1
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Gupta N, Curcic M, Srivastava SK. Proguanil Suppresses Breast Tumor Growth In Vitro and In Vivo by Inducing Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:872. [PMID: 38473234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, ranking as the second leading cause of female cancer-related deaths in the U.S., demands the exploration of innovative treatments. Repurposing FDA-approved drugs emerges as an expedited and cost-effective strategy. Our study centered on proguanil, an antimalarial drug, reveals notable anti-proliferative effects on diverse breast cancer cell lines, including those derived from patients. Proguanil-induced apoptosis was associated with a substantial increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration, and ATP production. Proguanil treatment upregulated apoptotic markers (Bax, p-H2AX, cleaved-caspase 3, 9, cleaved PARP) and downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (bcl-2, survivin) in breast cancer cell lines. In female Balb/c mice implanted with 4T1 breast tumors, daily oral administration of 20 mg/kg proguanil suppressed tumor enlargement by 55%. Western blot analyses of proguanil-treated tumors supported the in vitro findings, demonstrating increased levels of p-H2AX, Bax, c-PARP, and c-caspase3 as compared to controls. Our results collectively highlight proguanil's anticancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo in breast cancer, prompting further consideration for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Marina Curcic
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1718 Pine Street, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1718 Pine Street, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
- Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1718 Pine Street, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
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2
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Giuso V, Yang J, Forté J, Dossmann H, Daniel C, Gourlaouen C, Mauro M, Bertrand B. Binuclear Biphenyl Organogold(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysical and Theoretical Investigation, and Anticancer Activity. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300303. [PMID: 37610058 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of four binuclear complexes of general formula [(C^C)Au(Cl)(L^L)(Cl)Au(C^C)], where C^C is 4,4'-diterbutylbiphenyl and L^L is either a bridging diphosphine or 4,4'-bipyridine, are synthetized with 52 to 72 % yield and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. The use of the chelating 1,2-diphenylphosphinoethane ligand in a 1 : 2 (P^P):Au stoichiometry leads to the near quantitative formation of a gold double-complex salt of general formula [(C^C)Au(P^P)][(C^C^)AuCl2 ]. The compounds display long-lived yellow-green phosphorescence with λem in the range of 525 to 585 nm in the solid state with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) up to 10 %. These AuIII complexes are tested for their antiproliferative activity against lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 and results show that compounds 2 and 5 are the most promising candidates. The digold salt 5 shows anticancer activity between 66 and 200 nM on the tested cancer cell lines, whereas derivative 2 displays concentration values required to reduce by 50 % the cell viability (IC50 ) between 7 and 11 μM. Reactivity studies of compound 5 reveal that the [(C^C)Au(P^P)]+ cation is stable in the presence of relevant biomolecules including glutathione suggesting a structural mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Giuso
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jeannine Yang
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Forté
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Dossmann
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matteo Mauro
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Bertrand
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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3
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Arojojoye AS, Walker B, Dawahare JC, Afrifa MAO, Parkin S, Awuah SG. Circumventing Physicochemical Barriers of Cyclometalated Gold(III) Dithiocarbamate Complexes with Protein-Based Nanoparticle Delivery to Enhance Anticancer Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43607-43620. [PMID: 37698293 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing the bioavailability of drug candidates is crucial to successful drug development campaigns, especially for metal-derived chemotherapeutic agents. Nanoparticle delivery strategies can be deployed to overcome physicochemical limitations associated with drugs to improve bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and minimize toxicity. Biodegradable albumin nanoconstructs offer pragmatic solutions for drug delivery of metallodrugs with translational benefits in the clinic. In this work, we explored a logical approach to investigate and resolve the physicochemical drawbacks of gold(III) complexes with albumin nanoparticle delivery to improve solubility, enhance intracellular accumulation, circumvent premature deactivation, and enhance anticancer activity. We synthesized and characterized stable gold(III) dithiocarbamate complexes with a variable degree of cyclometalation such as phenylpyridine (C^N) or biphenyl (C^C) Au(III) framework and different alkyl chain lengths. We noted that extended alkyl chain lengths impaired the solubility of these complexes in biological media, thus adversely impacting potency. Encapsulation of these complexes in bovine serum albumin (BSA) reversed solubility limitations and improved cancer cytotoxicity by ∼25-fold. Further speciation and mechanism of action studies demonstrate the stability of the compounds and alteration of mitochondria bioenergetics, respectively. We postulate that this nanodelivery strategy is a relevant approach for translational small-molecule gold drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedamola S Arojojoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Breyanna Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - James C Dawahare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Maame Abena O Afrifa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40536, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky 40536, United States
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4
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Gukathasan S, Obisesan OA, Saryazdi S, Ratliff L, Parkin S, Grossman RB, Awuah SG. A Conformationally Restricted Gold(III) Complex Elicits Antiproliferative Activity in Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13118-13129. [PMID: 37530672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Diamine ligands are effective structural scaffolds for tuning the reactivity of transition-metal complexes for catalytic, materials, and phosphorescent applications and have been leveraged for biological use. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of a novel class of cyclometalated [C^N] Au(III) complexes bearing secondary diamines including a norbornane backbone, (2R,3S)-N2,N3-dibenzylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-diamine, or a cyclohexane backbone, (1R,2R)-N1,N2-dibenzylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine. X-ray crystallography confirms the square-planar geometry and chirality at nitrogen. The electronic character of the conformationally restricted norbornane backbone influences the electrochemical behavior with redox potentials of -0.8 to -1.1 V, atypical for Au(III) complexes. These compounds demonstrate promising anticancer activity, particularly, complex 1, which bears a benzylpyridine organogold framework, and supported by the bicyclic conformationally restricted diaminonorbornane, shows good potency in A2780 cells. We further show that a cellular response to 1 evokes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and does not induce mitochondrial dysfunction. This class of complexes provides significant stability and reactivity for different applications in protein modification, catalysis, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Oluwatosin A Obisesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Setareh Saryazdi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Libby Ratliff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Robert B Grossman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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5
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Greif CE, Mertens RT, Berger G, Parkin S, Awuah SG. An anti-glioblastoma gold(i)-NHC complex distorts mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetics to induce tumor growth inhibition. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:592-599. [PMID: 37547458 PMCID: PMC10398352 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal brain cancer subtype, often advanced by the time of initial diagnosis. Existing treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation have been stymied by recurrence, metastasis, drug resistance and brain targetability. Here, we report a geometrically distinct Au(i) complex ligated by N^N-bidentate ligands and supported by a N-heterocyclic ligand that modulates mitochondrial morphology to inhibit GBM in vitro and in vivo. This work benefits from the facile preparation of anti-GBM Au(i)-NHC complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Greif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - R Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Gilles Berger
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40536 USA
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6
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Mitchell RJ, Gowda AS, Olivelli AG, Huckaba AJ, Parkin S, Unrine JM, Oza V, Blackburn JS, Ladipo F, Heidary DK, Glazer EC. Triarylphosphine-Coordinated Bipyridyl Ru(II) Complexes Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:10940-10954. [PMID: 37405779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
While cancer cells rely heavily upon glycolysis to meet their energetic needs, reducing the importance of mitochondrial oxidative respiration processes, more recent studies have shown that their mitochondria still play an active role in the bioenergetics of metastases. This feature, in combination with the regulatory role of mitochondria in cell death, has made this organelle an attractive anticancer target. Here, we report the synthesis and biological characterization of triarylphosphine-containing bipyridyl ruthenium (Ru(II)) compounds and found distinct differences as a function of the substituents on the bipyridine and phosphine ligands. 4,4'-Dimethylbipyridyl-substituted compound 3 exhibited especially high depolarizing capabilities, and this depolarization was selective for the mitochondrial membrane and occurred within minutes of treatment in cancer cells. The Ru(II) complex 3 exhibited an 8-fold increase in depolarized mitochondrial membranes, as determined by flow cytometry, which compares favorably to the 2-fold increase observed by carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a proton ionophore that shuttles protons across membranes, depositing them into the mitochondrial matrix. Fluorination of the triphenylphosphine ligand provided a scaffold that maintained potency against a range of cancer cells but avoided inducing toxicity in zebrafish embryos at higher concentrations, displaying the potential of these Ru(II) compounds for anticancer applications. This study provides essential information regarding the role of ancillary ligands for the anticancer activity of Ru(II) coordination compounds that induce mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Anitha S Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Alexander G Olivelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Aron J Huckaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, 1100 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Viral Oza
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jessica S Blackburn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Folami Ladipo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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7
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Arojojoye AS, Olelewe C, Gukathasan S, Kim JH, Vekaria H, Parkin S, Sullivan PG, Awuah SG. Serum-Stable Gold(III) Bisphosphine Complex Induces Mild Mitochondrial Uncoupling and In Vivo Antitumor Potency in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:7868-7879. [PMID: 37279147 PMCID: PMC10317555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of cyclometalated complexes offers a path to stable materials, catalysts, and therapeutic agents. Here, we explore the anticancer potential of novel biphenyl organogold(III) cationic complexes supported by diverse bisphosphine ligands, Au-1-Au-5, toward aggressive glioblastoma and triple negative breast cancer cells (TNBCs). The [C^C] gold(III) complex, Au-3, exhibits significant tumor growth inhibition in a metastatic TNBC mouse model. Remarkably, Au-3 displays promising blood serum stability over a relevant therapeutic window of 24 h and alteration in the presence of excess L-GSH. The mechanism-of-action studies show that Au-3 induces mitochondrial uncoupling, membrane depolarization, and G1 cell cycle arrest and prompts apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, Au-3 is the first biphenyl gold-phosphine complex to uncouple mitochondria and inhibit TNBC growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Jong H. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
| | - Hemendra Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
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8
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Mertens RT, Gukathasan S, Arojojoye AS, Olelewe C, Awuah SG. Next Generation Gold Drugs and Probes: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6612-6667. [PMID: 37071737 PMCID: PMC10317554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The gold drugs, gold sodium thiomalate (Myocrisin), aurothioglucose (Solganal), and the orally administered auranofin (Ridaura), are utilized in modern medicine for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis including rheumatoid and juvenile arthritis; however, new gold agents have been slow to enter the clinic. Repurposing of auranofin in different disease indications such as cancer, parasitic, and microbial infections in the clinic has provided impetus for the development of new gold complexes for biomedical applications based on unique mechanistic insights differentiated from auranofin. Various chemical methods for the preparation of physiologically stable gold complexes and associated mechanisms have been explored in biomedicine such as therapeutics or chemical probes. In this Review, we discuss the chemistry of next generation gold drugs, which encompasses oxidation states, geometry, ligands, coordination, and organometallic compounds for infectious diseases, cancer, inflammation, and as tools for chemical biology via gold-protein interactions. We will focus on the development of gold agents in biomedicine within the past decade. The Review provides readers with an accessible overview of the utility, development, and mechanism of action of gold-based small molecules to establish context and basis for the thriving resurgence of gold in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Adedamola S Arojojoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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9
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Olelewe C, Awuah SG. Mitochondria as a target of third row transition metal-based anticancer complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 72:102235. [PMID: 36516614 PMCID: PMC9870944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of better treatment options for malignant tumors, metal-based complexes continue to show promise as attractive chemotherapeutics due to tunability, novel mechanisms, and potency exemplified by platinum agents. The metabolic character of tumors renders the mitochondria and other metabolism pathways fruitful targets for medicinal inorganic chemistry. Cumulative understanding of the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis has ignited research in mitochondrial targeting metal-based complexes to overcome resistance and inhibit tumor growth with high potency and selectivity. Here, we discuss recent progress made in third row transition metal-based mitochondrial targeting agents with the goal of stimulating an active field of research toward new clinical anticancer agents and the elucidation of novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, United States; University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, United States.
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10
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Arojojoye AS, Kim JH, Olelewe C, Parkin S, Awuah SG. Chiral gold(III) complexes: speciation, in vitro, and in vivo anticancer profile. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10237-10240. [PMID: 36004570 PMCID: PMC10317552 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03081k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging synthetic development of chiral gold(III) complexes has prompted new opportunities in catalysis and material science with limited utility in biomedicine. Here, we demonstrate potential chemotherapeutic capability of [C^N]Au(III)Cl(R-DuPhos) (1-7) complexes, containing 1,2-bis[(2R,5R)-2,5-dialkylphospholano]benzene, which shows good stabilty, potent anticancer activity, and tolerability in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jong H Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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