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Kumari B, Keesari T, Roy A, Mohokar H, Pant HJ. Comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality in the Prayagraj District, Ganga Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34030-1. [PMID: 38977555 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization has severely impacted the world water resources especially the shallow groundwater systems. There is a need of a robust method for quantifying the water quality degradation, which is still a challenge for most of the urban centers across the world. In this study, a highly urbanized region of Ganga basin is selected to critically evaluate commonly used WQIs and compare with fuzzy modeling. A total of 28 water samples were collected from diverse sources (surface and groundwaters) in the vicinity of urban region covering an area of 216 km2 during the premonsoon period. TDS, TH, NO3-, and F- values were found to be above the permissible limits in 57%, 89%, 4%, and 7% samples, respectively. The WQIs (entropy and integrated) outputs were found to be similar with 89% of the samples falling under moderate category. Fuzzy modeling was carried out allowing user-defined weighting factors for the most influential ions, and the output suggested 96% of the samples falling under moderate to excellent categories. Based on the chemical results and considering the lithology of the study area, the geochemical reactions controlling the water quality were deduced. This study outlines a systematic approach of evaluating the overall water quality of an urban region highlighting the merits and limitations of WQIs. It also justifies the immediate need to generate more robust data to achieve the sustainable development goals 6 (clean water and sanitation) and 11 (sustainability of cities and human settlement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Kumari
- Isotope Hydrology Section, Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Tirumalesh Keesari
- Isotope Hydrology Section, Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
| | - Annadasankar Roy
- Isotope Hydrology Section, Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Hemant Mohokar
- Isotope Hydrology Section, Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Harish Jagat Pant
- Isotope Hydrology Section, Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
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Alam SA, Saha P. Chemotactic response of p-nitrophenol degrading Pseudomonas asiatica strain PNPG3 through phenotypic and genome sequence-based in silico studies. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:408. [PMID: 37987023 PMCID: PMC10657342 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas asiatica strain PNPG3 was documented to possess chemotactic potential toward p-nitrophenol (PNP), and other nitroaromatic compounds. Initial screening with drop plate and swarm plate assays demonstrated significant movement of the strain toward the test compounds. A quantitative capillary assay revealed the highest chemotactic potential of the strain toward 4-Aminophenol (4AP), (CI: 12.33); followed by p-benzoquinone (PBQ), (CI: 6.8); and PNP, (CI: 5.33). Gene annotation revealed the presence of chemotactic genes (Che), (Methyl-accepting Proteins) MCPs, rotary motor proteins, and flagellar proteins within the genome of strain PNPG3. The chemotactic machinery of the strain PNPG3 comprised of thirteen Che genes, twenty-two MCPs, eight rotary motors, and thirty-four flagellar proteins that are involved in sensing chemoattractant. Two chemotactic gene clusters were recorded in the genome, of which the major cluster consisted of two copies of CheW, one copy of CheA, CheY, CheZ, one MotD gene, and several Fli genes. Various conserved regions and motifs were documented in them using a standard bioinformatics tool. Genes involved in the chemotaxis of strain PNPG3 were compared with three closely related strains and one distantly related strain belonging to Burkholderia sp. Considering these phenotypic and genotypic data, it can be speculated that it is metabolism-dependent chemotaxis; and that test compound activated the Che. This study indicated that strain PNPG3 could be used as a model organism for the study of the molecular mechanism of chemotaxis and bioremediation of PNP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03809-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Aftabul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, WB 713104 India
| | - Pradipta Saha
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, WB 713104 India
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Richards LA, Guo S, Lapworth DJ, White D, Civil W, Wilson GJL, Lu C, Kumar A, Ghosh A, Khamis K, Krause S, Polya DA, Gooddy DC. Emerging organic contaminants in the River Ganga and key tributaries in the middle Gangetic Plain, India: Characterization, distribution & controls. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121626. [PMID: 37054870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in freshwater environments is a key issue in India and globally, particularly due to ecotoxicological and potential antimicrobial resistance concerns. Here we have investigated the composition and spatial distribution of EOCs in surface water along a ∼500 km segment of the iconic River Ganges (Ganga) and key tributaries in the middle Gangetic Plain of Northern India. Using a broad screening approach, in 11 surface water samples, we identified 51 EOCs, comprising of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, lifestyle and industrial chemicals. Whilst the majority of EOCs detected were a mixture of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, lifestyle chemicals (and particularly sucralose) occurred at the highest concentrations. Ten of the EOCs detected are priority compounds (e.g. sulfamethoxazole, diuron, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutane sulfonate, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, clothianidin and diclofenac). In almost 50% of water samples, sulfamethoxazole concentrations exceeded predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for ecological toxicity. A significant downstream reduction in EOCs was observed along the River Ganga between Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and Begusarai (Bihar), likely reflecting dilution effects associated with three major tributaries, all with considerably lower EOC concentrations than the main Ganga channel. Sorption and/or redox controls were observed for some compounds (e.g. clopidol), as well as a relatively high degree of mixing of EOCs within the river. We discuss the environmental relevance of the persistence of several parent compounds (notably atrazine, carbamazepine, metribuzin and fipronil) and associated transformation products. Associations between EOCs and other hydrochemical parameters including excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence indicated positive, significant, and compound-specific correlations between EOCs and tryptophan-, fulvic- and humic-like fluorescence. This study expands the baseline characterization of EOCs in Indian surface water and contributes to an improved understanding of the potential sources and controls on EOC distribution in the River Ganga and other large river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Richards
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Shuaizhi Guo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Dan J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Debbie White
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Wayne Civil
- Environment Agency, National Laboratory Service, Starcross, Devon, EX6 8FD, UK
| | - George J L Wilson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chuanhe Lu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Arun Kumar
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Center, Phulwarisharif, Patna, 801505, Bihar, India
| | - Ashok Ghosh
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Center, Phulwarisharif, Patna, 801505, Bihar, India
| | - Kieran Khamis
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; LEHNA - Laboratoire D'ecologie des Hydrosystemes Naturels et Anthropises, University of Lyon, Darwin C & Forel, 3-6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David A Polya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Daren C Gooddy
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
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Srivastava A, Verma D. Urbanization led to the abundance of Gram-negative, chemo-organo-heterotrophs, and antibiotic resistance genes in the downstream regions of the Ganga River water of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27552-7. [PMID: 37217817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation assesses the bacterial microbiome and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of the river Ganga from Uttarakhand (upstream region; US group) and Uttar Pradesh (downstream region; DS group) regions using a 16S rRNA amplicon-based metagenomic approach. Gram-negative, aerobic, and chemo-organotrophic bacteria made up the majority of the bacterial genera during the overall analysis. Physicochemical analysis revealed a higher concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the downstream sites of the Ganga River. The prevalence of Gemmatimonas, Flavobacterium, Arenimonas, and Verrucomicrobia in the water of the DS region indicates a high organic load. Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium emerged as the most prevalent genera among the 35 significantly different shared genera (p-value < 0.05) in the US and DS regions, respectively. Overall antibiotic resistance analysis of the samples showed the dominance of β-lactam resistance (33.92%) followed by CAMP (cationic antimicrobial peptide) resistance (27.75%), and multidrug resistance (19.17%), vancomycin resistance (17.84%), and tetracycline resistance (0.77%). While comparing, the DS group exhibited a higher abundance of ARGs over the US group, where the CAMP resistance and β-lactam ARGs were dominant in the respective regions. The correlation (p-value < 0.05) analysis showed that most bacteria exhibit a significant correlation with tetracycline resistance followed by the phenicol antibiotic. The present findings draw attention to the need for regulated disposal of multiform human-derived wastes into the Ganga River to reduce the irrepressible ARGs dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Digvijay Verma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India.
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Mohasin P, Chakraborty P, Anand N, Ray S. Risk assessment of persistent pesticide pollution: Development of an indicator integrating site-specific characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160555. [PMID: 36460110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Detection of high pesticide concentrations in sediments and water often leads to prioritizing a site as being 'at risk'. However, the risk does not depend on pesticide concentration alone, but on other site-specific characteristics also. We developed an indicator that identifies the 'Level of Concern' by integrating five such characteristics: (i) pesticide concentrations in surface and groundwater causing risks to ecological health (ii) impacts on human health, (iii) water scarcity, (iv) agricultural production, and (v) biodiversity richness. We applied this framework in an agricultural region of the Lower Ganges Basin in West Bengal, India. We measured concentrations of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface and groundwater within an 8 km2 area in 2019. Of 20 banned and restricted OCPs, 11 were detected as causing high risk to ecological health and 10 at concentrations above the Accepted Carcinogenic Risk Limit (ACRL) for humans. In the pre-monsoon, the mean concentrations of ΣOCPs in groundwater and surface water were 126.9 ng/L and 104 ng/L, in the monsoon they were 144.7 ng/L and 138 ng/L, and in the post-monsoon 122.1 ng/L and 147 ng/L respectively. In groundwater, no significant seasonal difference was observed in most pesticides. In the surface water, 7 pesticides were significantly higher in the monsoon and post-monsoon, which may be attributed to increased runoff as well as post monsoon application of OCPs. In September 2022 we again measured OCP concentrations in surface water and sediment. The mean concentration of 14 of the 20 measured OCPs were found to be significantly lower in the post-pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic time. These lower pesticide concentrations may indicate a reduced use of OCPs in agricultural practices during the pandemic. This area was identified as being at the highest Level of Concern, even though the OCP concentrations alone conformed to general guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piya Mohasin
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
| | - Niharika Anand
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sujata Ray
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
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Eze CT, Otitoloju AA, Eze OO, Ugochukwu TE, Onodugo C, Ali AM, Lyche JL, Karlsen OA, Goksøyr A. West African e-waste-soil assessed with a battery of cell-based bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159068. [PMID: 36179844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples randomly taken from major e-waste sites in West Africa (Nigeria, Benin and Ghana) were examined for an extensive range of organic contaminants. Cytotoxicity measurements and assessment of activation of xeno-sensing receptors from fish (Atlantic cod) were employed as a battery of in vitro biological assays to explore the quality and toxicity profile of West African e-waste soil. The concentrations of the measured contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the e-waste soil differs significantly from the reference soil with chemical profiles typically dominated by legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (405.8 μgkg-1) and emerging organophosphate ester flame retardant tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (404 μgkg-1), in addition to the short chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (275.3 μgkg-1) and perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) (16 μgkg-1). The study revealed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) occurred only in e-waste soil from Ghana and ranged from 2.6 to 5.0 μgkg-1. Overall, non-polar e-waste soil-derived extracts had a stronger effect on COS-7 cell viability than the polar extracts and elutriates. The highest receptor activation was observed with single polar and non-polar extracts from the Nigeria and Benin sites, indicating hotspots with Er-, PPARa- and Ahr-agonist activities. Thus, the results obtained with our battery of in vitro biological assays underscored these e-waste sites as remarkably polluted spots with complex toxicity profiles of great concern for human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuebuka ThankGod Eze
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | - Chinemelum Onodugo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Aasim Musa Ali
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Alam SA, Saha P. Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by a member of the genus Brachybacterium, isolated from the river Ganges. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:213. [PMID: 35959168 PMCID: PMC9357598 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A p-nitrophenol (PNP) degrading halotolerant, Gram-variable bacterial strain designated as DNPG3, was isolated from a water sample collected from the river Ganges in Hooghly, West Bengal (WB), India, by enrichment culture technique. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (carried out at EzTaxon server and Ribosomal data base project site), the strain DNPG3 was identified as Brachybacterium sp., with B. zhongshanense strain JBT (97.08% identity) as it is nearest phylogenetic relative. The strain could tolerate up to 3 mM of PNP, while the optimal growth for the strain was recorded as 0.25 mM. The strain could carry out biodegradation of PNP with concomitant release of nitrite and p-benzoquinone (PBQ) was detected as a hydrolysis product. Under the catabolic condition, it could carry out 36% biodegradation of PNP within 144 h, while, under co-metabolic condition (with glucose), 100% biodegradation was achieved within 48 h at 30 °C. Calcium alginate bead-based cell immobilization studies (of the strain DNPG3) indicated complete biodegradation of PNP (under catabolic condition) within 26 h. This is the first report of PNP biodegradation by any representative strain of the genus Brachybacterium. The study definitely indicated that Brachybacterium sp. strain DNPG3 has biotechnological potential and the strain may be a suitable candidate for developing clean, green, eco-friendly, cost-effective bioremediation processes towards effective removal of PNP from the contaminated sites. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03263-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Aftabul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Pradipta Saha
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713104 India
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Dubey M, Rajpal A, Vellanki BP, Kazmi AA. Occurrence, removal, and mass balance of contaminants of emerging concern in biological nutrient removal-based sewage treatment plants: Role of redox conditions in biotransformation and sorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152131. [PMID: 34864025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The study investigates the fate of 20 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) based on the Biodenipho™ (WWTP 1) and anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (WWTP 2) processes. Samples of both the dissolved and solid phases (particulate and sludge) from all the wastewater and sludge processing-related units were studied using the mass balance approach to understand the distribution of CECs. The total mass load removal efficiency for anti-inflammatory (4), antibiotics (4), and hormones (5) was 76, 46, 93%, and 72, 38, 90% from WWTP 1 and 2, respectively. The mass load analysis showed that 8.3 kg and 6.5 kg of targeted contaminants enter the treatment plants per day while 0.35 kg and 0.32 kg are discharged along with effluent, and 1.5 g and 7.7 g (dry weight) are released through sludge in WWTP 1 and 2, respectively. Both biodegradation and sorption mechanisms depended on the redox conditions. Ammonia oxidizing conditions favoured the most for the biotransformation, followed by anaerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions. The study stresses the need for separate redox conditions for optimum removal of CECs and advanced tertiary treatment to remove recalcitrant compounds. The results help better understand the removal mechanisms of the CECs in BNR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankur Rajpal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhanu Prakash Vellanki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Absar Ahmad Kazmi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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