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Decembrino D, Cannella D. The thin line between monooxygenases and peroxygenases. P450s, UPOs, MMOs, and LPMOs: A brick to bridge fields of expertise. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108321. [PMID: 38336187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Many scientific fields, although driven by similar purposes and dealing with similar technologies, often appear so isolated and far from each other that even the vocabularies to describe the very same phenomenon might differ. Concerning the vast field of biocatalysis, a special role is played by those redox enzymes that employ oxygen-based chemistry to unlock transformations otherwise possible only with metal-based catalysts. As such, greener chemical synthesis methods and environmentally-driven biotechnological approaches were enabled over the last decades by the use of several enzymes and ultimately resulted in the first industrial applications. Among what can be called today the environmental biorefinery sector, biomass transformation, greenhouse gas reduction, bio-gas/fuels production, bioremediation, as well as bulk or fine chemicals and even pharmaceuticals manufacturing are all examples of fields in which successful prototypes have been demonstrated employing redox enzymes. In this review we decided to focus on the most prominent enzymes (MMOs, LPMO, P450 and UPO) capable of overcoming the ∼100 kcal mol-1 barrier of inactivated CH bonds for the oxyfunctionalization of organic compounds. Harnessing the enormous potential that lies within these enzymes is of extreme value to develop sustainable industrial schemes and it is still deeply coveted by many within the aforementioned fields of application. Hence, the ambitious scope of this account is to bridge the current cutting-edge knowledge gathered upon each enzyme. By creating a broad comparison, scientists belonging to the different fields may find inspiration and might overcome obstacles already solved by the others. This work is organised in three major parts: a first section will be serving as an introduction to each one of the enzymes regarding their structural and activity diversity, whereas a second one will be encompassing the mechanistic aspects of their catalysis. In this regard, the machineries that lead to analogous catalytic outcomes are depicted, highlighting the major differences and similarities. Finally, a third section will be focusing on the elements that allow the oxyfunctionalization chemistry to occur by delivering redox equivalents to the enzyme by the action of diverse redox partners. Redox partners are often overlooked in comparison to the catalytic counterparts, yet they represent fundamental elements to better understand and further develop practical applications based on mono- and peroxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Decembrino
- Photobiocatalysis Unit - Crop Production and Biostimulation Lab (CPBL), and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - David Cannella
- Photobiocatalysis Unit - Crop Production and Biostimulation Lab (CPBL), and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Wang P, Feng X, Lv Z, Liu J, Teng Q, Chen T, Liu Q. Temporal dynamics of lignin degradation in Quercus acutissima sawdust during Ganoderma lucidum cultivation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131686. [PMID: 38643923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite a fair amount of lignin conversion during mycelial growth, previous structural analyses have not yet revealed how lignin changes continuously and what the relationship is between lignin and ligninolytic enzymes. To clarify these aspects, Quercus acutissima sawdust attaching Ganoderma lucidum mycelium collected from different growth stage was subjected to analysis of lignin structure and ligninolytic enzyme activity. Two key periods of lignin degradation are found during the cultivation of G. lucidum: hypha rapid growth period and primordium formation period. In the first stage, laccase activity is associated with the opening of structures such as methoxyls, β-O-4' substructures and guaiacyl units in lignin, as well as the shortening of lignin chains. Manganese peroxidases and lignin peroxidases are more suitable for degrading short chain lignin. The structure of phenylcoumarans and syringyl changes greatly in the second stage. The results from sawdust attaching mycelium provide new insights to help improve the cultivation substrate formulation of G. lucidum and understand biomass valorization better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaobin Feng
- Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hebei 061000, China
| | - Ziwen Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Teng
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qinghong Liu
- Department of Vegetables, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Duran K, Kohlstedt M, van Erven G, Klostermann CE, America AHP, Bakx E, Baars JJP, Gorissen A, de Visser R, de Vries RP, Wittmann C, Comans RNJ, Kuyper TW, Kabel MA. From 13C-lignin to 13C-mycelium: Agaricus bisporus uses polymeric lignin as a carbon source. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl3419. [PMID: 38640242 PMCID: PMC11029805 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Plant biomass conversion by saprotrophic fungi plays a pivotal role in terrestrial carbon (C) cycling. The general consensus is that fungi metabolize carbohydrates, while lignin is only degraded and mineralized to CO2. Recent research, however, demonstrated fungal conversion of 13C-monoaromatic compounds into proteinogenic amino acids. To unambiguously prove that polymeric lignin is not merely degraded, but also metabolized, carefully isolated 13C-labeled lignin served as substrate for Agaricus bisporus, the world's most consumed mushroom. The fungus formed a dense mycelial network, secreted lignin-active enzymes, depolymerized, and removed lignin. With a lignin carbon use efficiency of 0.14 (g/g) and fungal biomass enrichment in 13C, we demonstrate that A. bisporus assimilated and further metabolized lignin when offered as C-source. Amino acids were high in 13C-enrichment, while fungal-derived carbohydrates, fatty acids, and ergosterol showed traces of 13C. These results hint at lignin conversion via aromatic ring-cleaved intermediates to central metabolites, underlining lignin's metabolic value for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duran
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A 1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia E. Klostermann
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen Netherlands
| | - Antoine H. P. America
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bakx
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Johan J. P. Baars
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
- CNC Grondstoffen, Driekronenstraat 6, 6596 MA Milsbeek, Netherlands
| | - Antonie Gorissen
- IsoLife bv, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ries de Visser
- IsoLife bv, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A 1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rob N. J. Comans
- Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
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