2
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Kato Y, Takatori S, Akahori A, Etani H, Chu YN, Tomita T. Protocol for gene knockdown using siRNA in primary cultured neonatal murine microglia. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102867. [PMID: 38341850 PMCID: PMC10867443 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this protocol, we describe the small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene knockdown in primary mouse microglia, providing an approach to investigate functions such as phagocytosis and chemotaxis. The approach includes siRNA design, establishment of mixed glial cultures, microglia isolation, and siRNA transfection. Validation of knockdown efficacy employs quantitative immunoblot analysis. This technique empowers the investigation of specific molecular and cellular functions within the intricate microenvironment of the brain, comprising diverse cell types. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Iguchi et al. (2023).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Kato
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sho Takatori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aika Akahori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hayato Etani
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yung Ning Chu
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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5
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Yin Z, Rosenzweig N, Kleemann KL, Zhang X, Brandão W, Margeta MA, Schroeder C, Sivanathan KN, Silveira S, Gauthier C, Mallah D, Pitts KM, Durao A, Herron S, Shorey H, Cheng Y, Barry JL, Krishnan RK, Wakelin S, Rhee J, Yung A, Aronchik M, Wang C, Jain N, Bao X, Gerrits E, Brouwer N, Deik A, Tenen DG, Ikezu T, Santander NG, McKinsey GL, Baufeld C, Sheppard D, Krasemann S, Nowarski R, Eggen BJL, Clish C, Tanzi RE, Madore C, Arnold TD, Holtzman DM, Butovsky O. APOE4 impairs the microglial response in Alzheimer's disease by inducing TGFβ-mediated checkpoints. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1839-1853. [PMID: 37749326 PMCID: PMC10863749 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). The contribution of microglial APOE4 to AD pathogenesis is unknown, although APOE has the most enriched gene expression in neurodegenerative microglia (MGnD). Here, we show in mice and humans a negative role of microglial APOE4 in the induction of the MGnD response to neurodegeneration. Deletion of microglial APOE4 restores the MGnD phenotype associated with neuroprotection in P301S tau transgenic mice and decreases pathology in APP/PS1 mice. MGnD-astrocyte cross-talk associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque encapsulation and clearance are mediated via LGALS3 signaling following microglial APOE4 deletion. In the brains of AD donors carrying the APOE4 allele, we found a sex-dependent reciprocal induction of AD risk factors associated with suppression of MGnD genes in females, including LGALS3, compared to individuals homozygous for the APOE3 allele. Mechanistically, APOE4-mediated induction of ITGB8-transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling impairs the MGnD response via upregulation of microglial homeostatic checkpoints, including Inpp5d, in mice. Deletion of Inpp5d in microglia restores MGnD-astrocyte cross-talk and facilitates plaque clearance in APP/PS1 mice. We identify the microglial APOE4-ITGB8-TGFβ pathway as a negative regulator of microglial response to AD pathology, and restoring the MGnD phenotype via blocking ITGB8-TGFβ signaling provides a promising therapeutic intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Yin
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neta Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kilian L Kleemann
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wesley Brandão
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milica A Margeta
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Schroeder
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kisha N Sivanathan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian Silveira
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Gauthier
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dania Mallah
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M Pitts
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Durao
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn Herron
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Shorey
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiran Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jen-Li Barry
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh K Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sam Wakelin
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Rhee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Yung
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Aronchik
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nimansha Jain
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma Gerrits
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nieske Brouwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amy Deik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nicolas G Santander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O´Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Gabriel L McKinsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Baufeld
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roni Nowarski
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratoire NutriNeuro, UMR1286, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Green TRF, Zamani A, Dill LK, Sharma R, Raftery AL, Tsantikos E, Hibbs ML, Semple BD. Regulation of microglial responses after pediatric traumatic brain injury: exploring the role of SHIP-1. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1276495. [PMID: 37901420 PMCID: PMC10603304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1276495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the world's leading cause of permanent neurological disability in children. TBI-induced neurological deficits may be driven by neuroinflammation post-injury. Abnormal activity of SH2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) has been associated with dysregulated immunological responses, but the role of SHIP-1 in the brain remains unclear. The current study investigated the immunoregulatory role of SHIP-1 in a mouse model of moderate-severe pediatric TBI. Methods SHIP-1+/- and SHIP-1-/- mice underwent experimental TBI or sham surgery at post-natal day 21. Brain gene expression was examined across a time course, and immunofluorescence staining was evaluated to determine cellular immune responses, alongside peripheral serum cytokine levels by immunoassays. Brain tissue volume loss was measured using volumetric analysis, and behavior changes both acutely and chronically post-injury. Results Acutely, inflammatory gene expression was elevated in the injured cortex alongside increased IBA-1 expression and altered microglial morphology; but to a similar extent in SHIP-1-/- mice and littermate SHIP-1+/- control mice. Similarly, the infiltration and activation of CD68-positive macrophages, and reactivity of GFAP-positive astrocytes, was increased after TBI but comparable between genotypes. TBI increased anxiety-like behavior acutely, whereas SHIP-1 deficiency alone reduced general locomotor activity. Chronically, at 12-weeks post-TBI, SHIP-1-/- mice exhibited reduced body weight and increased circulating cytokines. Pro-inflammatory gene expression in the injured hippocampus was also elevated in SHIP-1-/- mice; however, GFAP immunoreactivity at the injury site in TBI mice was lower. TBI induced a comparable loss of cortical and hippocampal tissue in both genotypes, while SHIP-1-/- mice showed reduced general activity and impaired working memory, independent of TBI. Conclusion Together, evidence does not support SHIP-1 as an essential regulator of brain microglial morphology, brain immune responses, or the extent of tissue damage after moderate-severe pediatric TBI in mice. However, our data suggest that reduced SHIP-1 activity induces a greater inflammatory response in the hippocampus chronically post-TBI, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Deparment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Integrative Physiology, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Larissa K. Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - April L. Raftery
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Deparment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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8
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Gandy S, Ehrlich ME. miR155, TREM2, INPP5D: Disease stage and cell type are essential considerations when targeting clinical interventions based on mouse models of Alzheimer's amyloidopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:214. [PMID: 37749581 PMCID: PMC10518910 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of microglial gene manipulation in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloidopathy can cause unpredictable effects on various key endpoints, including amyloidosis, inflammation, neuritic dystrophy, neurodegeneration, and learning behavior. In this Correspondence, we discuss three examples, microRNA 155 (miR155), TREM2, and INPP5D, in which observed results have been difficult to reconcile with predicted results based on precedent, because these six key endpoints do not reliably track together. The pathogenesis of AD involves multiple cell types and complex events that may change with disease stage. We propose that cell-type targeting and timing of intervention are responsible for the sometimes impossibility of predicting whether any prospective therapeutic intervention should aim at increasing or decreasing the level or activity of a particular molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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