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Shultz KD, Al Anbari YF, Wright NT. I told you to stop: obscurin's role in epithelial cell migration. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1947-1956. [PMID: 39051125 DOI: 10.1042/bst20240564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The giant cytoskeletal protein obscurin contains multiple cell signaling domains that influence cell migration. Here, we follow each of these pathways, examine how these pathways modulate epithelial cell migration, and discuss the cross-talk between these pathways. Specifically, obscurin uses its PH domain to inhibit phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent migration and its RhoGEF domain to activate RhoA and slow cell migration. While obscurin's effect on the PI3K pathway agrees with the literature, obscurin's effect on the RhoA pathway runs counter to most other RhoA effectors, whose activation tends to lead to enhanced motility. Obscurin also phosphorylates cadherins, and this may also influence cell motility. When taken together, obscurin's ability to modulate three independent cell migration pathways is likely why obscurin knockout cells experience enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and why obscurin is a frequently mutated gene in several types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrin D Shultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, U.S.A
| | - Yasmin F Al Anbari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, U.S.A
| | - Nathan T Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, U.S.A
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Zhou Y, Chapagain P, Desmarini D, Uredi D, Rameh LE, Djordjevic JT, Blind RD, Wang X. Design, synthesis and cellular characterization of a new class of IPMK kinase inhibitors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593371. [PMID: 38798512 PMCID: PMC11118372 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Many genetic studies have established the kinase activity of inositol phosphate multikinase (IPMK) is required for the synthesis of higher-order inositol phosphate signaling molecules, the regulation of gene expression and control of the cell cycle. These genetic studies await orthogonal validation by specific IPMK inhibitors, but no such inhibitors have been synthesized. Here, we report complete chemical synthesis, cellular characterization, structure-activity relationships and rodent pharmacokinetics of a novel series of highly potent IPMK inhibitors. The first-generation compound 1 (UNC7437) decreased cellular proliferation and tritiated inositol phosphate levels in metabolically labeled human U251-MG glioblastoma cells. Compound 1 also regulated the transcriptome of these cells, selectively regulating genes that are enriched in cancer, inflammatory and viral infection pathways. Further optimization of compound 1 eventually led to compound 15 (UNC9750), which showed improved potency and pharmacokinetics in rodents. Compound 15 specifically inhibited cellular accumulation of InsP 5 , a direct product of IPMK kinase activity, while having no effect on InsP 6 levels, revealing a novel metabolic signature detected for the first time by rapid chemical attenuation of cellular IPMK activity. These studies designed, optimized and synthesized a new series of IPMK inhibitors, which reduces glioblastoma cell growth, induces a novel InsP 5 metabolic signature, and reveals novel aspects inositol phosphate cellular metabolism and signaling.
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Wang H, Blind RD, Shears SB. X-ray crystallographic analyses of 14 IPMK inhibitor complexes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593385. [PMID: 38766172 PMCID: PMC11100778 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase that has been linked to several cancers. Here, we report 14 new co-crystal structures (1.7Å - 2.0Å resolution) of human IPMK complexed with various IPMK inhibitors developed by another group. The new structures reveal two ordered water molecules that participate in hydrogen-bonding networks, and an unoccupied pocket in the ATP-binding site of human IPMK. New Protein Data Bank (PDB) codes of these IPMK crystal structures are: 8V6W (1.95Å), 8V6X (1.75Å), 8V6Y (1.70Å), 8V6Z (1.85Å), 8V70 (1.85Å), 8V71 (1.70Å), 8V72 (2.0Å), 8V73 (1.90Å), 8V74 (1.85Å), 8V75 (1.85Å), 8V76 (1.95Å), 8V77 (1.95Å), 8V78 (1.95Å), 8V79 (1.95Å).
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El-Kadi RA, AbdelKader NF, Zaki HF, Kamel AS. Influence of β-catenin signaling on neurogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders: Anxiety and depression. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22157. [PMID: 38349261 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
It has been proven that stress, mainly in the early years of life, can lead to anxiety and mood problems. Current treatments for psychiatric disorders are not enough, and some of them show intolerable side effects, emphasizing the urgent need for new treatment targets. Hence, a better understanding of the different brain networks, which are involved in the response to anxiety and depression, may evoke treatments with more specific targets. One of these targets is β-catenin that regulates brain circuits. β-Catenin has a dual response toward stress, which may influence coping or vulnerability to stress response. Indeed, β-catenin signaling involves several processes such as inflammation-directed brain repair, inflammation-induced brain damage, and neurogenesis. Interestingly, β-catenin reduction is accompanied by low neurogenesis, which leads to anxiety and depression. However, in another state, this reduction activates a compensatory mechanism that enhances neurogenesis to protect against depression but may precipitate anxiety. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of β-catenin could enhance our knowledge about anxiety and depression's pathophysiology, potentially improving clinical results by targeting it. Herein, the different states of β-catenin were discussed, shedding light on possible drugs that showed action on psychiatric disorders through β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noha F AbdelKader
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Kamel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhao Y, Li X, Nan J. Systematic assessment of the ecotoxicological effects and mechanisms of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116855. [PMID: 37567380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) contains toxic substances that are first released into the soil after biochar application. However, the ecological risks of biochar-derived DOM on soil invertebrate earthworms are unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the ecological risks and toxic mechanisms of sewage sludge biochar (SSB)-derived DOM on the earthworm Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) via microcosm experiments. DOM exposure induced earthworm death, growth inhibition, and cocoon decline. Moreover, DOM, especially the 10% DOM300 (derived from SSB prepared at 300 °C) treatments, disrupted the antioxidant defense response and lysosomal stability in earthworms. Integrated biomarker response v2 (IBRv2) analysis was performed to assess the comprehensive toxicity of DOM in E. fetida, and the results revealed that DOM300 might exert more hazardous effects on earthworms than DOM500 (prepared at 500 °C) and DOM700 (prepared at 700 °C), as revealed by increases in the IBRv2 value of 3.48-18.21. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 10% DOM300 exposure significantly disrupted carbohydrate and protein digestion and absorption and induced endocrine disorder. Interestingly, 10% DOM300 exposure also significantly downregulated the expression of genes involved in signaling pathways, e.g., the P13K-AKT, cGMP-PKG, and ErbB signaling pathways, which are related to cell growth, survival, and metabolism, suggesting that DOM300 might induce neurotoxicity in E. fetida. Altogether, these results may contribute to a better understanding of the toxicity and defense mechanisms of biochar-derived DOM on earthworms, especially during long-term applications, and thus provide guidelines for using biochar as a soil amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Jun Nan
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Jung IR, Ahima RS, Kim SF. Inositol polyphosphate multikinase modulates free fatty acids-induced insulin resistance in primary mouse hepatocytes. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1695-1704. [PMID: 37795573 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a critical mediator of the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). An excess influx of fatty acids to the liver is thought to be a pathogenic cause of insulin resistance and the development of NAFLD. Although elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma contribute to inducing insulin resistance and NAFLD, the molecular mechanism is not completely understood. This study aimed to determine whether inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), a regulator of insulin signaling, plays any role in FFA-induced insulin resistance in primary hepatocytes. Here, we show that excess FFA decreased IPMK expression, and blockade of IPMK decrease attenuated the FFA-induced suppression of protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation in primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH). Moreover, overexpression of IPMK prevented the FFA-induced suppression of Akt phosphorylation by insulin, while knockout of IPMK exacerbated insulin resistance in PMH. In addition, treatment with MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor, inhibits FFA-induced decrease in IPMK expression and Akt phosphorylation in PMH. Furthermore, treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated the FFA-induced reduction of IPMK and restored FFA-induced insulin resistance in PMH. In conclusion, our findings suggest that excess FFA reduces IPMK expression and contributes to the FFA-induced decrease in Akt phosphorylation in PMH, leading to insulin resistance. Our study highlights IPMK as a potential therapeutic target for preventing insulin resistance and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Rak Jung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sangwon F Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Hanim A, Mohamed IN, Mohamed RMP, Mokhtar MH, Makpol S, Naomi R, Bahari H, Kamal H, Kumar J. Alcohol Dependence Modulates Amygdalar mTORC2 and PKCε Expression in a Rodent Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:3036. [PMID: 37447362 PMCID: PMC10346598 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple alcohol use disorder (AUD)-related behavioral alterations are governed by protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), particularly in the amygdala. Protein kinase C (PKC) is readily phosphorylated at Ser729 before activation by the mTORC2 protein complex. In keeping with this, the current study was conducted to assess the variations in mTORC2 and PKCε during different ethanol exposure stages. The following groups of rats were employed: control, acute, chronic, ethanol withdrawal (EW), and EW + ethanol (EtOH). Ethanol-containing and non-ethanol-containing modified liquid diets (MLDs) were administered for 27 days. On day 28, either saline or ethanol (2.5 g/kg, 20% v/v) was intraperitoneally administered, followed by bilateral amygdala extraction. PKCε mRNA levels were noticeably increased in the amygdala of the EW + EtOH and EW groups. Following chronic ethanol consumption, the stress-activated map kinase-interacting protein 1 (Sin1) gene expression was markedly decreased. In the EW, EW + EtOH, and chronic ethanol groups, there was a profound increase in the protein expression of mTOR, Sin1, PKCε, and phosphorylated PKCε (Ser729). The PKCε gene and protein expressions showed a statistically significant moderate association, according to a correlation analysis. Our results suggest that an elevated PKCε protein expression in the amygdala during EW and EW + EtOH occurred at the transcriptional level. However, an elevation in the PKCε protein expression, but not its mRNA, after chronic ethanol intake warrants further investigation to fully understand the signaling pathways during different episodes of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athirah Hanim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.H.); (M.H.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Isa N. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Rashidi M. P. Mohamed
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Helmy Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.H.); (M.H.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Ruth Naomi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (R.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (R.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Haziq Kamal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.H.); (M.H.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.H.); (M.H.M.); (H.K.)
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