the predominant molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of sleep disorders induced by the studied heavy metals. Cut off point values and miRNA sponge templates for heavy metal exposure levels relevant to sleep disorders in pre- and postmenopausal women were reported. Future research is needed to verify our findings and provide insight into the molecular processes of long-term mixed heavy metal exposure in various populations, such as children and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen HD, Kim MS. Effects of heavy metals on cardiovascular diseases in pre and post-menopausal women: from big data to molecular mechanism involved. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:77635-77655. [PMID: 35676585 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To assess the link between a mixed heavy metal (cadmium, lead, and mercury) and the 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in pre- and post-menopausal Korean women aged ≥20 years, as well as identify potential molecular mechanisms of mixed heavy metal-induced CVDs. Multivariate linear regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g-computation (gqcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to examine the effects of mixed heavy metals and the 10-year risk of CVDs. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, MicroRNA ENrichment TURned NETwork, and the microRNA sponge generator and tester were used as the key data-mining approaches. In our BKMR analysis, we found that the overall effect of mixed heavy metals was linked to the 10-year risk of CVDs in postmenopausal women in the upper 20th percentiles and in premenopausal women in the upper 55th percentiles. Mercury was identified as the key chemical for the 10-year risk of CVDs in pre- and postmenopausal women. In silico analysis revealed that a heavy metal mixture interacted with six genes associated with CVD development. Physical interactions (77.6%) were found to be the most common among CVD-related genes induced by the heavy metals studied. Several pathways have been identified as the main molecular mechanisms that could be affected by studied heavy metals and are implicated in the development of CVDs (e.g., lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, lipoprotein metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, and cardiovascular disease). ALB, APOE, ATF5, and CREB3L3 were the key genes and transcription factors related to CVDs induced by the mixture of the investigated heavy metals, respectively. The two miRNAs with the highest interaction and expression in the development of CVDs were hsa-miR-199a-5p and hsa-miR-199a-3p. We also designed and tested miRNA sponge sequences for these miRNAs. The cutoff thresholds for each heavy metal level linked with the 10-year risk of CVDs were described. A mixture of heavy metal exposures, especially mercury, was more strongly linked with the 10-year risk of CVDs in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. Early interventions in postmenopausal women should be considered to reduce CVD risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 57922, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 57922, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen HD, Kim MS. Effects of chemical mixtures on liver function biomarkers in the Korean adult population: thresholds and molecular mechanisms for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease involved. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78555-78587. [PMID: 35696061 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of research on the effects of a mixture of chemicals on liver function biomarkers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) indices, including FSI, HIS, and FBI-4. Thus, we aimed to explore whether there is an association between chemical mixtures, including 26 chemicals found in blood and urine, liver function biomarkers, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) indices in Korean adults. The effects of exposure to chemical mixtures on liver function biomarkers and NAFLD indices were investigated using linear regression models, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g-computation (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) among 3669 adults. In silico toxicogenomic data-mining, we evaluated molecular mechanisms associated with NAFLD, including pathways, diseases, genes, miRNAs, and biological processes. The linear regression models showed blood or urine Hg levels were the most important factors associated with AST, ALT, GGT, FSI, and HSI levels, and significant trends were observed for these chemical quartiles (p < 0.01). The WQS index was significantly associated with ALT, GGT, FSI, and HSI. The qgcomp index also found an association between chemicals and AST, ALT, GGT, and FSI. In the BKMR model, the overall effect of the mixture was significantly related to ALT, GGT, FSI, and HSI. In silico analysis, we found mixed chemicals interacted with the CYP1A2 gene and were associated with NAFLD. Seventy-eight percent of interactions were identified as physical interactions in the CYP1A2 gene related to NAFLD. Transcription factor regulation in adipogenesis and lipid metabolic processes are fundamental molecular mechanisms that could be influenced by NAFLD-related mixed chemicals. Cutoff thresholds for chemical exposure levels associated with liver function indicators and NAFLD indices were also reported. The strongest interactions and expression of miRNAs involved in NAFLD development were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Interactions between nutrient intake and comorbidities for quality of life in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause 2022; 29:1285-1295. [PMID: 36219811 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the associations between nutrient intake and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. METHODS Using data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2019-2020), EQ-5D-3L, and multivariate logistic and linear regression models, we analyzed the association and interaction between nutrient intake, comorbidities, and HRQOL among 4,027 Korean women. RESULTS Nutrient intake levels were lower in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. Interactions were observed between numerous nutrient intakes and comorbidities for HRQOL among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Higher intakes of various nutrients (particularly, folic acid and vitamin A) were related to higher HRQOL scores in premenopausal women with comorbidities (log of inverse HRQOL scores, β = -0.31 [95% confidence interval [CI], -0.58 to -0.05] and β = -0.19 [95% CI, -0.37 to -0.001]) and postmenopausal women with comorbidities (log of inverse HRQOL scores, β = -0.34 [95% CI, -0.61 to -0.07] and β = -0.19 [95% CI, -0.38 to -0.01]), respectively. Regular exercise was associated with a lower risk of mobility problems (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44-0.81), self-care problems (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.28-0.99), usual activity problems (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.26-0.67), and any problem (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.90), as well as an increase in HRQOL score (log of inverse HRQOL scores, β = -0.42; 95% CI, -0.68 to -0.16) in postmenopausal women. Smoking was related to a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety problems (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.53-4.13) and any problem (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.11-2.52), as well as a decrease in HRQOL scores (log of inverse HRQOL scores, β = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.14-0.88) in premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS Given the lower nutrient intake levels in postmenopausal women, it is critical to establish HRQOL-improving approaches for this population, including regular exercise, nutrient intake, and smoking cessation.
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Nguyen HD, Kim MS. Cadmium, lead, and mercury mixtures interact with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119780. [PMID: 35841990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of studies on the interactions between heavy metals and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Using a variety of statistical approaches, we investigated the impact of three common heavy metals on liver enzymes and NAFLD markers in a Korean adult population. We observed that cadmium, mercury, and lead all demonstrated positive correlations with liver enzymes and NAFLD indices. Our findings were mostly robust in secondary analysis, which included three novel mixture modeling approaches (WQS, qgcomp, and BKMR) as well as in silico investigation of molecular mechanisms (genes, miRNAs, biological processes, pathways, and illnesses). The 16 genes interacted with a mixture of heavy metals, which was linked to the development of NAFLD. Co-expression was discovered in nearly half of the interactions between the 18 NAFLD-linked genes. Key molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD generated by the heavy metal combination include activated oxidative stress, altered lipid metabolism, and increased cytokines and inflammatory response. Heavy metal exposure levels were related to liver enzymes and NAFLD indices, and cutoff criteria were revealed. More studies are needed to validate our findings and gain knowledge about the effects of chronic combined heavy metal exposure on adult and child liver function and the likelihood of developing NAFLD. To reduce the occurrence of NAFLD, early preventative and regulatory actions (half-yearly screening of workers at high-risk facilities; water filtration; avoiding excessive amounts of seafood, etc.) should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea.
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In silico identification of the potential molecular mechanisms involved in protective effects of prolactin on motor and memory deficits induced by 1,2-Diacetylbenzene in young and old rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:45-59. [PMID: 36100143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms through which prolactin protects against 1,2-Diacetylbenzene (DAB)-induced memory and motor impairments. The gene expression omnibus database (no. GSE119435), transcriptomic data, GeneMANIA, ToppGeneSuite, Metascape, STRING database, Cytoscape, and Autodock were used as the core tools in in-silico analyses. We observed that prolactin may improve memory and motor deficits caused by DAB via 13 genes (Scn5a, Lmntd1, LOC100360619, Rgs9, Srpk3, Syndig1l, Gpr88, Egr2, Ctxn3, Drd2, Ttr, Gpr6, and Ecel1) in young rats and 9 genes (Scn5a, Chat, RGD1560608, Ucma, Lrrc31, Gpr88, Col1a2, Cnbd1, and Ttr) in old rats. Almost all of these genes were downregulated in both young and old rats given DAB, but they were increased in both young and old rats given prolactin. Co-expression interactions were identified as the most important interactions (83.2 % for young rats and 100 % for old rats). The most important mechanisms associated with prolactin's ability to counteract DAB were identified, including "learning and memory," and "positive regulation of ion transport" in young rats, as well as "acetylcholine related pathways," "inflammatory response pathway," and "neurotransmitter release cycle" in old rats. We also identified several key miRNAs associated with memory and motor deficits, as well as prolactin and DAB exposure (rno-miR-141-3p, rno-miR-200a-3p, rno-miR-124-3p, rno-miR-26, and rno-let-7 families). The most significant transcription factors associated with differentially expressed gene regulation were Six3, Rxrg, Nkx26, and Tbx20. These findings will contribute to our understanding of the processes through which prolactin's beneficial effects counteract DAB-induced memory and motor deficits.
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Nguyen HD, Kim MS. The role of mixed B vitamin intakes on cognitive performance: Modeling, genes and miRNAs involved. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:38-56. [PMID: 35714552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationships between mixed B vitamin intakes (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12) and cognitive performance, as well as their molecular mechanisms. METHODS The associations of mixed B vitamin intakes with cognitive function were assessed using multivariate regression models, weighted quantile sum (WQS), quantile g-computation (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). GeneMANIA, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, MIENTURNET, miRNAsong were employed as the main data-mining methods. RESULTS Overall effects of the B vitamin intake mixture were significantly associated with global cognition in the WQS, qgcomp, and BKMR models. A mixture of B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B9) interacted with the five genes (IL1B, BCL2, CASP3, BAX, PTGS2) and was associated with better cognitive function, especially CASP3 and BAX. Physical interactions (77.6%) were observed to be the most important interactions in gene networks. The IL-18 signaling pathway, apoptosis, and Alzheimer's disease were annotated as the key molecular mechanisms involved in mixed B vitamins' improving cognitive function. NFKB1, ATF3, and NR3C1 were the key significant transcription factors associated with cognitive function targeted by a mixture of B vitamins. The strong interaction and expression of hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-128-3p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, and hsa-miR-204-5p are involved in mixed B vitamins' better cognitive performance. We also created and evaluated miRNA sponge sequences for these miRNAs, which might be used to alleviate cognitive decline. The cutoff thresholds for B vitamin intake levels that are associated with cognition performance were reported. CONCLUSIONS Given the increased incidence of dementia across the world, increasing daily mixed B vitamin intake via regular meals may contribute to minimizing dementia risk. Further studies are warranted to identify these links in well-characterized cohorts of diverse populations, either independently or together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen HD, Jo WH, Hoang NHM, Kim MS. Curcumin-Attenuated TREM-1/DAP12/NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL1B, TLR4/NF-κB Pathways, and Tau Hyperphosphorylation Induced by 1,2-Diacetyl Benzene: An in Vitro and in Silico Study. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1272-1291. [PMID: 35781221 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of 1,2-diacetylbenzene (DAB) and curcumin on neuroinflammation induced by DAB via triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLP3)/calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion 1 (CAPS1)/interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) pathways; tau hyperphosphorylation; reactive oxygen species (ROS); and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) in microglia cells; and explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the key genes induced by DAB and targeted by curcumin in silico analysis. In this study, Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemistry were used as the key methods in vitro. In silico analysis, GeneMANIA, ToppFun feature, Metascape, CHEA3, Cytoscape, Autodock, and MIENTURNET were the core approaches used. Curcumin inhibited both the DAB-induced TREM-1/DAP12/NLRP3/caspase-1/IL1B pathway and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In BV2 cells, curcumin inhibited ROS, AGE, hyperphosphorylation, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and β-amyloid while activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. In silico studies showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL6, NFKB1, IL10, and IL1B, as well as MTF1 and ZNF267, were shown to be important genes and transcription factors in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment produced by DAB and curcumin. Three significant miRNAs (hsa-miR-26a-5p, hsa-miR-203a-3p, and hsa-miR-155-5p) implicated in the etiology of DAB-induced cognitive impairment and targeted by curcumin were also identified. Inflammation and cytokine-associated pathways, Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive impairment were characterized as the most significant biological processes implicated in genes, miRNAs, and transcription factors induced by DAB and targeted by curcumin. Our findings provide new insight into fundamental molecular mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment caused by DAB, particularly the effects of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, this study suggests that curcumin might be a promising therapeutic molecule for cognitive impairment treatment through modulating neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen HD, Jo WH, Hoang NHM, Yu BP, Chung HY, Kim MS. 1,2-Diacetylbenzene impaired hippocampal memory by activating proinflammatory cytokines and upregulating the prolactin pathway: An in vivo and in vitro study. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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