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Wang L, Zhang J, Ding R, Zhou Y. Intermittent multi-generational reproductive toxicities of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with essential involvement of lipid metabolism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173738. [PMID: 38844219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) become emerging environmental pollutants. Especially, alkyl imidazolium ILs commonly showed stimulation in toxicological studies and mechanisms remained to be explored. In the present study, alkyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([amim]BF4), with ethyl ([emim]), hexyl ([hmim]) and octyl ([omim]) as side-chains, were chosen as target ILs. Their toxicities on the reproduction and lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans were explored with two types (A and B) exposure arrangements to mimic realistic intermittent multi-generational exposure scenarios. In type A scenario, there was an exposure every 4 generations with 12 generations in total, and in type B one, there was an exposure every two generations with 12 generations in total. Result showed that [emim]BF4 caused inhibition on the reproduction in 8 generations in type A exposure but 6 ones in type B exposure. Meanwhile, [hmim]BF4 showed inhibition in one generation and stimulation in 3 generations in type A exposure, but stimulation in 6 generations in type B exposure. Also, [omim]BF4 showed stimulation in one generation in type B exposure. Collectively, the results demonstrated less frequencies of inhibition, or more frequencies of stimulation, in the exposure scenario with more frequent exposures. Further mechanism exploration was performed to measure the lipid storage and metabolism in the aspect of energy supply. Results showed that [emim]BF4, [hmim]BF4 and [omim]BF4 commonly stimulated the triglyceride (TG) levels across generations. They also disturbed the activities of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) in lipogenesis, those of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and carnitine acyl transferase (CPT) in lipolysis, and also the contents of acetyl-CoA (ACA). Further data analysis indicated the energy allocation among life traits including reproduction, antioxidant responses and hormone regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Ecological Technique and Engineering College, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China; Jiaxing Tongji Institute for Environment, Jiaxing 314051, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Ecological Technique and Engineering College, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China.
| | - Ruoqi Ding
- Ecological Technique and Engineering College, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China; Jiaxing Tongji Institute for Environment, Jiaxing 314051, PR China
| | - Yangyuan Zhou
- Jiaxing Tongji Institute for Environment, Jiaxing 314051, PR China
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Lu B, Guo S, Zhao J, Wang X, Zhou B. Adipose knockout of H-ferritin improves energy metabolism in mice. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101871. [PMID: 38184276 PMCID: PMC10803945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ferritin, the principal iron storage protein, is essential to iron homeostasis. How iron homeostasis affects the adipose tissue is not well understood. We investigated the role of ferritin heavy chain in adipocytes in energy metabolism. METHODS We generated adipocyte-specific ferritin heavy chain (Fth, also known as Fth1) knockout mice, herein referred to as FthAKO. These mice were analyzed for iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial biogenesis and activity, adaptive thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic measurements. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts and primary mouse adipocytes were used for in vitro experiments. RESULTS In FthAKO mice, the adipose iron homeostasis was disrupted, accompanied by elevated expression of adipokines, dramatically induced heme oxygenase 1(Hmox1) expression, and a notable decrease in the mitochondrial ROS level. Cytosolic ROS elevation in the adipose tissue of FthAKO mice was very mild, and we only observed this in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) but not in the white adipose tissue (WAT). FthAKO mice presented an altered metabolic profile and showed increased insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and improved adaptive thermogenesis. Interestingly, loss of ferritin resulted in enhanced mitochondrial respiration capacity and a preference for lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ferritin in adipocytes is indispensable to intracellular iron homeostasis and regulates systemic lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jialin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Redford SE, Varanasi SK, Sanchez KK, Thorup NR, Ayres JS. CD4+ T cells regulate sickness-induced anorexia and fat wasting during a chronic parasitic infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112814. [PMID: 37490905 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections cause catabolism of fat and muscle stores. Traditionally, studies have focused on understanding how the innate immune system contributes to energy stores wasting, while the role of the adaptive immune system remains elusive. In the present study, we examine the role of the adaptive immune response in adipose tissue wasting and cachexia using a murine model of the chronic parasitic infection Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness. We find that the wasting response occurs in two phases, with the first stage involving fat wasting caused by CD4+ T cell-induced anorexia and a second anorexia-independent cachectic stage that is dependent on CD8+ T cells. Fat wasting has no impact on host antibody-mediated resistance defenses or survival, while later-stage muscle wasting contributes to disease-tolerance defenses. Our work reveals a decoupling of adaptive immune-mediated resistance from the catabolic response during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Redford
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gene Expression Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Siva Karthik Varanasi
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karina K Sanchez
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gene Expression Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia R Thorup
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gene Expression Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janelle S Ayres
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gene Expression Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Chung JY, Jung HU, Kim DJ, Baek EJ, Kim HK, Kang JO, Lim JE, Oh B. Identification of five genetic variants with differential effects on obesity-related traits based on age. Front Genet 2022; 13:970657. [PMID: 36276968 PMCID: PMC9585212 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.970657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern, and its prevalence generally increases with age. As the number of elderly people is increasing in the aging population, the age-dependent increase in obesity has raised interest in the underlying mechanism. To understand the genetic basis of age-related increase in obesity, we identified genetic variants showing age-dependent differential effects on obesity. We conducted stratified analyses between young and old groups using genome-wide association studies of 355,335 United Kingom Biobank participants for five obesity-related phenotypes, including body mass index, body fat percentage, waist-hip ratio, waist circumference, and hip circumference. Using t-statistic, we identified five significant lead single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs2258461 with body mass index, rs9861311 and rs429358 with body fat percentage, rs2870099 with waist-hip ratio, and rs145500243 with waist circumference. Among these single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs429358, located in APOE gene was associated with diverse age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, coronary artery disease, age-related degenerative macular diseases, and cognitive decline. The C allele of rs429358 gradually decreases body fat percentage as one grows older in the range of 40–69 years. In conclusion, we identified five genetic variants with differential effects on obesity-related phenotypes based on age using a stratified analysis between young and old groups, which may help to elucidate the mechanisms by which age influences the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Un Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Kyul Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-One Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- *Correspondence: Ji Eun Lim, ; Bermseok Oh,
| | - Bermseok Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- *Correspondence: Ji Eun Lim, ; Bermseok Oh,
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