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Ye M, Zhu H, Lu X, Yang R, Wang H, Peng J, Pan H, Fang Y, Shi R, Li F, Chen Z, Hu W, Huang C. Central innate immunization induces tolerance against post-traumatic stress disorder-like behavior and neuroinflammatory responses in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 122:368-387. [PMID: 39197543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric disorder associated with abnormally elevated neuroinflammatory responses. Suppression of neuroinflammation is considered to be effective in ameliorating PTSD-like behaviors in rodents. Since pre-stimulation of microglia prior to stress exposure can prevent neuroinflammation, we hypothesized that pre-stimulation of microglia may prevent PTSD in animals. The results show that a single injection of a classical immune stimulant, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), at 50, 100 or 500, but not 10 μg/kg, one day before stress exposure, prevented the anxiety- and fear-like behaviors induced by modified single prolonged stress (mSPS). The time-dependent analysis shows that a single injection of LPS (100 μg/kg) either one or five, but not ten, days before stress prevented mSPS-induced anxiety- and fear-like behaviors. A second low-dose LPS injection 10 days after the first injection or a repeated LPS injection (4 × ) 10 days before stress induced tolerance to mSPS. Mechanistic studies show that a single injection of LPS one day before stress stimulation prevented mSPS-induced increases in levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 mRNA in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Inhibition of microglia by pretreatment with minocycline or depletion of microglia by PLX3397 abolished the preventive effect of low-dose LPS pre-injection on mSPS-induced anxiety- and fear-like behavior and neuroinflammatory responses. These results suggest that pre-stimulation of microglia may prevent the development of PTSD-like behaviors by attenuating the development of neuroinflammatory responses. This could help to develop new strategies to prevent the damaging effects of harmful stress on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiu Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #388 Zuchongzhi South Road, Kunshan, Suzhou 215300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hainan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunli Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruiting Shi
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, Av. Parde Tomas Pereira, Macau, Taipa 999078, China
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No.7 People's Hospital, 288# Yanling East Road, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, #666 Shengli Road, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong University, #399 Shijidadao, Nantong 226007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Pan SY, Gu YR, Zhao G, Wang Y, Qin ZH, Tang QY, Qin YY, Li Luo. NADPH mimics the antidepressant effects of exercise in a chronic unpredictable stress rat model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 731:150360. [PMID: 39018970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Exercise is known to be an effective intervention for depression. NADPH has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in our previous studies. This study aimed to investigate if NADPH has antidepressant effects and can mimic the effects of exercise in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) rat model. CUS rats underwent an 8-week swimming exercise (30 min/d, 5d/w) or were intraperitoneally administered 4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg NADPH. The open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), and forced swimming test (FST) were used to examine the antidepressant-like behaviors of the rats. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH similarly reduced anxiety, as demonstrated by the number of fecal pellets. Meanwhile, exercise and 8 mg/kg NADPH significantly increased locomotion activity in the OFT. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH effectively reversed CUS-induced anhedonia in rats in the SPT. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH had no impact on appetite of depressed rats; however, 8 mg/kg NADPH increased the rats' exploratory activity in the NSFT. Exercise, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg NADPH significantly reduced the immobility time of CUS model rats, while exercise and 8 mg/kg NADPH postponed the early CUS-induced "immobility" in the FST. These results demonstrated that NADPH has similar antidepressant-like effects to exercise in CUS-induced depression model rats and is a potential exercise-mimicking antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yao Pan
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Yan-Rong Gu
- Changshu Xupu High School, Suzhou, 215513, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nan'ao People's Hospital of Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, 518121, China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases (SZS0703), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Qiu-Yue Tang
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qin
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Li Luo
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China.
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Aranđelović J, Ivanović J, Batinić B, Mirković K, Matović BD, Savić MM. Sucrose binge-eating and increased anxiety-like behavior in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to repeated LPS administration followed by chronic mild unpredictable stress. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22569. [PMID: 39343983 PMCID: PMC11439944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to persistent mild stress is a frequently encountered chronic challenge in a rapidly evolving society. Depending on various factors including sex, the response to stressors varies and is closely linked to the phenomenon of resilience. Depression and anxiety can be considered maladaptive responses to such stress. In this rat study, we investigated the sex-dependent effects of low-grade systemic inflammation during 1 week in combination with chronic unpredictable mild stress during the following 4 weeks on anxiety-like behavior and episodic feeding behavior. Increased anxiety-like behavior and increased sucrose intake were identified in stressed compared to control animals regardless of sex. Interestingly, two nearly equally distributed subpopulations were found in the stressed groups within each sex at the end of the 5-week protocol of combined stress exposure: the resistant and the susceptible, which were characterized by unchanged and increased sucrose intake, respectively. This difference in susceptibility to protracted combined mild stress and ensuing response to a sucrose eating binge demonstrates the complexity of the underlying regulatory mechanisms associated with emotional hyperreactivity. This model carries the potential for further investigation of the molecular basis of resilience and susceptibility to combined stressors and for testing treatments with potential preventive or therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Aranđelović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Jana Ivanović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Bojan Batinić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Kristina Mirković
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Branka Divović Matović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia.
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Jiang H, Zhang M, Wang HQ, Zhang NN, Li XM, Yang XY, Chen AP, Yan X, Zhang Z, Chu SF, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Inflammation and Connexin 43 profiles in the prefrontal cortex are relevant to stress susceptibility and resilience in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 239:173757. [PMID: 38574898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a major chronic mental illness worldwide, characterized by anhedonia and pessimism. Exposed to the same stressful stimuli, some people behave normally, while others exhibit negative behaviors and psychology. The exact molecular mechanisms linking stress-induced depressive susceptibility and resilience remain unclear. Connexin 43 (Cx43) forms gap junction channels between the astrocytes, acting as a crucial role in the pathogenesis of depression. Cx43 dysfunction could lead to depressive behaviors, and depression down-regulates the expression of Cx43 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Besides, accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation is one of the most common pathological features of the central nervous system dysfunction. However, the roles of Cx43 and peripheral inflammation in stress-susceptible and stress-resilient individuals have rarely been investigated. Thus, animals were classified into the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-susceptible group and the CUS-resilient group based on the performance of behavioral tests following the CUS protocol in this study. The protein expression of Cx43 in the PFC, the Cx43 functional changes in the PFC, and the expression levels including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-18 in the peripheral serum were detected. Here, we found that stress exposure triggered a significant reduction in Cx43 protein expression in the CUS-susceptible mice but not in the CUS-resilient mice accompanied by various Cx43 phosphorylation expression and the changes of inflammatory signals. Stress resilience is associated with Cx43 in the PFC and fluctuation in inflammatory signaling, showing that therapeutic targeting of these pathways might promote stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui-Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin-Mu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue-Ying Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ai-Ping Chen
- China Three Gorges University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, China.
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5
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Zhao C, Shi R, Lu X, Yang R, Chen Z, Chen B, Hu W, Ren J, Peng J, Zhu T, Zhu H, Huang C. Obligatory role of microglia-mobilized hippocampal CREB-BDNF signaling in the prophylactic effect of β-glucan on chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 964:176288. [PMID: 38142848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have reported that pre-stimulation of microglia before stress stimulation is a possible strategy to prevent depression-like phenotypes; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are still unclear. Here, we used β-glucan, a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with immunomodulatory activities that cannot elicit pro-inflammatory responses in microglia, to address this issue. Our results showed that a single injection of β-glucan one day before stress exposure dose-dependently prevented the depression-like behaviors triggered by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), which peaked at 20 mg/kg and prevented the impairment of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, a pathological process critical for the progression of depression-like phenotypes. Inhibition of BDNF signaling by infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody into the hippocampus, knock-in of the mutant BDNF Val68Met allele, or blockade of the BDNF receptor in the hippocampus abolished the preventive effect of β-glucan on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors. Further analysis showed that cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-mediated increase of BDNF expression in the hippocampus was essential for the prevention of depression-like phenotypes by β-glucan. Pretreatment with minocycline or PLX3397 before β-glucan injection to suppress microglia abolished the preventive effect of β-glucan on impaired CREB-BDNF signaling in the hippocampus and depression-like behaviors in CUS mice. These results suggest that an increase in hippocampal BDNF following CREB activation triggered by β-glucan-induced microglia stimulation and subsequent TrkB signaling mediates the preventive effect of β-glucan on depression. β-Glucan may be a more suitable immunostimulant for the prevention of depression due to its inability to promote pro-inflammatory responses in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruiting Shi
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, Av. Parde Tomas Pereira, Macau, Taipa, 999078, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, #666 Shengli Road, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong University, #399 Shijidadao, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Sun X, Deng H, Shan B, Shan Y, Huang J, Feng X, Tang X, Ge Y, Liao P, Yang Q. Flavonoids contribute most to discriminating aged Guang Chenpi ( Citrus reticulata 'Chachi') by spectrum-effect relationship analysis between LC-Q-Orbitrap/MS fingerprint and ameliorating spleen deficiency activity. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7039-7060. [PMID: 37970411 PMCID: PMC10630847 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To further explore the mechanism of "the longer storage time, the better bioactivity" of aged Guang Chenpi, the dry pericarp of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (CRC), a series of activity assessments were performed on spleen deficiency mice. The constituents in CRC with different storage years were analyzed by LC-Q-Orbitrap/MS. A total of 53 compounds were identified, and CRC stored for more than 5 years showed higher flavonoid content, especially that of polymethoxyflavones. Anti-spleen deficiency bioactivity analysis among various CRC with different storage years showed aged CRC (stored for more than 3 years) could significantly alleviate fatigue and depression behaviors much better, increase D-xylose and gastrin secretion, and upregulate the expression of the linking protein occludin in the colon walls. Results from 16S rDNA sequencing showed that aged CRC could downregulate the abundance of Enterococcus, Gemmata, Citrobacter, Escherichia_Shigella, and Klebsiella, which were significantly overrepresented in the model group. Bacteroides, Muribaculum, Alloprevotella, Paraprevotella, Alistipes, Eisenbergiella, and Colidextribacter were downregulated in the model group but enriched in the CRC groups. At last, the spectrum-effect relationship analysis indicated that flavonoids such as citrusin III, homoeriodictyol, hesperidin, nobiletin, and isosinensetin in aged CRC showed the highest correlation with better activity in ameliorating spleen deficiency by regulating gut microbiota. Flavonoids contribute most to discriminating aged CRC and could disclose the basis of "the longer storage time, the better bioactivity" of aged Guang Chenpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Sun
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal MaterialsState Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal MaterialsGuangzhouChina
- Comprehensive Experimental Station of GuangzhouChinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS‐21‐16)GuangzhouChina
| | - Haidan Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Baojun Shan
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yunqi Shan
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiaying Huang
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xinshu Feng
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal MaterialsState Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal MaterialsGuangzhouChina
- Comprehensive Experimental Station of GuangzhouChinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS‐21‐16)GuangzhouChina
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuewei Ge
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Peiran Liao
- Key Laboratory of Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal MaterialsState Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal MaterialsGuangzhouChina
- Comprehensive Experimental Station of GuangzhouChinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS‐21‐16)GuangzhouChina
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Quan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal MaterialsState Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal MaterialsGuangzhouChina
- Comprehensive Experimental Station of GuangzhouChinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS‐21‐16)GuangzhouChina
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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