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Matyja K, Lech M. Dynamic Energy Budget model for E. coli growth in carbon and nitrogen limitation conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:408. [PMID: 38967685 PMCID: PMC11226513 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The simulations and predictions obtained from mathematical models of bioprocesses conducted by microorganisms are not overvalued. Mechanistic models are bringing a better process understanding and the possibility of simulating unmeasurable variables. The Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model is an energy balance that can be formulated for any living organism and can be classified as a structured model. In this study, the DEB model was used to describe E. coli growth in a batch reactor in carbon and nitrogen substrate limitation conditions. The DEB model provides a possibility to follow the changes in the microbes' cells including their elemental composition and content of some important cell ingredients in different growth phases in substrate limitation conditions which makes it more informative compared to Monod's model. The model can be used as an optimal choice between Monod-like models and flux-based approaches. KEY POINTS: • The DEB model can be used to catch changes in elemental composition of E. coli • Bacteria batch culture growth phases can be explained by the DEB model • The DEB model is more informative compared to Monod's based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Matyja
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Micro, Nano, and Bioprocess Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Lech
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Micro, Nano, and Bioprocess Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Caro-Astorga J, Meyerowitz JT, Stork DA, Nattermann U, Piszkiewicz S, Vimercati L, Schwendner P, Hocher A, Cockell C, DeBenedictis E. Polyextremophile engineering: a review of organisms that push the limits of life. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1341701. [PMID: 38903795 PMCID: PMC11188471 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nature exhibits an enormous diversity of organisms that thrive in extreme environments. From snow algae that reproduce at sub-zero temperatures to radiotrophic fungi that thrive in nuclear radiation at Chernobyl, extreme organisms raise many questions about the limits of life. Is there any environment where life could not "find a way"? Although many individual extremophilic organisms have been identified and studied, there remain outstanding questions about the limits of life and the extent to which extreme properties can be enhanced, combined or transferred to new organisms. In this review, we compile the current knowledge on the bioengineering of extremophile microbes. We summarize what is known about the basic mechanisms of extreme adaptations, compile synthetic biology's efforts to engineer extremophile organisms beyond what is found in nature, and highlight which adaptations can be combined. The basic science of extremophiles can be applied to engineered organisms tailored to specific biomanufacturing needs, such as growth in high temperatures or in the presence of unusual solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Devon A. Stork
- Pioneer Research Laboratories, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Una Nattermann
- Pioneer Research Laboratories, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Lara Vimercati
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Antoine Hocher
- London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Erika DeBenedictis
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Pioneer Research Laboratories, San Francisco, CA, United States
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3
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Sánchez Á, Arrabal A, San Román M, Díaz-Colunga J. The optimization of microbial functions through rational environmental manipulations. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38372207 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms play a central role in biotechnology and it is key that we develop strategies to engineer and optimize their functionality. To this end, most efforts have focused on introducing genetic manipulations in microorganisms which are then grown either in monoculture or in mixed-species consortia. An alternative strategy to optimize microbial processes is to rationally engineer the environment in which microbes grow. The microbial environment is multidimensional, including factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, nutrient composition, etc. These environmental factors all influence the growth and phenotypes of microorganisms and they generally "interact" with one another, combining their effects in complex, non-additive ways. In this piece, we overview the origins and consequences of these "interactions" between environmental factors and discuss how they have been built into statistical, bottom-up predictive models of microbial function to identify optimal environmental conditions for monocultures and microbial consortia. We also overview alternative "top-down" approaches, such as genetic algorithms, to finding optimal combinations of environmental factors. By providing a brief summary of the state of this field, we hope to stimulate further work on the rational manipulation and optimization of the microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sánchez
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB - CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, IBFG-CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andrea Arrabal
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB - CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, IBFG-CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Magdalena San Román
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB - CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, IBFG-CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Díaz-Colunga
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB - CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, IBFG-CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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4
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Alonso-Vásquez T, Fondi M, Perrin E. Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance Using Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050896. [PMID: 37237798 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The urgent necessity to fight antimicrobial resistance is universally recognized. In the search of new targets and strategies to face this global challenge, a promising approach resides in the study of the cellular response to antimicrobial exposure and on the impact of global cellular reprogramming on antimicrobial drugs' efficacy. The metabolic state of microbial cells has been shown to undergo several antimicrobial-induced modifications and, at the same time, to be a good predictor of the outcome of an antimicrobial treatment. Metabolism is a promising reservoir of potential drug targets/adjuvants that has not been fully exploited to date. One of the main problems in unraveling the metabolic response of cells to the environment resides in the complexity of such metabolic networks. To solve this problem, modeling approaches have been developed, and they are progressively gaining in popularity due to the huge availability of genomic information and the ease at which a genome sequence can be converted into models to run basic phenotype predictions. Here, we review the use of computational modeling to study the relationship between microbial metabolism and antimicrobials and the recent advances in the application of genome-scale metabolic modeling to the study of microbial responses to antimicrobial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Alonso-Vásquez
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Fondi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Perrin
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy
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A Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Marine Heterotroph Vibrio splendidus Strain 1A01. mSystems 2023; 8:e0037722. [PMID: 36853050 PMCID: PMC10134806 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00377-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While Vibrio splendidus is best known as an opportunistic pathogen in oysters, Vibrio splendidus strain 1A01 was first identified as an early colonizer of synthetic chitin particles incubated in seawater. To gain a better understanding of its metabolism, a genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) of V. splendidus 1A01 was reconstructed. GSMMs enable us to simulate all metabolic reactions in a bacterial cell using flux balance analysis. A draft model was built using an automated pipeline from BioCyc. Manual curation was then performed based on experimental data, in part by gap-filling metabolic pathways and tailoring the model's biomass reaction to V. splendidus 1A01. The challenges of building a metabolic model for a marine microorganism like V. splendidus 1A01 are described. IMPORTANCE A genome-scale metabolic model of V. splendidus 1A01 was reconstructed in this work. We offer solutions to the technical problems associated with model reconstruction for a marine bacterial strain like V. splendidus 1A01, which arise largely from the high salt concentration found in both seawater and culture media that simulate seawater.
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Du YH, Wang MY, Yang LH, Tong LL, Guo DS, Ji XJ. Optimization and Scale-Up of Fermentation Processes Driven by Models. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090473. [PMID: 36135019 PMCID: PMC9495923 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of sustainable development, the use of cell factories to produce various compounds by fermentation has attracted extensive attention; however, industrial fermentation requires not only efficient production strains, but also suitable extracellular conditions and medium components, as well as scaling-up. In this regard, the use of biological models has received much attention, and this review will provide guidance for the rapid selection of biological models. This paper first introduces two mechanistic modeling methods, kinetic modeling and constraint-based modeling (CBM), and generalizes their applications in practice. Next, we review data-driven modeling based on machine learning (ML), and highlight the application scope of different learning algorithms. The combined use of ML and CBM for constructing hybrid models is further discussed. At the end, we also discuss the recent strategies for predicting bioreactor scale-up and culture behavior through a combination of biological models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hang Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lin-Hui Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (D.-S.G.); (X.-J.J.)
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Correspondence: (D.-S.G.); (X.-J.J.)
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7
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Dundas CM, Dinneny JR. Genetic Circuit Design in Rhizobacteria. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9858049. [PMID: 37850138 PMCID: PMC10521742 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9858049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered plants hold enormous promise for tackling global food security and agricultural sustainability challenges. However, construction of plant-based genetic circuitry is constrained by a lack of well-characterized genetic parts and circuit design rules. In contrast, advances in bacterial synthetic biology have yielded a wealth of sensors, actuators, and other tools that can be used to build bacterial circuitry. As root-colonizing bacteria (rhizobacteria) exert substantial influence over plant health and growth, genetic circuit design in these microorganisms can be used to indirectly engineer plants and accelerate the design-build-test-learn cycle. Here, we outline genetic parts and best practices for designing rhizobacterial circuits, with an emphasis on sensors, actuators, and chassis species that can be used to monitor/control rhizosphere and plant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José R. Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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8
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Behravan A, Hashemi A, Marashi SA. A Constraint-based modeling approach to reach an improved chemically defined minimal medium for recombinant antiEpEX-scFv production by Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Pecoraro L, Wang X, Shah D, Song X, Kumar V, Shakoor A, Tripathi K, Ramteke PW, Rani R. Biosynthesis Pathways, Transport Mechanisms and Biotechnological Applications of Fungal Siderophores. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:21. [PMID: 35049961 PMCID: PMC8781417 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is the fourth most abundant element on earth and represents an essential nutrient for life. As a fundamental mineral element for cell growth and development, iron is available for uptake as ferric ions, which are usually oxidized into complex oxyhydroxide polymers, insoluble under aerobic conditions. In these conditions, the bioavailability of iron is dramatically reduced. As a result, microorganisms face problems of iron acquisition, especially under low concentrations of this element. However, some microbes have evolved mechanisms for obtaining ferric irons from the extracellular medium or environment by forming small molecules often regarded as siderophores. Siderophores are high affinity iron-binding molecules produced by a repertoire of proteins found in the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria, bacteria, fungi, and plants. Common groups of siderophores include hydroxamates, catecholates, carboxylates, and hydroximates. The hydroxamate siderophores are commonly synthesized by fungi. L-ornithine is a biosynthetic precursor of siderophores, which is synthesized from multimodular large enzyme complexes through non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), while siderophore-Fe chelators cell wall mannoproteins (FIT1, FIT2, and FIT3) help the retention of siderophores. S. cerevisiae, for example, can express these proteins in two genetically separate systems (reductive and nonreductive) in the plasma membrane. These proteins can convert Fe (III) into Fe (II) by a ferrous-specific metalloreductase enzyme complex and flavin reductases (FREs). However, regulation of the siderophore through Fur Box protein on the DNA promoter region and its activation or repression depend primarily on the Fe availability in the external medium. Siderophores are essential due to their wide range of applications in biotechnology, medicine, bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environments, biocontrol of plant pathogens, and plant growth enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pecoraro
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Dawood Shah
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoxuan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Abdul Shakoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Keshawanand Tripathi
- Center for Conservation and Utilization of Blue-Green Algae, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Pramod W. Ramteke
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur 458001, India;
| | - Rupa Rani
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India
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Khaleghi MK, Savizi ISP, Lewis NE, Shojaosadati SA. Synergisms of machine learning and constraint-based modeling of metabolism for analysis and optimization of fermentation parameters. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100212. [PMID: 34390201 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent noteworthy advances in the development of high-performing microbial and mammalian strains have enabled the sustainable production of bio-economically valuable substances such as bio-compounds, biofuels, and biopharmaceuticals. However, to obtain an industrially viable mass-production scheme, much time and effort are required. The robust and rational design of fermentation processes requires analysis and optimization of different extracellular conditions and medium components, which have a massive effect on growth and productivity. In this regard, knowledge- and data-driven modeling methods have received much attention. Constraint-based modeling (CBM) is a knowledge-driven mathematical approach that has been widely used in fermentation analysis and optimization due to its capabilities of predicting the cellular phenotype from genotype through high-throughput means. On the other hand, machine learning (ML) is a data-driven statistical method that identifies the data patterns within sophisticated biological systems and processes, where there is inadequate knowledge to represent underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, ML models are becoming a viable complement to constraint-based models in a reciprocal manner when one is used as a pre-step of another. As a result, more predictable model is produced. This review highlights the applications of CBM and ML independently and the combination of these two approaches for analyzing and optimizing fermentation parameters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karim Khaleghi
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Shahidi Pour Savizi
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Evaluation of the PGPR Capacity of Four Bacterial Strains and Their Mixtures, Tested on Lupinus albus var. Dorado Seedlings, for the Bioremediation of Mercury-Polluted Soils. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9081293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil contamination by mercury, which is one of the most toxic heavy metals due to its bioaccumulative capacity, poses a risk to the environment as well as health. The Almadén mining district in Ciudad Real, Spain is one of the most heavily-polluted sites in the world, making the soils unusable. Bioremediation, and more specifically phyto-rhizoremediation, based on the synergistic interaction established between plant and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), improves the plant’s ability to grow, mobilize, accumulate, and extract contaminants from the soil. The objective of this study is to evaluate the plant growth-promoting ability of four PGPR strains (and mixtures), isolated from the bulk soil and rhizosphere of naturally grown plants in the Almadén mining district, when they are inoculated in emerged seeds of Lupinus albus, var. Dorado in the presence of high concentrations of mercury. After 20 days of incubation and subsequent harvesting of the seedlings, biometric measurements were carried out at the root and aerial levels. The results obtained show that the seeds treatment with PGPR strains improves plants biometry in the presence of mercury. Specifically, strain B2 (Pseudomonas baetica) and B1 (Pseudomonas moraviensis) were those that contributed the most to plant growth, both individually and as part of mixtures (CS5 and CS3). Thus, these are postulated to be good candidates for further in situ phyto-rhizoremediation tests of mercury-contaminated soils.
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Otero-Muras I, Carbonell P. Automated engineering of synthetic metabolic pathways for efficient biomanufacturing. Metab Eng 2020; 63:61-80. [PMID: 33316374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering involves the engineering and optimization of processes from single-cell to fermentation in order to increase production of valuable chemicals for health, food, energy, materials and others. A systems approach to metabolic engineering has gained traction in recent years thanks to advances in strain engineering, leading to an accelerated scaling from rapid prototyping to industrial production. Metabolic engineering is nowadays on track towards a truly manufacturing technology, with reduced times from conception to production enabled by automated protocols for DNA assembly of metabolic pathways in engineered producer strains. In this review, we discuss how the success of the metabolic engineering pipeline often relies on retrobiosynthetic protocols able to identify promising production routes and dynamic regulation strategies through automated biodesign algorithms, which are subsequently assembled as embedded integrated genetic circuits in the host strain. Those approaches are orchestrated by an experimental design strategy that provides optimal scheduling planning of the DNA assembly, rapid prototyping and, ultimately, brings forward an accelerated Design-Build-Test-Learn cycle and the overall optimization of the biomanufacturing process. Achieving such a vision will address the increasingly compelling demand in our society for delivering valuable biomolecules in an affordable, inclusive and sustainable bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Otero-Muras
- BioProcess Engineering Group, IIM-CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Vigo, 36208, Spain.
| | - Pablo Carbonell
- Institute of Industrial Control Systems and Computing (ai2), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Spain.
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