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Liu Y, Li H, Yu H, Wang F, Cao H, Jia J, Yan T. Deciphering prognostic value of CD22 and its contribution to suppression of proinflammatory cytokines production in patients with IgA nephropathy. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:40-46. [PMID: 36848961 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD22, mainly expressed in mature B cells, could negatively regulate the function of B cells by binding to sialic acid-positive IgG (SA-IgG). Soluble CD22 (sCD22) is generated by the cleavage of the extracellular domain of CD22 on the membrane surface. However, the role of CD22 in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) remains unknown. METHODS A total of 170 IgAN patients with a mean follow-up of 18 months were included in this study. The sCD22, TGF-β, IL-6 and TNF-α were detected using commercial ELISA kits. SA-IgG were purified to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from IgAN patients. RESULTS The plasma levels of sCD22 were lower in IgAN patients in comparison with healthy control. Furthermore, CD22 mRNA levels in PBMCs from patients with IgAN were significantly lower than those of healthy controls. The plasma levels of sCD22 were positively correlated to the mRNA levels of CD22. We found that patients with higher sCD22 levels had a lower level of serum creatinine and a higher level of eGFR on the time of renal biopsy and a higher remission rate of proteinuria and a lower risk of kidney events at the end of follow-up. The logistic regression analysis showed sCD22 was associated with an increased odd of proteinuria remission after being adjusted for eGFR, proteinuria, and SBP. After adjusting for confounding variables, sCD22 was a borderline significant predictor of less kidney composite endpoint. In addition, the sCD22 levels were positively associated with SA-IgG in plasma. The experimental results in vitro showed that addition of SA-IgG enhanced the release of sCD22 in cell supernatant and the phosphorylation of CD22 in PBMCs, further inhibiting the production of IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β in cell supernatant in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with CD22-antibody significantly increased the expression of cytokines in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that lower plasma soluble CD22 in IgAN patients and high soluble CD22 levels are associated with an increased odd of proteinuria remission and a decreased odd of kidney endpoint. The interaction between CD22 and SA-IgG can inhibit proliferation and inflammation release in PBMCs from IgAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxia Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Hongfen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Huyan Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, PR China.
| | - Fanghao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Junya Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tiekun Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
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2
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Hassan AA, Wozniak JM, Vilen Z, Li W, Jadhav A, Parker CG, Huang ML. Chemoproteomic mapping of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) interactions in cells. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1369-1374. [PMID: 36544572 PMCID: PMC9709932 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a family of unconjugated soluble glycans found in human breast milk that exhibit a myriad of biological activity. While recent studies have uncovered numerous biological functions for HMOs (antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory & probiotic properties), the receptors and protein binding partners involved in these processes are not well characterized. This can be attributed largely in part to the low affinity and transient nature of soluble glycan-protein interactions, precluding the use of traditional characterization techniques to survey binding partners in live cells. Here, we present the use of synthetic photoactivatable HMO probes to capture, enrich and identify HMO protein targets in live cells using mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomics. Following initial validation studies using purified lectins, we profiled the targets of HMO probes in live mouse macrophages. Using this strategy, we mapped hundreds of HMO binding partners across multiple cellular compartments, including many known glycan-binding proteins as well as numerous proteins previously not known to bind glycans. We expect our findings to inform future investigations of the diverse roles of how HMOs may regulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Hassan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jacob M Wozniak
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Zak Vilen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA .,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Weichao Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA .,Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Appaso Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Christopher G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA .,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Mia L Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA .,Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA .,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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3
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Marlin A, Le Pape F, Le Goff J, Hamon N, Troadec T, Tripier R, Berthou C, Patinec V. New Triazacycloalkane Derivatives as Cytotoxic Agents for CLL Treatment: From Proof of Concept to the Targeting Biomolecule. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1377-1392. [PMID: 35709513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 1,4,7-tris-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane ligand (no3py) and its bifunctional analogue no3pyCOOK were synthesized to investigate their action toward zinc(II) depletion related to the apoptosis phenomenon in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. no3py was used as the "free" ligand, while its "graftable" derivative was conjugated on a newly synthesized bifunctional sialoglycan, 6'-SL-NH2, selected to specifically bind CD22 biomarker expressed on the B-CLL cell surface. Both compounds were produced with good yields thanks to a Sonogashira coupling reaction and an orthoester function, respectively, for the chelator and the targeting moiety. The newly reported bioconjugate 6'-SL-no3py was then obtained through a peptidic coupling reaction. Biological in vitro studies of no3py and 6'-SL-no3py consisting of real-time detection of cell health (cytotoxicity and proliferation) and caspases 3/7 activation (crucial enzymes whose activation triggers cell death signaling pathways) have been investigated. First, Ramos, Daudi, and Raji B-cell lines, which present different sensitivity to zinc(II) content variation, were incubated with no3py and 6'-SL-no3py. Then, a videomicroscope allowed the real-time monitoring of the morphological changes leading to cell death from the detection of the cytotoxicity, the antiproliferative effect, and the caspasic activity. In terms of mechanism, the Zn2+ chelator cytotoxic effect of no3py has been evidenced by a culture medium ion supplementation study and by the decrease of intracellular fluorescence of Zn-specific fluorophore zinquin in the presence of no3py and 6'-SL-no3py chelators. Finally, flow cytometry analysis with classical Annexin V staining was conducted to detect no3py- and 6'-SL-no3py-induced apoptotic cell death in B-CLL cells. Time-course analysis, using the Incucyte Live-Cell Analysis System, demonstrated that no3py induced cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner with variability across cell lines. 6'-SL-no3py exhibited the same dose-dependent trend as no3py, showing the efficiency of the targeting moiety. In both cases, the chelators depicted proliferation curves that were inversely correlated with kinetic death. Morphological changes specific to apoptosis and caspase 3/7 activation were observed for the three cell lines treated with no3py and 6'-SL-no3py, highlighting their role as apoptotic agents. A higher concentration of 6'-SL-no3py is needed to reach 50% of the B-CLL mortality, confirming a targeting of the chelator to the cell membrane. Overall, our results proved that the biological properties of the triazamacrocyclic chelator still remain even after addition of the targeting moiety. The free chelator as well as the bioconjugate constitute promising cytotoxic agents for CLL therapy through apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axia Marlin
- Univ. Brest, UMR-CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Fiona Le Pape
- Univ. Brest, UMR-INSERM 1227 LBAI, 5 Avenue Foch, CHU Morvan, BP 824, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Jocelyn Le Goff
- Univ. Brest, UMR-INSERM 1227 LBAI, 5 Avenue Foch, CHU Morvan, BP 824, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Nadège Hamon
- Univ. Brest, UMR-CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Thibault Troadec
- Univ. Brest, UMR-CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Univ. Brest, UMR-CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Christian Berthou
- Univ. Brest, UMR-INSERM 1227 LBAI, 5 Avenue Foch, CHU Morvan, BP 824, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Véronique Patinec
- Univ. Brest, UMR-CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
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Forgione RE, Nieto FF, Di Carluccio C, Milanesi F, Fruscella M, Papi F, Nativi C, Molinaro A, Palladino P, Scarano S, Minunni M, Montefiori M, Civera M, Sattin S, Francesconi O, Marchetti R, Silipo A. Conformationally Constrained Sialyl Analogues as New Potential Binders of h-CD22. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200076. [PMID: 35313057 PMCID: PMC9315041 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, two conformationally constrained sialyl analogues were synthesized and characterized in their interaction with the inhibitory Siglec, human CD22 (h‐CD22). An orthogonal approach, including biophysical assays (SPR and fluorescence), ligand‐based NMR techniques, and molecular modelling, was employed to disentangle the interaction mechanisms at a molecular level. The results showed that the Sialyl‐TnThr antigen analogue represents a promising scaffold for the design of novel h‐CD22 inhibitors. Our findings also suggest that the introduction of a biphenyl moiety at position 9 of the sialic acid hampers canonical accommodation of the ligand in the protein binding pocket, even though the affinity with respect to the natural ligand is increased. Our results address the search for novel modifications of the Neu5Ac‐α(2‐6)‐Gal epitope, outline new insights for the design and synthesis of high‐affinity h‐CD22 ligands, and offer novel prospects for therapeutic intervention to prevent autoimmune diseases and B‐cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ester Forgione
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ferran Fabregat Nieto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Carluccio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Milanesi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,Centro Risonanze Magnetiche, CERM, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Martina Fruscella
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Papi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Montefiori
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Civera
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Sattin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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5
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van Houtum EJH, Büll C, Cornelissen LAM, Adema GJ. Siglec Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:790317. [PMID: 34966391 PMCID: PMC8710542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of receptors that recognize sialoglycans - sialic acid containing glycans that are abundantly present on cell membranes. Siglecs are expressed on most immune cells and can modulate their activity and function. The majority of Siglecs contains immune inhibitory motifs comparable to the immune checkpoint receptor PD-1. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), signaling through the Siglec-sialoglycan axis appears to be enhanced through multiple mechanisms favoring tumor immune evasion similar to the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. Siglec expression on tumor-infiltrating immune cells appears increased in the immune suppressive microenvironment. At the same time, enhanced Siglec ligand expression has been reported for several tumor types as a result of aberrant glycosylation, glycan modifications, and the increased expression of sialoglycans on proteins and lipids. Siglec signaling has been identified as important regulator of anti-tumor immunity in the TME, but the key factors contributing to Siglec activation by tumor-associated sialoglycans are diverse and poorly defined. Among others, Siglec activation and signaling are co-determined by their expression levels, cell surface distribution, and their binding preferences for cis- and trans-ligands in the TME. Siglec binding preference are co-determined by the nature of the proteins/lipids to which the sialoglycans are attached and the multivalency of the interaction. Here, we review the current understanding and emerging conditions and factors involved in Siglec signaling in the TME and identify current knowledge gaps that exist in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline J. H. van Houtum
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Büll
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, Netherlands
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lenneke A. M. Cornelissen
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gosse J. Adema
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Soares CO, Grosso AS, Ereño-Orbea J, Coelho H, Marcelo F. Molecular Recognition Insights of Sialic Acid Glycans by Distinct Receptors Unveiled by NMR and Molecular Modeling. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:727847. [PMID: 34869580 PMCID: PMC8634706 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.727847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells are decorated with a highly dense and complex structure of glycan chains, which are mostly attached to proteins and lipids. In this context, sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon acidic monosaccharides typically found at the terminal position of glycan chains, modulating several physiological and pathological processes. Sialic acids have many structural and modulatory roles due to their negative charge and hydrophilicity. In addition, the recognition of sialic acid glycans by mammalian cell lectins, such as siglecs, has been described as an important immunological checkpoint. Furthermore, sialic acid glycans also play a pivotal role in host-pathogen interactions. Various pathogen receptors exposed on the surface of viruses and bacteria are responsible for the binding to sialic acid sugars located on the surface of host cells, becoming a critical point of contact in the infection process. Understanding the molecular mechanism of sialic acid glycans recognition by sialic acid-binding proteins, present on the surface of pathogens or human cells, is essential to realize the biological mechanism of these events and paves the way for the rational development of strategies to modulate sialic acid-protein interactions in diseases. In this perspective, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, assisted with molecular modeling protocols, is a versatile and powerful technique to investigate the structural and dynamic aspects of glycoconjugates and their interactions in solution at the atomic level. NMR provides the corresponding ligand and protein epitopes, essential for designing and developing potential glycan-based therapies. In this review, we critically discuss the current state of knowledge about the structural features behind the molecular recognition of sialic acid glycans by different receptors, naturally present on human cells or pathogens, disclosed by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Oliveira Soares
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Grosso
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bilbao, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Helena Coelho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Marcelo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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7
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Di Carluccio C, Forgione MC, Martini S, Berti F, Molinaro A, Marchetti R, Silipo A. Investigation of protein-ligand complexes by ligand-based NMR methods. Carbohydr Res 2021; 503:108313. [PMID: 33865181 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition is at the base of all biological events and its knowledge at atomic level is pivotal in the development of new drug design approaches. NMR spectroscopy is one of the most widely used technique to detect and characterize transient ligand-receptor interactions in solution. In particular, ligand-based NMR approaches, including NOE-based NMR techniques, diffusion experiments and relaxation methods, are excellent tools to investigate how ligands interact with their receptors. Here we describe the key structural information that can be achieved on binding processes thanks to the combined used of advanced NMR and computational methods. Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (STD-NMR), WaterLOGSY, diffusion- and relaxation-based experiments, together with tr-NOE techniques allow, indeed, to investigate the ligand behavior when bound to a receptor, determining, among others, the epitope map of the ligand and its bioactive conformation. The combination of these NMR techniques with computational methods, including docking, molecular dynamics and CORCEMA-ST analysis, permits to define and validate an accurate 3D model of protein-ligand complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Di Carluccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Forgione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, IPCB ss, Catania, Italy.
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