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Lee EJ, Kim MW, Gil HN, Chung YJ, Kim EM. In vitro hair growth-promoting effect of Lgr5-binding octapeptide in human primary hair cells. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:986-998. [PMID: 37905348 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair loss occurs due to various biological and environmental causes, which can have psychosocial consequences. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is well-known for its role in hair growth and regeneration, as it induces the proliferation and differentiation of hair cells. When the leucine-rich G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) interacts with the R-spondins, the frizzled receptor (FZD), a Wnt receptor, becomes stabilized, resulting in an increased β-catenin activity. AIM We investigated whether the octapeptide that binds to Lgr5 enhances proliferation and differentiation of human primary hair cells through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. METHODS The binding affinity of the octapeptide to Lgr5 was evaluated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We confirmed changes in proliferation and related factors like β-catenin activation and growth factors (GFs) expression in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HHFDPCs). Additionally, we observed the proliferation and the expression of differentiation markers in human hair follicle outer root sheath cells (HHFORSCs), human hair follicle germinal matrix cells (HHFGMCs), and human hair follicle stem cells (HHFSCs). We used three-dimensional HHFDPC spheroid culture treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to create in vitro conditions that mimic androgenetic alopecia, and we studied the effects of octapeptide on Wnt expression and HHFSC differentiation. RESULTS The binding of the octapeptide to Lgr5 was confirmed using SPR analysis. In HHFDPCs, treatment with octapeptide resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in proliferation. We also observed increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin and increased expression of its downstream targets. HHFDPCs treated with octapeptide exhibited increased expression of growth factors and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK. In addition, we confirmed that octapeptide increased proliferation and induced differentiation in HHFORSCs, HHFGMCs, and HHFSCs. Under the HHFDPC spheroid culture conditions, we found that octapeptide restored the inhibition of Wnt-5a and Wnt-10b expressions by DHT. In HHFSCs treated with HHFDPC spheroid culture media, we observed that octapeptide recovered the inhibition of differentiation by DHT. CONCLUSION We found that octapeptides activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and induced the proliferation and differentiation of human primary hair cells by acting as an exogenous ligand for Lgr5. In addition, octapeptides recovered inhibited hair regeneration characters by DHT in androgenetic alopecia-mimic in vitro model. These findings suggest that octapeptides may be a promising therapeutic option for treating hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ha-Na Gil
- Caregen R&D center, Anyang-si, Korea
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Lee JH, Choi S. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of stem cell dynamics in hair follicle regeneration. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:110-117. [PMID: 38182654 PMCID: PMC10834421 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles, which are connected to sebaceous glands in the skin, undergo cyclic periods of regeneration, degeneration, and rest throughout adult life in mammals. The crucial function of hair follicle stem cells is to maintain these hair growth cycles. Another vital aspect is the activity of melanocyte stem cells, which differentiate into melanin-producing melanocytes, contributing to skin and hair pigmentation. Sebaceous gland stem cells also have a pivotal role in maintaining the skin barrier by regenerating mature sebocytes. These stem cells are maintained in a specialized microenvironment or niche and are regulated by internal and external signals, determining their dynamic behaviors in homeostasis and hair follicle regeneration. The activity of these stem cells is tightly controlled by various factors secreted by the niche components around the hair follicles, as well as immune-mediated damage signals, aging, metabolic status, and stress. In this study, we review these diverse stem cell regulatory and related molecular mechanisms of hair regeneration and disease conditions. Molecular insights would provide new perspectives on the disease mechanisms as well as hair and skin disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sekyu Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Medical Science and Engineering, School of Convergence Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I_CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Wang Y, Shen K, Sun Y, Cao P, Zhang J, Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, Li S, Xu C, Han C, Qiao Y, Zhang Q, Wang B, Luo L, Yang Y, Guan H. Extracellular vesicles from 3D cultured dermal papilla cells improve wound healing via Krüppel-like factor 4/vascular endothelial growth factor A -driven angiogenesis. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad034. [PMID: 37908562 PMCID: PMC10615254 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Non-healing wounds are an intractable problem of major clinical relevance. Evidence has shown that dermal papilla cells (DPCs) may regulate the wound-healing process by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, low isolation efficiency and restricted cell viability hinder the applications of DPC-EVs in wound healing. In this study, we aimed to develop novel 3D-DPC spheroids (tdDPCs) based on self-feeder 3D culture and to evaluate the roles of tdDPC-EVs in stimulating angiogenesis and skin wound healing. Methods To address the current limitations of DPC-EVs, we previously developed a self-feeder 3D culture method to construct tdDPCs. DPCs and tdDPCs were identified using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Subsequently, we extracted EVs from the cells and compared the effects of DPC-EVs and tdDPC-EVs on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro using immunofluorescence staining, a scratch-wound assay and a Transwell assay. We simultaneously established a murine model of full-thickness skin injury and evaluated the effects of DPC-EVs and tdDPC-EVs on wound-healing efficiency in vivo using laser Doppler, as well as hematoxylin and eosin, Masson, CD31 and α-SMA staining. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of tdDPC-EV- and phosphate-buffered saline-treated HUVECs. To validate the RNA-seq data, we constructed knockdown and overexpression vectors of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Western blotting, a scratch-wound assay, a Transwell assay and a tubule-formation test were performed to detect the protein expression, cell migration and lumen-formation ability of KLF4 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in HUVECs incubated with tdDPC-EVs after KLF4 knockdown or overexpression. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were conducted to verify the activation effect of KLF4 on VEGFA. Results We successfully cultured tdDPCs and extracted EVs from DPCs and tdDPCs. The tdDPC-EVs significantly promoted the proliferation, lumen formation and migration of HUVECs. Unlike DPC-EVs, tdDPC-EVs exhibited significant advantages in terms of promoting angiogenesis, accelerating wound healing and enhancing wound-healing efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis and further functional experiments verified that the tdDPC-EV-regulated KLF4/VEGFA axis is pivotal in accelerating wound healing. Conclusions 3D cultivation can be utilized as an innovative optimization strategy to effectively develop DPC-derived EVs for the treatment of skin wounds. tdDPC-EVs significantly enhance wound healing via KLF4/VEGFA-driven angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kuo Shen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 804 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wanfu Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shaohui Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chaolei Xu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yating Qiao
- Department of hair diagnosis and treatment, Peking University Shougang Hospital, 9 Jinyuanzhuang Road, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Qingyi Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yunshu Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hao Guan
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Raja E, Clarin MTRDC, Yanagisawa H. Matricellular Proteins in the Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Aging of Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14274. [PMID: 37762584 PMCID: PMC10531864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Matricellular proteins are secreted extracellular proteins that bear no primary structural functions but play crucial roles in tissue remodeling during development, homeostasis, and aging. Despite their low expression after birth, matricellular proteins within skin compartments support the structural function of many extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagens. In this review, we summarize the function of matricellular proteins in skin stem cell niches that influence stem cells' fate and self-renewal ability. In the epidermal stem cell niche, fibulin 7 promotes epidermal stem cells' heterogeneity and fitness into old age, and the transforming growth factor-β-induced protein ig-h3 (TGFBI)-enhances epidermal stem cell growth and wound healing. In the hair follicle stem cell niche, matricellular proteins such as periostin, tenascin C, SPARC, fibulin 1, CCN2, and R-Spondin 2 and 3 modulate stem cell activity during the hair cycle and may stabilize arrector pili muscle attachment to the hair follicle during piloerections (goosebumps). In skin wound healing, matricellular proteins are upregulated, and their functions have been examined in various gain-and-loss-of-function studies. However, much remains unknown concerning whether these proteins modulate skin stem cell behavior, plasticity, or cell-cell communications during wound healing and aging, leaving a new avenue for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Raja
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan; (E.R.); (M.T.R.D.C.C.)
| | - Maria Thea Rane Dela Cruz Clarin
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan; (E.R.); (M.T.R.D.C.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Humanics, School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan; (E.R.); (M.T.R.D.C.C.)
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Chen Y, Lu Z, Feng J, Chen Z, Liu Z, Wang X, Yan H, Gao C. Novel recombinant R-spondin1 promotes hair regeneration by targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1213-1221. [PMID: 37475547 PMCID: PMC10448039 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Roof plate-specific spondin 1 (R-spondin1, RSPO1) is a Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activator that binds with Wnt ligands to stimulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is key to hair regeneration. However, it is not clear whether recombinant RSPO1 (rRSPO1) affects hair regeneration. Here, we treat C57BL/6 male mice with rRSPO1 and investigate the expression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the activation of hair follicle stem cells in the dorsal skin. The mouse skin color score and hair-covered area are determined to describe hair growth, and the skin samples are subjected to H&E staining, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining to evaluate hair follicle development and the expressions of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins. We find that rRSPO1 activates mouse hair follicle stem cells (mHFSCs) and accelerates hair regeneration. rRSPO1 increases the hair-covered area, the number of hair follicles, and the hair follicle diameter and length. Moreover, rRSPO1 enhances the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins and the expressions of HFSC markers, as well as mHFSC viability. These results indicate that subcutaneous injection of rRSPO1 can improve hair follicle development by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby promoting hair regeneration. This study demonstrates that rRSPO1 has the potential to treat hair loss by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Chen
- />College of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding IndustryGuangzhou510642China
| | - Zhujin Lu
- />College of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding IndustryGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jiaxin Feng
- />College of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding IndustryGuangzhou510642China
| | - Zefeng Chen
- />College of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding IndustryGuangzhou510642China
| | - Zejian Liu
- />College of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding IndustryGuangzhou510642China
| | - Xiuqi Wang
- />College of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding IndustryGuangzhou510642China
| | - Huichao Yan
- />College of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding IndustryGuangzhou510642China
| | - Chunqi Gao
- />College of Animal ScienceSouth China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding IndustryGuangzhou510642China
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Vatanashevanopakorn C, Sartyoungkul T. iPSC-based approach for human hair follicle regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1149050. [PMID: 37325563 PMCID: PMC10266356 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1149050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) are a multifunctional structure involved in physical protection, thermoregulation, sensational detection, and wound healing. Formation and cycling of HFs require dynamic interaction between different cell types of the follicles. Although the processes have been well studied, the generation of human functional HFs with a normal cycling pattern for clinical utilization has yet to be achieved. Recently, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) serve as an unlimited cell source for generating various types of cells including cells of the HFs. In this review, HF morphogenesis and cycling, different cell sources used for HF regeneration, and potential strategies for HF bioengineering using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are depicted. Challenges and perspectives toward the therapeutic use of bioengineered HFs for hair loss disorder are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnavuth Vatanashevanopakorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanutchaporn Sartyoungkul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Fan X, Zhao X, Xu J, Wang J, Wang Q, Tang X. Triton modified polyethyleneimine conjugates assembled with growth arrest-specific protein 6 for androgenetic alopecia transdermal gene therapy. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100575. [PMID: 36815198 PMCID: PMC9939716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia is an androgen-dependent skin disorder that commonly affects hair follicle growth and hair loss. Gene therapy that can promote the proliferation and survival of hair follicle cells can be a potential choice for its cure. While transdermal application of therapeutic functional nucleic acids across the stratum corneum is quite difficult. Here, we first develop a transdermal agent for functional nucleic acid delivery using Triton X-100-modified low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI-Triton-N, N = 6 or 8). In vitro cell experiments demonstrate that the PEI-Triton-N conjugates can stably encapsulate and efficiently deliver plasmid DNA to hard-to-transfect keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Further mouse model studies show that PEI-Triton-6 can encapsulate and deliver growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) plasmid through transdermal administration. The transfected Gas6 prolongs the anagen status, inhibits the apoptosis of hair follicle cells, and further promotes the proliferation and differentiation of hair follicle cells. The PEI-Triton-6/pDNAGas6 complexes can obviously alleviate hair loss in androgenetic alopecia mice and provides a promising strategy for gene therapy via transdermal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Sung JH. Effective and economical cell therapy for hair regeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:113988. [PMID: 36370520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed and summarized the latest reports on the characteristics of stem cells and follicular cells that are under development for hair loss treatment. Compared with conventional medicine, cell therapy could be effective in the long term with a single treatment while having mild adverse effects. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have the advantages of easy access and large isolation amount compared with dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and dermal sheath cup cells (DSCs), and promote hair growth through the paracrine effect. ASCs have a poor potential in hair neogenesis, therefore, methods to enhance trichogenecity of ASCs should be developed. DSCs can be isolated from the peribulbar dermal sheath cup, while having immune tolerance, and hair inductivity. Therefore, DSCs were first developed and finished the phase II clinical trial; however, the hair growth was not satisfactory. Considering that a single injection of DSCs is effective for at least 9 months in the clinical setting, they can be an alternative therapy for hair regeneration. Though DPCs are not yet studied in clinical trials, we should pay attention to DPCs, as hair loss is associated with gradual reduction of DPCs and DP cell numbers fluctuate over the hair cycle. DPCs could make new hair follicles with epidermal cells, and have an immunomodulatory function to enable allogeneic transplantation. In addition, we can expand large quantities of DPCs with hair inductivity using spheroid culture, hypoxia condition, and growth factor supplement. 'Off-the-shelf' DPC therapy could be effective and economical, and therefore promising for hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyuk Sung
- Epi Biotech Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea.
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9
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Sinha S, Sparks HD, Labit E, Robbins HN, Gowing K, Jaffer A, Kutluberk E, Arora R, Raredon MSB, Cao L, Swanson S, Jiang P, Hee O, Pope H, Workentine M, Todkar K, Sharma N, Bharadia S, Chockalingam K, de Almeida LGN, Adam M, Niklason L, Potter SS, Seifert AW, Dufour A, Gabriel V, Rosin NL, Stewart R, Muench G, McCorkell R, Matyas J, Biernaskie J. Fibroblast inflammatory priming determines regenerative versus fibrotic skin repair in reindeer. Cell 2022; 185:4717-4736.e25. [PMID: 36493752 PMCID: PMC9888357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult mammalian skin wounds heal by forming fibrotic scars. We report that full-thickness injuries of reindeer antler skin (velvet) regenerate, whereas back skin forms fibrotic scar. Single-cell multi-omics reveal that uninjured velvet fibroblasts resemble human fetal fibroblasts, whereas back skin fibroblasts express inflammatory mediators mimicking pro-fibrotic adult human and rodent fibroblasts. Consequently, injury elicits site-specific immune responses: back skin fibroblasts amplify myeloid infiltration and maturation during repair, whereas velvet fibroblasts adopt an immunosuppressive phenotype that restricts leukocyte recruitment and hastens immune resolution. Ectopic transplantation of velvet to scar-forming back skin is initially regenerative, but progressively transitions to a fibrotic phenotype akin to the scarless fetal-to-scar-forming transition reported in humans. Skin regeneration is diminished by intensifying, or enhanced by neutralizing, these pathologic fibroblast-immune interactions. Reindeer represent a powerful comparative model for interrogating divergent wound healing outcomes, and our results nominate decoupling of fibroblast-immune interactions as a promising approach to mitigate scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Sinha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Holly D Sparks
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elodie Labit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hayley N Robbins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kevin Gowing
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arzina Jaffer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eren Kutluberk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rohit Arora
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Micha Sam Brickman Raredon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leslie Cao
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Peng Jiang
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Olivia Hee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hannah Pope
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Matt Workentine
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kiran Todkar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nilesh Sharma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shyla Bharadia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Luiz G N de Almeida
- McCaig Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mike Adam
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura Niklason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Antoine Dufour
- McCaig Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vincent Gabriel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nicole L Rosin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Greg Muench
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robert McCorkell
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John Matyas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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10
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Shim J, Park J, Abudureyimu G, Kim MH, Shim JS, Jang KT, Kwon EJ, Jang HS, Yeo E, Lee JH, Lee D. Comparative Spatial Transcriptomic and Single-Cell Analyses of Human Nail Units and Hair Follicles Show Transcriptional Similarities between the Onychodermis and Follicular Dermal Papilla. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3146-3157.e12. [PMID: 35853486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The nail unit and hair follicle are both hard keratin-producing organs that share various biological features. In this study, we used digital spatial profiling and single-cell RNA sequencing to define a spatially resolved expression profile of the human nail unit and hair follicle. Our approach showed the presence of a nail-specific mesenchymal population called onychofibroblasts within the onychodermis. Onychodermis and follicular dermal papilla both expressed Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein signaling molecules. In addition, nail matrix epithelium and hair matrix showed very similar expressions profile, including the expression of hard keratins and HOXC13, a transcriptional regulator of the hair shaft. Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing and digital spatial profiling data through computational deconvolution methods estimated epithelial and mesenchymal cell abundance in the nail- and hair-specific regions of interest and revealed close transcriptional similarity between these major skin appendages. To analyze the function of bone morphogenetic proteins in nail differentiation, we treated cultured human nail matrix keratinocytes with BMP5, which are highly expressed by onychofibroblasts. We observed increased expressions of hard keratin and its regulator genes such as HOXC13. Collectively, our data suggest that onychodermis is the counterpart of dermal papilla and that BMP5 in onychofibroblasts plays a key role in the differentiation of nail matrix keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonho Shim
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gulimila Abudureyimu
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sup Shim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Taek Jang
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hyung-Suk Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Yeo
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Liu Y, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Xiao F, Shettigar NU, Ramos R, Kuan CH, Lin YC, de Jesus Martinez Lomeli L, Park JM, Oh JW, Liu R, Lin SJ, Tartaglia M, Yang RB, Yu Z, Nie Q, Li J, Plikus MV. Hedgehog signaling reprograms hair follicle niche fibroblasts to a hyper-activated state. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1758-1775.e7. [PMID: 35777353 PMCID: PMC9344965 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells are regulated by dermal papilla fibroblasts, their principal signaling niche. Overactivation of Hedgehog signaling in the niche dramatically accelerates hair growth and induces follicle multiplication in mice. On single-cell RNA sequencing, dermal papilla fibroblasts increase heterogeneity to include new Wnt5ahigh states. Transcriptionally, mutant fibroblasts activate regulatory networks for Gli1, Alx3, Ebf1, Hoxc8, Sox18, and Zfp239. These networks jointly upregulate secreted factors for multiple hair morphogenesis and hair-growth-related pathways. Among these is non-conventional TGF-β ligand Scube3. We show that in normal mouse skin, Scube3 is expressed only in dermal papillae of growing, but not in resting follicles. SCUBE3 protein microinjection is sufficient to induce new hair growth, and pharmacological TGF-β inhibition rescues mutant hair hyper-activation phenotype. Moreover, dermal-papilla-enriched expression of SCUBE3 and its growth-activating effect are partially conserved in human scalp hair follicles. Thus, Hedgehog regulates mesenchymal niche function in the hair follicle via SCUBE3/TGF-β mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nitish Udupi Shettigar
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Amplifica Holdings Group, Inc., San Diego, CA 92128, USA
| | - Raul Ramos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Kuan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Charn Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jung Min Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Won Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea; Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Ruey-Bing Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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12
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Cellular Heterogeneity Facilitates the Functional Differences Between Hair Follicle Dermal Sheath Cells and Dermal Papilla Cells: A New Classification System for Mesenchymal Cells within the Hair Follicle Niche. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2016-2027. [PMID: 35849252 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential, with these cells often being evaluated in the regulation and maintenance of specific cellular niches including those of the hair follicle. Most mesenchymal stem cells in the hair follicles are housed in the dermal papilla (DP) and dermal sheath (DS), with both niches characterized by a broad variety of cellular subsets. However, while most previous studies describing the hair follicle mesenchymal niche treated all DP and DS cells as Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cells (HF-MSCs), the high number of cellular subsets would suggest that these cells are actually too heterogenous for such a broad definition. Given this we designed this study to evaluate the differentiation processes in these cells and used this data to create a new set of classifications for DP and DS cells, dividing them into "hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (HF-MSCs)", "hair follicle mesenchymal progenitor cells (HF-MPCs)", and "hair follicle mesenchymal functional cells (HF-MFCs)". In addition, those cells that possess self-renewal and differentiation were re-named hair follicle derived mesenchymal multipotent cells (HF-MMCs). This new classification may help to further our understanding of the heterogeneity of hair follicle dermal cells and provide new insights into their evaluation.
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13
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Han J, Lin K, Choo H, He J, Wang X, Wu Y, Chen X. β-Catenin Signaling Evokes Hair Follicle Senescence by Accelerating the Differentiation of Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Progenitors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:839519. [PMID: 35478971 PMCID: PMC9037041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.839519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: β-catenin signaling controls multiple fibroblast subsets, with its overactivity promoting the differentiation of hair follicle dermal stem cells (hfDSCs) and the hyperactivation of interfollicular fibroblasts. Understanding the concept of hfDSC activation and modulation offers hope towards the therapeutic armamentarium in dermatology and related comorbidities, as well as their potential applications in gerontology (the study of physiological aging). Having a comprehensive understanding in this stochastic process could also further yield important, novel insights into the molecular basis of skin aging to improve lifespan and preventing aging-related diseases. Methods: A new CD34CrePGR mouse line was generated. Through fate-tracing models and a series of β-catenin genetic experiments, our study depicts how the wound environment increases phosphorylated β-catenin in hfDSCs and facilitates their differentiation into dermal papilla (DP) and dermal sheath (DS). In mice carrying hfDSC-specific activated allele of β-catenin, hfDSCs accelerated their differentiation into DP cells. Results: Notably, with β-catenin stabilization in CD34-expressing cells and potential activation of canonical Wnt signaling, the mutant mice showed a brief increase of hair density in the short term, but over time leads to a senescence phenotype developing premature canities and thinning [hair follicle (HF) miniaturization]. Conclusion: β-catenin signaling drove HF senescence by accelerating differentiation of CD34+ hfDSCs, resulting in phenotypes attributable to the differentiation of the hfDSCs into DP cells and the loss of their stem cell potential. Therefore, our study reveals that the regulation of β-catenin signaling in hfDSCs may potentially become an important subject for future exploration in development of clinically effective therapies for hair loss treatment and an excellent model for revealing new therapeutic approaches to reverse aging or retarding the development of alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Han
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Shenzhen, China, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaijun Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Choo
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaojiong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Shenzhen, China, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
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14
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Hashimoto M, Kawai Y, Masutani T, Tanaka K, Ito K, Iddamalgoda A. Effects of a Watercress Extract Fraction on R-spondin 1-Mediated Growth of Human Hair. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:154-165. [PMID: 35133683 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hair loss and greying affect men and women of all ages, often causing psychosocial difficulties. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a major hair loss factor secreted from dermal papilla (DP) cells in response to the secretion of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), has been reported to induce and accelerate androgenetic alopecia (AGA). In addition, DKK1 acts as a potent suppressor of melanogenesis and is closely related to hair colour. R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) is a secretory agonist of Wnt signalling known to antagonize the effects of DKK1, including DKK1-mediated hair follicle suppression. In this study, we investigated the effect of watercress extract (WCE) on the secretion of RSPO1 and DKK1 from DP cells as well as its anti-hair loss effect in human hair follicles and patients. METHODS The in vitro secretion of RSPO1 and DKK1 was measured by ELISA. Human hair follicles were collected from the scalp of a female donor and used for ex vivo organ culture to investigate the effects of WCE on human hair loss. Finally, a 6-month human clinical trial was conducted to examine the effect of WCE-containing lotion on hair growth in a male panel. RESULTS WCE significantly upregulated RSPO1 secretion and suppressed DKK1 secretion in a dose-dependent manner, even in the presence of DHT. WCE-treated hair follicles elongated 1.6-fold compared to the control, and the level of RSPO1 production in DP as well as RSPO1 bound to the outer root sheath (ORS) increased. In the clinical trial, the hair lotion containing 2% WCE increased hair thickness and density to improve against hair loss symptoms. CONCLUSION WCE exhibited a strong anti-androgenic effect through its ability to suppress DKK1 secretion and antagonize DKK1 via RSPO1. These findings highlighted the potential use of WCE for the treatment of hair loss. These results also showed that WCE might have an effect on hair colour since DKK1 is a suppressor of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuka Kawai
- Research and Development Dept, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, Gifu, Japan
| | - Teruaki Masutani
- Research and Development Dept, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Tanaka
- Research and Development Dept, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ito
- Research and Development Dept, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, Gifu, Japan
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15
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Ahlers JMD, Falckenhayn C, Holzscheck N, Solé-Boldo L, Schütz S, Wenck H, Winnefeld M, Lyko F, Grönniger E, Siracusa A. Single-Cell RNA Profiling of Human Skin Reveals Age-Related Loss of Dermal Sheath Cells and Their Contribution to a Juvenile Phenotype. Front Genet 2022; 12:797747. [PMID: 35069694 PMCID: PMC8776708 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.797747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermal sheath (DS) is a population of mesenchyme-derived skin cells with emerging importance for skin homeostasis. The DS includes hair follicle dermal stem cells, which exhibit self-renewal and serve as bipotent progenitors of dermal papilla (DP) cells and DS cells. Upon aging, stem cells exhibit deficiencies in self-renewal and their number is reduced. While the DS of mice has been examined in considerable detail, our knowledge of the human DS, the pathways contributing to its self-renewal and differentiation capacity and potential paracrine effects important for tissue regeneration and aging is very limited. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of human skin biopsies from donors of different ages we have now analyzed the transcriptome of 72,048 cells, including 50,149 fibroblasts. Our results show that DS cells that exhibit stem cell characteristics were lost upon aging. We further show that HES1, COL11A1, MYL4 and CTNNB1 regulate DS stem cell characteristics. Finally, the DS secreted protein Activin A showed paracrine effects on keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, promoting proliferation, epidermal thickness and pro-collagen production. Our work provides a detailed description of human DS identity on the single-cell level, its loss upon aging, its stem cell characteristics and its contribution to a juvenile skin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Llorenç Solé-Boldo
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schütz
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Horst Wenck
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Winnefeld
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Lyko
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Grönniger
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Abstract
SUMMARY The advent of pluripotent stem cells following the discovery of Shinya Yamanaka (2012 Nobel prize in Medicine) brought about a regenerative medicine approach to virtually every human condition including hair loss. It is now possible to reprogram somatic cells (eg, blood or skin cells) from a person experiencing hair loss to generate autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which could be amplified and cryopreserved. Subsequently, these iPSCs could be differentiated into various cell types such as dermal papilla cells, epithelial cells, melanocytes, and other cell types constituting functional hair follicle. Transplantation of human iPSC-derived folliculogenic cells into the nude mice has successfully generated xenografts with hair outgrowth. Because iPSCs provide a virtually unlimited source of folliculogenic cells for de novo formation of hair follicles, this approach has major advantages over current surgical hair restoration procedures, which merely redistribute existing hair follicles from one part of the sculp to another. Combined with robotics and automation of the transplantation process, this novel regenerative medicine approach is well poised to make hair restoration a routine procedure affordable for everybody who can benefit from it.
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17
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Yue Z, Lei M, Paus R, Chuong CM. The global regulatory logic of organ regeneration: circuitry lessons from skin and its appendages. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2573-2583. [PMID: 34145718 PMCID: PMC10874616 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In organ regeneration, the regulatory logic at a systems level remains largely unclear. For example, what defines the quantitative threshold to initiate regeneration, and when does the regeneration process come to an end? What leads to the qualitatively different responses of regeneration, which restore the original structure, or to repair which only heals a wound? Here we discuss three examples in skin regeneration: epidermal recovery after radiation damage, hair follicle fate choice after chemotherapy damage, and wound-induced feather regeneration. We propose that the molecular regulatory circuitry is of paramount significance in organ regeneration. It is conceivable that defects in these controlling pathways may lead to failed regeneration and/or organ renewal, and understanding the underlying logic could help to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiCao Yue
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Carson International Cancer Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Mingxing Lei
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, U.S.A
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18
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Sawant M, Hinz B, Schönborn K, Zeinert I, Eckes B, Krieg T, Schuster R. A story of fibers and stress: Matrix-embedded signals for fibroblast activation in the skin. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:515-530. [PMID: 34081361 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our skin is continuously exposed to mechanical challenge, including shear, stretch, and compression. The extracellular matrix of the dermis is perfectly suited to resist these challenges and maintain integrity of normal skin even upon large strains. Fibroblasts are the key cells that interpret mechanical and chemical cues in their environment to turnover matrix and maintain homeostasis in the skin of healthy adults. Upon tissue injury, fibroblasts and an exclusive selection of other cells become activated into myofibroblasts with the task to restore skin integrity by forming structurally imperfect but mechanically stable scar tissue. Failure of myofibroblasts to terminate their actions after successful repair or upon chronic inflammation results in dysregulated myofibroblast activities which can lead to hypertrophic scarring and/or skin fibrosis. After providing an overview on the major fibrillar matrix components in normal skin, we will interrogate the various origins of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the skin. We then examine the role of the matrix as signaling hub and how fibroblasts respond to mechanical matrix cues to restore order in the confusing environment of a healing wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Sawant
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katrin Schönborn
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel Zeinert
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Eckes
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ronen Schuster
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,PhenomicAI, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Martino PA, Heitman N, Rendl M. The dermal sheath: An emerging component of the hair follicle stem cell niche. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:512-521. [PMID: 33006790 PMCID: PMC8016715 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles cyclically regenerate throughout adult mammalian life, owing to a resident population of epithelial hair follicle stem cells. Stem cell (SC) activity drives bouts of follicle growth, which are periodically interrupted by follicle regression and rest. These phases and the transitions between them are tightly spatiotemporally coordinated by signalling crosstalk between stem/progenitor cells and the various cell types of the microenvironment, or niche. The dermal papilla (DP) is a cluster of specialized mesenchymal cells that have long been recognized for important niche roles in regulating hair follicle SC activation, as well as progenitor proliferation and differentiation during follicle growth. In addition to the DP, the mesenchyme of the murine pelage follicle is also comprised of a follicle-lining smooth muscle known as the dermal sheath (DS), which has been far less studied than the DP yet may be equally specialized and important for hair cycling. In this review, we define the murine pelage DS in comparison with human DS and discuss recent work that highlights the emergent importance of the DS in the hair follicle SC niche. Last, we examine potential therapeutic applications for the DS in hair regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Martino
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Weber EL, Lai YC, Lei M, Jiang TX, Chuong CM. Human Fetal Scalp Dermal Papilla Enriched Genes and the Role of R-Spondin-1 in the Restoration of Hair Neogenesis in Adult Mouse Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583434. [PMID: 33324639 PMCID: PMC7726222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown about the regulatory networks which govern the dermal papilla’s (DP) ability to induce hair follicle neogenesis, a capacity which decreases greatly with age. To further define the core genes which characterize the DP cell and to identify pathways prominent in DP cells with greater hair inductive capacity, comparative transcriptome analyses of human fetal and adult dermal follicular cells were performed. 121 genes were significantly upregulated in fetal DP cells in comparison to both fetal dermal sheath cup (DSC) cells and interfollicular dermal (IFD) populations. Comparison of the set of enriched human fetal DP genes with human adult DP, newborn mouse DP, and embryonic mouse dermal condensation (DC) cells revealed differences in the expression of Wnt/β-catenin, Shh, FGF, BMP, and Notch signaling pathways. We chose R-spondin-1, a Wnt agonist, for functional verification and show that exogenous administration restores hair follicle neogenesis from adult mouse cells in skin reconstitution assays. To explore upstream regulators of fetal DP gene expression, we identified twenty-nine transcription factors which are upregulated in human fetal DP cells compared to adult DP cells. Of these, seven transcription factor binding motifs were significantly enriched in the candidate promoter regions of genes differentially expressed between fetal and adult DP cells, suggesting a potential role in the regulatory network which confers the fetal DP phenotype and a possible relationship to the induction of follicle neogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Weber
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) maintain tissue homeostasis and repair wounds. Despite marked variation in tissue architecture and regenerative demands, SCs often follow similar paradigms in communicating with their microenvironmental "niche" to transition between quiescent and regenerative states. Here we use skin epithelium and skeletal muscle-among the most highly-stressed tissues in our body-to highlight similarities and differences in niche constituents and how SCs mediate natural tissue rejuvenation and perform regenerative acts prompted by injuries. We discuss how these communication networks break down during aging and how understanding tissue SCs has led to major advances in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Foundation Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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22
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Abbasi S, Sinha S, Labit E, Rosin NL, Yoon G, Rahmani W, Jaffer A, Sharma N, Hagner A, Shah P, Arora R, Yoon J, Islam A, Uchida A, Chang CK, Stratton JA, Scott RW, Rossi FMV, Underhill TM, Biernaskie J. Distinct Regulatory Programs Control the Latent Regenerative Potential of Dermal Fibroblasts during Wound Healing. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:396-412.e6. [PMID: 32755548 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts exhibit considerable heterogeneity during homeostasis and in response to injury. Defining lineage origins of reparative fibroblasts and regulatory programs that drive fibrosis or, conversely, promote regeneration will be essential for improving healing outcomes. Using complementary fate-mapping approaches, we show that hair follicle mesenchymal progenitors make limited contributions to wound repair. In contrast, extrafollicular progenitors marked by the quiescence-associated factor Hic1 generated the bulk of reparative fibroblasts and exhibited functional divergence, mediating regeneration in the center of the wound neodermis and scar formation in the periphery. Single-cell RNA-seq revealed unique transcriptional, regulatory, and epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk signatures that enabled mesenchymal competence for regeneration. Integration with scATAC-seq highlighted changes in chromatin accessibility within regeneration-associated loci. Finally, pharmacological modulation of RUNX1 and retinoic acid signaling or genetic deletion of Hic1 within wound-activated fibroblasts was sufficient to modulate healing outcomes, suggesting that reparative fibroblasts have latent but modifiable regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Abbasi
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Elodie Labit
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nicole L Rosin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Grace Yoon
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Waleed Rahmani
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Arzina Jaffer
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nilesh Sharma
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Andrew Hagner
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Prajay Shah
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Rohit Arora
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jessica Yoon
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anowara Islam
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Aya Uchida
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chih Kai Chang
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - R Wilder Scott
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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23
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Rahmani W, Sinha S, Biernaskie J. Immune modulation of hair follicle regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2020; 5:9. [PMID: 32411394 PMCID: PMC7214459 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian hair follicle undergoes repeated bouts of regeneration orchestrated by a variety of hair follicle stem cells. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of the immune niche as a key regulator of stem cell behavior and hair follicle regeneration. Hair follicles chemotactically attract macrophages and T cells so that they are in range to regulate epithelial stem cell quiescence, proliferation and differentiation during physiologic and injured states. Disruption of this dynamic relationship leads to clinically significant forms of hair loss including scarring and non-scarring alopecias. In this review, we summarize key concepts behind immune-mediated hair regeneration, highlight gaps in the literature and discuss the therapeutic potential of exploiting this relationship for treating various immune-mediated alopecias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Rahmani
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
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