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Zhang Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Shi Z, Wang H, Cao H, Wang C, Wang Y, Chen D, Chen S, Meng S, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Gong Y, Gao Y. Arresting the bad seed: HDAC3 regulates proliferation of different microglia after ischemic stroke. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eade6900. [PMID: 38446877 PMCID: PMC10917353 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of self-renewed polarized microglia in the penumbra is a critical neuroinflammatory process after ischemic stroke, leading to secondary demyelination and neuronal loss. Although known to regulate tumor cell proliferation and neuroinflammation, HDAC3's role in microgliosis and microglial polarization remains unclear. We demonstrated that microglial HDAC3 knockout (HDAC3-miKO) ameliorated poststroke long-term functional and histological outcomes. RNA-seq analysis revealed mitosis as the primary process affected in HDAC3-deficent microglia following stroke. Notably, HDAC3-miKO specifically inhibited proliferation of proinflammatory microglia without affecting anti-inflammatory microglia, preventing microglial transition to a proinflammatory state. Moreover, ATAC-seq showed that HDAC3-miKO induced closing of accessible regions enriched with PU.1 motifs. Overexpressing microglial PU.1 via an AAV approach reversed HDAC3-miKO-induced proliferation inhibition and protective effects on ischemic stroke, indicating PU.1 as a downstream molecule that mediates HDAC3's effects on stroke. These findings uncovered that HDAC3/PU.1 axis, which mediated differential proliferation-related reprogramming in different microglia populations, drove poststroke inflammatory state transition, and contributed to pathophysiology of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yichen Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyu Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yana Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuning Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Gong
- Corresponding author. (Y.Gao); (Y.Gong)
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Reddaway J, Richardson PE, Bevan RJ, Stoneman J, Palombo M. Microglial morphometric analysis: so many options, so little consistency. Front Neuroinform 2023; 17:1211188. [PMID: 37637472 PMCID: PMC10448193 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1211188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of microglial activation through morphometric analysis has long been a staple of the neuroimmunologist's toolkit. Microglial morphological phenomics can be conducted through either manual classification or constructing a digital skeleton and extracting morphometric data from it. Multiple open-access and paid software packages are available to generate these skeletons via semi-automated and/or fully automated methods with varying degrees of accuracy. Despite advancements in methods to generate morphometrics (quantitative measures of cellular morphology), there has been limited development of tools to analyze the datasets they generate, in particular those containing parameters from tens of thousands of cells analyzed by fully automated pipelines. In this review, we compare and critique the approaches using cluster analysis and machine learning driven predictive algorithms that have been developed to tackle these large datasets, and propose improvements for these methods. In particular, we highlight the need for a commitment to open science from groups developing these classifiers. Furthermore, we call attention to a need for communication between those with a strong software engineering/computer science background and neuroimmunologists to produce effective analytical tools with simplified operability if we are to see their wide-spread adoption by the glia biology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Reddaway
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute (NMHII), Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan J. Bevan
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Stoneman
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Palombo
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Usui-Ouchi A, Giles S, Harkins-Perry S, Mills EA, Bonelli R, Wei G, Ouchi Y, Ebihara N, Nakao S, Friedlander M, Eade KT. Integrating human iPSC-derived macrophage progenitors into retinal organoids to generate a mature retinal microglial niche. Glia 2023. [PMID: 37335016 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
In the retina, microglia are resident immune cells that are essential for development and function. Retinal microglia play a central role in mediating pathological degeneration in diseases such as glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, age-related neurodegeneration, ischemic retinopathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Current models of mature human retinal organoids (ROs) derived from iPS cell (hiPSC) do not contain resident microglia integrated into retinal layers. Increasing cellular diversity in ROs by including resident microglia would more accurately represent the native retina and better model diseases in which microglia play a key role. In this study, we develop a new 3D in vitro tissue model of microglia-containing retinal organoids by co-culturing ROs and hiPSC-derived macrophage precursor cells (MPCs). We optimized the parameters for successful integration of MPCs into retinal organoids. We show that while in the ROs, MPCs migrate to the equivalent of the outer plexiform layer where retinal microglia cells reside in healthy retinal tissue. While there, they develop a mature morphology characterized by small cell bodies and long branching processes which is only observed in vivo. During this maturation process these MPCs cycle through an activated phase followed by a stable mature microglial phase as seen by the down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, we characterized mature ROs with integrated MPCs using RNAseq showing an enrichment of cell-type specific microglia markers. We propose that this co-culture system may be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of retinal diseases involving retinal microglia and for drug discovery directly in human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Usui-Ouchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Sarah Giles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah Harkins-Perry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Roberto Bonelli
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Guoqin Wei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yasuo Ouchi
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ebihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kevin T Eade
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- The Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Fu X, Feng S, Qin H, Yan L, Zheng C, Yao K. Microglia: The breakthrough to treat neovascularization and repair blood-retinal barrier in retinopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1100254. [PMID: 36756614 PMCID: PMC9899825 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident retinal macrophages that monitor neuronal activity in real-time and facilitate angiogenesis during retinal development. In certain retinal diseases, the activated microglia promote retinal angiogenesis in hypoxia stress through neurovascular coupling and guide neovascularization to avascular areas (e.g., the outer nuclear layer and macula lutea). Furthermore, continuously activated microglia secrete inflammatory factors and expedite the loss of the blood-retinal barrier which causes irreversible damage to the secondary death of neurons. In this review, we support microglia can be a potential cellular therapeutic target in retinopathy. We briefly describe the relevance of microglia to the retinal vasculature and blood-retinal barrier. Then we discuss the signaling pathway related to how microglia move to their destinations and regulate vascular regeneration. We summarize the properties of microglia in different retinal disease models and propose that reducing the number of pro-inflammatory microglial death and conversing microglial phenotypes from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory are feasible for treating retinal neovascularization and the damaged blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Finally, we suppose that the unique properties of microglia may aid in the vascularization of retinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Fu
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Feng
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Qin
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiyan Zheng
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Yao
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Kai Yao,
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Hübschmann V, Korkut-Demirbaş M, Siegert S. Assessing human iPSC-derived microglia identity and function by immunostaining, phagocytosis, calcium activity, and inflammation assay. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101866. [PMID: 36595902 PMCID: PMC9678782 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how potential gene manipulations affect in vitro microglia, we provide a set of short protocols to evaluate microglia identity and function. We detail steps for immunostaining to determine microglia identity. We describe three functional assays for microglia: phagocytosis, calcium response following ATP stimulation, and cytokine expression upon inflammatory stimuli. We apply these protocols to human induced-pluripotent-stem-cell (hiPSC)-derived microglia, but they can be also applied to other in vitro microglial models including primary mouse microglia. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Bartalska et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hübschmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Medina Korkut-Demirbaş
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Sandra Siegert
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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