1
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Candia AA, Lean SC, Zhang CXW, McKeating DR, Cochrane A, Gulacsi E, Herrera EA, Krause BJ, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Obesogenic Diet in Mice Leads to Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Mother in Association with Sex-Specific Changes in Fetal Development, Inflammatory Markers and Placental Transcriptome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:411. [PMID: 38671859 PMCID: PMC11047652 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity during pregnancy is related to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Factors involved in these outcomes may include increased maternal insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient mishandling. The placenta is the primary determinant of fetal outcomes, and its function can be impacted by maternal obesity. The aim of this study on mice was to determine the effect of obesity on maternal lipid handling, inflammatory and redox state, and placental oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and gene expression relative to female and male fetal growth. METHODS Female mice were fed control or obesogenic high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFHS) from 9 weeks prior to, and during, pregnancy. On day 18.5 of pregnancy, maternal plasma, and liver, placenta, and fetal serum were collected to examine the immune and redox states. The placental labyrinth zone (Lz) was dissected for RNA-sequencing analysis of gene expression changes. RESULTS the HFHS diet induced, in the dams, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress (reduced catalase, elevated protein oxidation) and the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways (p38-MAPK), along with imbalanced circulating cytokine concentrations (increased IL-6 and decreased IL-5 and IL-17A). HFHS fetuses were asymmetrically growth-restricted, showing sex-specific changes in circulating cytokines (GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ). The morphology of the placenta Lz was modified by an HFHS diet, in association with sex-specific alterations in the expression of genes and proteins implicated in oxidative stress, inflammation, and stress signaling. Placental gene expression changes were comparable to that seen in models of intrauterine inflammation and were related to a transcriptional network involving transcription factors, LYL1 and PLAG1. CONCLUSION This study shows that fetal growth restriction with maternal obesity is related to elevated oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, and sex-specific placental changes. Our data are important, given the marked consequences and the rising rates of obesity worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A. Candia
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of O’Higgins, Rancagua 2841959, Chile;
- Pathophysiology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500922, Chile;
- Department for the Woman and Newborn Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Samantha C. Lean
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Cindy X. W. Zhang
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Daniel R. McKeating
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Anna Cochrane
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Edina Gulacsi
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Emilio A. Herrera
- Pathophysiology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500922, Chile;
| | - Bernardo J. Krause
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of O’Higgins, Rancagua 2841959, Chile;
| | - Amanda N. Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.A.C.); (C.X.W.Z.); (D.R.M.); (A.C.); (E.G.)
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2
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Bohlson SS, Tenner AJ. Complement in the Brain: Contributions to Neuroprotection, Neuronal Plasticity, and Neuroinflammation. Annu Rev Immunol 2023; 41:431-452. [PMID: 36750318 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101921-035639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient collection of proteolytic cascades with well-described roles in regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. With the convergence of a revolution in complement-directed clinical therapeutics, the discovery of specific complement-associated targetable pathways in the central nervous system, and the development of integrated multi-omic technologies that have all emerged over the last 15 years, precision therapeutic targeting in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative diseases and processes appears to be within reach. As a sensor of tissue distress, the complement system protects the brain from microbial challenge as well as the accumulation of dead and/or damaged molecules and cells. Additional more recently discovered diverse functions of complement make it of paramount importance to design complement-directed neurotherapeutics such that the beneficial roles in neurodevelopment, adult neural plasticity, and neuroprotective functions of the complement system are retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne S Bohlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; ,
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; ,
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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3
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Wen L, Yang X, Wu Z, Fu S, Zhan Y, Chen Z, Bi D, Shen Y. The complement inhibitor CD59 is required for GABAergic synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112349. [PMID: 37027303 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent microglia pruning of excitatory synapses has been widely reported in physiological and pathological conditions, with few reports concerning pruning of inhibitory synapses or direct regulation of synaptic transmission by complement components. Here, we report that loss of CD59, an important endogenous inhibitor of the complement system, leads to compromised spatial memory performance. Furthermore, CD59 deficiency impairs GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). This depends on regulation of GABA release triggered by Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) rather than inhibitory synaptic pruning by microglia. Notably, CD59 colocalizes with inhibitory pre-synaptic terminals and regulates SNARE complex assembly. Together, these results demonstrate that the complement regulator CD59 plays an important role in normal hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zujun Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shumei Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaxi Zhan
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zuolong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Danlei Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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4
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Govic A, Nasser H, Levay EA, Zelko M, Ebrahimie E, Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh M, Kent S, Penman J, Hazi A. Long-Term Calorie Restriction Alters Anxiety-like Behaviour and the Brain and Adrenal Gland Transcriptomes of the Ageing Male Rat. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214670. [PMID: 36364936 PMCID: PMC9654051 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Further examination of the molecular regulators of long-term calorie restriction (CR), reported to have an anxiolytic effect, may highlight novel therapeutic targets for anxiety disorders. Here, adult male Hooded Wistar rats were exposed to a 25% CR whilst anxiety-like behaviour was assessed at 6-, 12-, and 18-months of age via the elevated plus maze, open field, and acoustic startle tests. Next-generation sequencing was then used to measure transcriptome-wide gene expression in the hypothalamus, amygdala, pituitary, and adrenal glands. Results showed an anxiolytic behavioural profile across early, middle, and late adulthood by CR, with the strongest effects noted at 6-months. Transcriptomic analysis by seven attribute weighting algorithms, including Info Gain Ratio, Rule, Chi Squared, Gini Index, Uncertainty, Relief, and Info Gain, led to the development of a signature of long-term CR, independent of region. Complement C1q A chain (C1qa), an extracellular protein, expression was significantly decreased by CR in most regions examined. Furthermore, text mining highlighted the positive involvement of C1qa in anxiety, depression, neurodegeneration, stress, and ageing, collectively identifying a suitable biomarker candidate for CR. Overall, the current study identified anxiety-related phenotypic changes and a novel transcriptome signature of long-term CR, indicating potential therapeutic targets for anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Govic
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +61-3-9780-9996
| | - Helen Nasser
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Levay
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matt Zelko
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Genomics Research Platform, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Manijeh Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh
- Genomics Research Platform, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jim Penman
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Agnes Hazi
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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5
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Epigenetic regulation of fetal brain development in pig. Gene 2022; 844:146823. [PMID: 35988784 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
How fetal brain development is regulated at the molecular level is not well understood. Due to ethical challenges associated with research on the human fetus, large animals particularly pigs are increasingly used to study development and disorders of fetal brain. The pig fetal brain grows rapidly during the last ∼ 50 days before birth which is around day 60 (d60) of pig gestation. But what regulates the onset of accelerated growth of the brain is unknown. The current study tests the hypothesis that epigenetic alteration around d60 is involved in the onset of rapid growth of fetal brain of pig. To test this hypothesis, DNA methylation changes of fetal brain was assessed in a genome-wide manner by Enzymatic Methyl-seq (EM-seq) during two gestational periods (GP): d45 vs. d60 (GP1) and d60 vs. d90 (GP2). The cytosine-guanine (CpG) methylation data was analyzed in an integrative manner with the RNA-seq data generated from the same brain samples from our earlier study. A neural network based modeling approach was implemented to learn changes in methylation patterns of the differentially expressed genes, and then predict methylations of the brain in a genome-wide manner during rapid growth. This approach identified specific methylations that changed in a mutually informative manner during rapid growth of the fetal brain. These methylations were significantly overrepresented in specific genic as well as intergenic features including CpG islands, introns, and untranslated regions. In addition, sex-bias methylations of known single nucleotide polymorphic sites were also identified in the fetal brain ide during rapid growth.
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6
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Reichart D, Lindberg EL, Maatz H, Miranda AMA, Viveiros A, Shvetsov N, Gärtner A, Nadelmann ER, Lee M, Kanemaru K, Ruiz-Orera J, Strohmenger V, DeLaughter DM, Patone G, Zhang H, Woehler A, Lippert C, Kim Y, Adami E, Gorham JM, Barnett SN, Brown K, Buchan RJ, Chowdhury RA, Constantinou C, Cranley J, Felkin LE, Fox H, Ghauri A, Gummert J, Kanda M, Li R, Mach L, McDonough B, Samari S, Shahriaran F, Yapp C, Stanasiuk C, Theotokis PI, Theis FJ, van den Bogaerdt A, Wakimoto H, Ware JS, Worth CL, Barton PJR, Lee YA, Teichmann SA, Milting H, Noseda M, Oudit GY, Heinig M, Seidman JG, Hubner N, Seidman CE. Pathogenic variants damage cell composition and single cell transcription in cardiomyopathies. Science 2022; 377:eabo1984. [PMID: 35926050 PMCID: PMC9528698 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in genes that cause dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) convey high risks for the development of heart failure through unknown mechanisms. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we characterized the transcriptome of 880,000 nuclei from 18 control and 61 failing, nonischemic human hearts with pathogenic variants in DCM and ACM genes or idiopathic disease. We performed genotype-stratified analyses of the ventricular cell lineages and transcriptional states. The resultant DCM and ACM ventricular cell atlas demonstrated distinct right and left ventricular responses, highlighting genotype-associated pathways, intercellular interactions, and differential gene expression at single-cell resolution. Together, these data illuminate both shared and distinct cellular and molecular architectures of human heart failure and suggest candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reichart
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Eric L Lindberg
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Maatz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio M A Miranda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Imperial College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Nikolay Shvetsov
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Gärtner
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Emily R Nadelmann
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Lee
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Kazumasa Kanemaru
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jorge Ruiz-Orera
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktoria Strohmenger
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel M DeLaughter
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
| | - Giannino Patone
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hao Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Andrew Woehler
- Systems Biology Imaging Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Lippert
- Digital Health-Machine Learning group, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.,Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eleonora Adami
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua M Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sam N Barnett
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Kemar Brown
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Cardiac Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rachel J Buchan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Rasheda A Chowdhury
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | - James Cranley
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Leanne E Felkin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Henrik Fox
- Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Ahla Ghauri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Gummert
- Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Kanda
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ruoyan Li
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lukas Mach
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Barbara McDonough
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
| | - Sara Samari
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Farnoush Shahriaran
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Stanasiuk
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Pantazis I Theotokis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Catherine L Worth
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul J R Barton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Michela Noseda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Imperial College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Matthias Heinig
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Informatics, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), 85748 Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Association, Partner Site Munich, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Hubner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
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7
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González-Calvo I, Cizeron M, Bessereau JL, Selimi F. Synapse Formation and Function Across Species: Ancient Roles for CCP, CUB, and TSP-1 Structural Domains. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866444. [PMID: 35546877 PMCID: PMC9083331 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of synapses was a crucial step in the creation of the variety of nervous systems that are found in the animal kingdom. With increased complexity of the organisms came a greater number of synaptic proteins. In this review we describe synaptic proteins that contain the structural domains CUB, CCP, or TSP-1. These domains are found in invertebrates and vertebrates, and CUB and CCP domains were initially described in proteins belonging to the complement system of innate immunity. Interestingly, they are found in synapses of the nematode C. elegans, which does not have a complement system, suggesting an ancient function. Comparison of the roles of CUB-, CCP-, and TSP-1 containing synaptic proteins in various species shows that in more complex nervous systems, these structural domains are combined with other domains and that there is partial conservation of their function. These three domains are thus basic building blocks of the synaptic architecture. Further studies of structural domains characteristic of synaptic proteins in invertebrates such as C. elegans and comparison of their role in mammals will help identify other conserved synaptic molecular building blocks. Furthermore, this type of functional comparison across species will also identify structural domains added during evolution in correlation with increased complexity, shedding light on mechanisms underlying cognition and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés González-Calvo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa Cizeron
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bessereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Fekrije Selimi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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8
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Parker SE, Bellingham MC, Woodruff TM. Complement drives circuit modulation in the adult brain. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 214:102282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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The Complement System in the Central Nervous System: From Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020337. [PMID: 35204837 PMCID: PMC8869249 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the complement system to both innate and adaptive immunity through opsonization, cell lysis, and inflammatory activities are well known. In contrast, the role of complement in the central nervous system (CNS) which extends beyond immunity, is only beginning to be recognized as important to neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. In addition to protecting the brain against invasive pathogens, appropriate activation of the complement system is pivotal to the maintenance of normal brain function. Moreover, overactivation or dysregulation may cause synaptic dysfunction and promote excessive pro-inflammatory responses. Recent studies have provided insights into the various responses of complement components in different neurological diseases and the regulatory mechanisms involved in their pathophysiology, as well as a glimpse into targeting complement factors as a potential therapeutic modality. However, there remain significant knowledge gaps in the relationship between the complement system and different brain disorders. This review summarizes recent key findings regarding the role of different components of the complement system in health and pathology of the CNS and discusses the therapeutic potential of anti-complement strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.
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10
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Soteros BM, Sia GM. Complement and microglia dependent synapse elimination in brain development. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 14:e1545. [PMID: 34738335 PMCID: PMC9066608 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synapse elimination, also known as synaptic pruning, is a critical step in the maturation of neural circuits during brain development. Mounting evidence indicates that the complement cascade of the innate immune system plays an important role in synapse elimination. Studies indicate that excess synapses during development are opsonized by complement proteins and subsequently phagocytosed by microglia which expresses complement receptors. The process is regulated by diverse molecular signals, including complement inhibitors that affect the activation of complement, as well as signals that affect microglial recruitment and activation. These signals may promote or inhibit the removal of specific sets of synapses during development. The complement-microglia system has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of several developmental brain disorders, suggesting that the dysregulation of mechanisms of synapse pruning may underlie the specific circuitry defects in these diseases. Here, we review the latest evidence on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of complement-dependent and microglia-dependent synapse elimination during brain development, and highlight the potential of this system as a therapeutic target for developmental brain disorders. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breeanne M Soteros
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Gek Ming Sia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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11
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Ye W, Duan Y, Zhang W, Cheng Y, Shi M, Xia XQ. Comprehensive analysis of hub mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA, and associated ceRNA networks implicated in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) growth traits. Genomics 2021; 113:4004-4014. [PMID: 34614437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is the most productive freshwater aquaculture fish in worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism of its growth traits has not been fully elucidated. Whole transcriptome analysis of the brain and hepatopancreas of 29 six-month-old grass carp with different growth rates was performed. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to construct a weighted gene co-expression network of mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA separately. A total of 35 hub mRNAs, 47 hub lncRNAs and 33 hub miRNAs were identified from the brain, 37 hub mRNAs, 110 hub lncRNAs and 36 hub miRNAs were identified from the hepatopancreas. The ceRNA networks in the brain and hepatopancreas were involved in brain development and nutrient metabolism, respectively. Overall, this is the first investigation of the growth-related transcriptomic characteristics in the brain and hepatopancreas of grass carp, thus will help us to further explore the molecular mechanism of grass carp growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Ye
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You Duan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanting Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingyin Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mijuan Shi
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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12
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Gomez-Arboledas A, Acharya MM, Tenner AJ. The Role of Complement in Synaptic Pruning and Neurodegeneration. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:373-386. [PMID: 34595138 PMCID: PMC8478425 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s305420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system, an essential part of the innate immune system, is composed of a group of secreted and membrane proteins that collectively participate in maintaining the function of the healthy and diseased brain. However, an inappropriate activation of the complement system has been related to an inflammatory response in multiple diseases, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as Zika infection and radiotherapy. In addition, C1q and C3 (initial activation components of the complement cascade) have been shown to play a key beneficial role in the refinement of synaptic circuits during developmental stages and adult plasticity. Nevertheless, excessive synaptic pruning in the adult brain can be detrimental and has been associated with synaptic loss in several pathological conditions. In this brief review, we will discuss the role of the complement system in synaptic pruning as well as its contribution to neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. We also mention potential therapeutic approaches to target the complement system to treat several neuroinflammatory diseases and unintended consequences of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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13
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Chen CP, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Wang W. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a de novo chromosome 1q41-q42.11 microdeletion of paternal origin in a 15-year-old boy with mental retardation, developmental delay, autism and congenital heart defects. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:341-344. [PMID: 33678339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present molecular cytogenetic characterization of a de novo chromosome 1q41-q42.11 microdeletion of paternal origin in a mentally retarded child of a family requesting for genetic counseling of the future pregnancy. CASE REPORT A 43-year-old, gravida 1, para 1, woman, who had a 15-year-old son with mental retardation, planned to have another normal child and requested for genetic counseling of the future pregnancy. Her husband was 48 years old. The 15-year-old boy had a body height of 148 cm (<3rd centile) and a body weight of 40 Kg (<35th centile). He had facial dysmorphism, mental retardation, scoliosis, abnormal gaits, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary stenosis and autism but did not have any history of epilepsy. Cytogenetic analysis of the boy and the parents revealed normal karyotypes. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis of the family revealed a de novo 2.028-Mb 1q41-q42.11 microdeletion, or arr 1q41q42.11 (222,571,596-224,599,234) × 1.0 [GRCh37 (hg19)], encompassing 13 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) genes including DISP1, SUSD4, FBXO28, TP53BP2 and WDR26 in the child. Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed a paternal origin of the deletion. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis confirmed a 1q41 deletion. CONCLUSION Genetic counseling of the parents who have a previous child with mental retardation and who wish to have another normal child in the future pregnancy should include genetic studies, and aCGH is useful under such a circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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González-Calvo I, Iyer K, Carquin M, Khayachi A, Giuliani FA, Sigoillot SM, Vincent J, Séveno M, Veleanu M, Tahraoui S, Albert M, Vigy O, Bosso-Lefèvre C, Nadjar Y, Dumoulin A, Triller A, Bessereau JL, Rondi-Reig L, Isope P, Selimi F. Sushi domain-containing protein 4 controls synaptic plasticity and motor learning. eLife 2021; 10:65712. [PMID: 33661101 PMCID: PMC7972451 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine control of protein stoichiometry at synapses underlies brain function and plasticity. How proteostasis is controlled independently for each type of synaptic protein in a synapse-specific and activity-dependent manner remains unclear. Here, we show that Susd4, a gene coding for a complement-related transmembrane protein, is expressed by many neuronal populations starting at the time of synapse formation. Constitutive loss-of-function of Susd4 in the mouse impairs motor coordination adaptation and learning, prevents long-term depression at cerebellar synapses, and leads to misregulation of activity-dependent AMPA receptor subunit GluA2 degradation. We identified several proteins with known roles in the regulation of AMPA receptor turnover, in particular ubiquitin ligases of the NEDD4 subfamily, as SUSD4 binding partners. Our findings shed light on the potential role of SUSD4 mutations in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés González-Calvo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Keerthana Iyer
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Carquin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anouar Khayachi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Fernando A Giuliani
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Séverine M Sigoillot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jean Vincent
- Institut Biology Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), CeZaMe, CNRS, Sorbonne University, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Martial Séveno
- BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Veleanu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvana Tahraoui
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Albert
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Oana Vigy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Célia Bosso-Lefèvre
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Yann Nadjar
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Andréa Dumoulin
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Triller
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bessereau
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, Institut Neuromyogène, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Rondi-Reig
- Institut Biology Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), CeZaMe, CNRS, Sorbonne University, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fekrije Selimi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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