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Park H, Kim JE, Choi JW, Kim DY, Jang YH, Lee Y, Jeon J, Shin HT, Kim MS, Shin JW, Cho SB, Lew BL, Choi GS. Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Alopecia Areata in Korea: Part I Topical and Device-based Treatment. Ann Dermatol 2023; 35:190-204. [PMID: 37290953 DOI: 10.5021/ad.22.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic disease with an unpredictable disease course and severe psychological impact. OBJECTIVE To provide evidence- and consensus-based insights regarding the treatment of patients with AA in Korea. METHODS We searched for relevant studies on the topical and device-based treatment of AA in the literature from inception until May 2021. Evidence-based recommendations were also prepared. The evidence for each statement was graded and classified according to the strength of the recommendations. Hair experts from the Korean Hair Research Society (KHRS) voted on the statements, and an agreement of 75% or greater was considered as consensus. RESULTS Currently, there remains a scarcity of topical treatments, which is supported by robust evidence from a number of high-quality randomized controlled trials. Current evidence supports the efficacy of topical corticosteroids, corticosteroid intralesional injection, and contact immunotherapy in AA patients. Topical corticosteroids and contact immunotherapy are recommended for pediatric AA. A consensus was achieved in 6 out of 14 (42.8%), and 1 out of 5 (20.0%) statements pertaining to topical and device-based treatments in AA, respectively. The expert consensus was from a single country, and the study may not cover all the treatments used. CONCLUSION The present study provides up-to-date, evidence-based treatment guidelines for AA based on the consensus reached among experts after considering regional healthcare circumstances, adding diversity to the previous guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsun Park
- Department of Dermatology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Woong Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jiehyun Jeon
- Department of Dermatology, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Tae Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang, Korea
| | - Sung Bin Cho
- Yonsei Seran Dermatology and Laser Clinic, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bark-Lynn Lew
- Department of Dermatology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Gwang Seong Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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McKenzie PL, Castelo-Soccio L. Localized hair loss in infancy: a review. Curr Opin Pediatr 2021; 33:416-422. [PMID: 34016809 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review will address the different causes of localized hair loss in infancy. The data presented here will provide clinicians with the latest understanding of different disorders leading to localized hair loss and will provide recommendations for further management of infants who present with alopecia. RECENT FINDINGS Localized hair loss in infancy is common, but its underlying causes vary greatly. Alopecia in infants can be categorized into congenital, genetic, inflammatory, mechanical, and physiologic causes. Decisions regarding further management are complex, as they often involve not only cosmetic concerns, but also work-up of possible systemic medical issues related to hair loss. SUMMARY Clinicians must be able to distinguish between the different causes of infantile hair loss so that appropriate work-up and further management can be pursued. Factors such as physical appearance, timing of presentation, dermoscopic exam, histopathology, and associated systemic features can help lead clinicians to the correct diagnosis in the case of an infant with localized alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige L McKenzie
- Section of Dermatology, Division of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Leslie Castelo-Soccio
- Section of Dermatology, Division of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Barton VR, Toussi A, Awasthi S, Kiuru M. Treatment of pediatric alopecia areata: A systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:1318-1334. [PMID: 33940103 PMCID: PMC8556406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune, nonscarring hair loss disorder with slightly greater prevalence in children than adults. Various treatment modalities exist; however, their evidence in pediatric AA patients is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the evidence of current treatment modalities for pediatric AA. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on the PubMed database in October 2019 for all published articles involving patients <18 years old. Articles discussing AA treatment in pediatric patients were included, as were articles discussing both pediatric and adult patients, if data on individual pediatric patients were available. Results: Inclusion criteria were met by 122 total reports discussing 1032 patients. Reports consisted of 2 randomized controlled trials, 4 prospective comparative cohorts, 83 case series, 2 case-control studies, and 31 case reports. Included articles assessed the use of aloe, apremilast, anthralin, anti-interferon gamma antibodies, botulinum toxin, corticosteroids, contact immunotherapies, cryotherapy, hydroxychloroquine, hypnotherapy, imiquimod, Janus kinase inhibitors, laser and light therapy, methotrexate, minoxidil, phototherapy, psychotherapy, prostaglandin analogs, sulfasalazine, topical calcineurin inhibitors, topical nitrogen mustard, and ustekinumab. Limitations: English-only articles with full texts were used. Manuscripts with adult and pediatric data were only incorporated if individual-level data for pediatric patients were provided. No meta-analysis was performed. Conclusion: Topical corticosteroids are the preferred first-line treatment for pediatric AA, as they hold the highest level of evidence, followed by contact immunotherapy. More clinical trials and comparative studies are needed to further guide management of pediatric AA and to promote the potential use of pre-existing, low-cost, and novel therapies, including Janus kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia R Barton
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Atrin Toussi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Smita Awasthi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
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4
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Stoehr JR, Choi JN, Colavincenzo M, Vanderweil S. Off-Label Use of Topical Minoxidil in Alopecia: A Review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2019; 20:237-250. [PMID: 30604379 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-0409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Topical minoxidil is a well-known and often-utilized drug in dermatological practice for the treatment of alopecia. It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in 1988. Since its approval, minoxidil has been used off-label for the treatment of many other types of alopecia, with minimal formal evidence of efficacy. Conditions for which the use of topical minoxidil has been reported include telogen effluvium, alopecia areata (AA), scarring alopecia, eyebrow hypotrichosis, monilethrix, and chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA). The evidence for the use of minoxidil in each condition is derived from a variety of studies, including clinical trials, case series, and case reports. A comprehensive review of the literature indicates that while minoxidil is routinely used in the management of many alopecic conditions, there is mixed evidence for its efficacy. For certain conditions, including AA and most scarring alopecias, the evidence seems to be inconclusive. For others, such as eyebrow hypotrichosis, monilethrix, early traction alopecia, and CIA, there is more support for the efficacy of minoxidil. Although the favorable safety profile of minoxidil is established in adults, its use in the treatment of pediatric alopecia may require heightened monitoring and patient education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Stoehr
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair St, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer N Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair St, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maria Colavincenzo
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair St, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Stefan Vanderweil
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair St, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Galluzzo M, D'Adamio S, Campione E, Mazzilli S, Bianchi L, Talamonti M. A clinical case of severe disease burden: an erythrodermic psoriatic patient treated with secukinumab. J DERMATOL TREAT 2018; 29:1-11. [PMID: 30256706 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1524818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Erythrodermic psoriasis is a severe variant of psoriasis characterized by prominent erythema, affecting the entire body surface. Management of erythrodermic psoriasis is difficult, not standardized, and often ineffective. As clinical studies are lacking, reporting of clinical experience with secukinumab may help to gather insight in this field. Here, we describe the case of a 55-year-old man, with a 10-year history of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. He presents a flare of erythroderma involving approximately 90% of his body surface area and a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score of 42, with an important impact on his quality of life (DLQI score was 20.0; Skindex-29 score was 67.2). The patient presented also alexithymic features. Due to severity of clinical features and poor quality of life, the patient started secukinumab treatment; we observed a striking and rapid response to therapy with an excellent safety profile and a satisfactory compliance. Furthermore, therapy with secukinumab considerably enhanced patient's quality of life. Although further studies are needed to better understand the role of the IL-23/Th17 pathway, secukinumab can be an effective therapeutic option for patients affected by erythrodermic psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galluzzo
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Viale Oxford 81 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - S D'Adamio
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Viale Oxford 81 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - E Campione
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Viale Oxford 81 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - S Mazzilli
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Viale Oxford 81 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - L Bianchi
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Viale Oxford 81 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - M Talamonti
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Viale Oxford 81 , 00133 Rome , Italy
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Wohlmuth-Wieser I, Osei JS, Norris D, Price V, Hordinsky MK, Christiano A, Duvic M. Childhood alopecia areata-Data from the National Alopecia Areata Registry. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35:164-169. [PMID: 29334143 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Alopecia areata may occur at any age and is the third-most-common dermatosis in children. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical and epidemiologic features of children and adolescents with alopecia areata based on the data of the National Alopecia Areata registry on children and adolescents. METHODS Two thousand two hundred eighteen children and adolescents with alopecia areata self-enrolled in the National Alopecia Areata Registry and completed a web-based, self-administered, short-intake screening questionnaire (first tier). In the second tier, 643 patients participated in a clinical examination and completed a long-form questionnaire. RESULTS Mean age of onset was 5.9 ± 4.1 years. With a female to male ratio of 1.5:1, alopecia areata was more prevalent in girls, but boys were significantly more likely to have a severe type (P = .009). One-fourth of all children had a positive family history, with 8% having more than three affected relatives. The disease most commonly associated with alopecia areata was atopic dermatitis (32.7%). CONCLUSION Childhood alopecia areata is more prevalent in girls than in boys, but boys have more extensive alopecia areata. Despite the low prevalence, congenital alopecia areata is an important differential diagnosis for neonatal hair loss. Alopecia areata runs in families, suggesting an underlying genetic background. One-quarter of the children reported at least one affected first-degree relative; 8% had more than three affected relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce S Osei
- Department of Dermatology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Norris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Vera Price
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria K Hordinsky
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Madeleine Duvic
- Department of Dermatology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Modjtahedi BS, Kishan AU, Schwab IR, Jackson WB, Maibach HI. Eyelash alopecia areata: case series and literature review. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47:333-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Timm K, Rüfenacht S, von Tscharner C, Bornand VF, Doherr MG, Oevermann A, Flury C, Rieder S, Hirsbrunner G, Drögemüller C, Roosje PJ. Alopecia areata in Eringer cows. Vet Dermatol 2011; 21:545-53. [PMID: 20626715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata is a hair loss disorder in humans, dogs and horses with a suspected autoimmune aetiology targeting anagen hair follicles. Alopecia areata is only sporadically reported in cows. Recently, we observed several cases of suspected alopecia areata in Eringer cows. The aim of this study was to confirm the presumptive diagnosis of alopecia areata and to define the clinical phenotype and histopathological patterns, including characterization of the infiltrating inflammatory cells. Twenty Eringer cows with alopecia and 11 Eringer cows without skin problems were included in this study. Affected cows had either generalized or multifocal alopecia or hypotrichosis. The tail, forehead and distal extremities were usually spared. Punch biopsies were obtained from the centre and margin of alopecic lesions and normal haired skin. Histological examination revealed several alterations in anagen hair bulbs. These included peri- and intrabulbar lymphocytic infiltration, peribulbar fibrosis, degenerate matrix cells with clumped melanosomes and pigmentary incontinence. Mild lymphocytic infiltrative mural folliculitis was seen in the inferior segment and isthmus of the hair follicles. Hair shafts were often unpigmented and dysplastic. The large majority of infiltrating lymphocytes were CD3(+) T cells, whereas only occasional CD20(+) lymphocytes were present in the peribulbar infiltrate. Our findings confirm the diagnosis of T-cell-mediated alopecia areata in these cows. Alopecia areata appears to occur with increased frequency in the Eringer breed, but distinct predisposing factors could not be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Timm
- Division of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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de Sousa RA, Semaan FS, Cervini P, Cavalheiro ÉTG. Determination of Minoxidil by Bleaching the Permanganate Carrier Solution in a Flow-Based Spectrophotometric System. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.500778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Types of hair loss and treatment options, including the novel low-level light therapy and its proposed mechanism. South Med J 2010; 103:917-21. [PMID: 20689478 DOI: 10.1097/smj.0b013e3181ebcf71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of hair loss in men, and female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is the most common form of hair loss in women. Traditional methods of treating hair loss have included minoxidil, finasteride, and surgical transplantation. Currently there is a myriad of new and experimental treatments. In addition, low-level light therapy (LLLT) has recently been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of hair loss. There are several theories and minimal clinical evidence of the safety and efficacy of LLLT, although most experts agree that it is safe. More in vitro studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism and effectiveness at the cellular level, and more controlled studies are necessary to assess the role of this new treatment in the general population.
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Peripheral blood gene expression in alopecia areata reveals molecular pathways distinguishing heritability, disease and severity. Genes Immun 2010; 11:531-41. [PMID: 20535136 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune hair loss disorder in which systemic disturbances have been described, but are poorly understood. To evaluate disease mechanisms, we examined gene expression in the blood of defined clinical subgroups (patchy AA persistent type, AAP, n=5; alopecia universalis, AU, n=4) and healthy controls (unaffected relatives, UaR, n=5; unaffected non-relatives, UaNR, n=4) using microarrays. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering separates all four patient and control groups, producing three distinct expression patterns reflective of 'inheritance', 'disease' and 'severity' signatures. Functional classification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) comparing disease (AAP, AU) vs normal (UaR) groups reveals upregulation in immune response, cytokine signaling, signal transduction, cell cycle, proteolysis and cell adhesion-related genes. Pathway analysis further reveals the activation of several genes related to natural killer-cell cytotoxicity, apoptosis, mitogen activated protein kinase, Wnt signaling and B- and T-cell receptor signaling in AA patients. Finally, 35 genes differentially expressed in AA blood overlap with DEGs previously identified in AA skin lesions. Our results implicate innate and adaptive immune processes while also revealing novel pathways, such as Wnt signaling and apoptosis, relevant to AA pathogenesis. Our data suggest that peripheral blood expression profiles of AA patients likely carry new biomarkers associated with disease susceptibility and expression.
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Tauchi M, Fuchs T, Kellenberger A, Woodward D, Paus R, Lütjen-Drecoll E. Characterization of an in vivo
model for the study of eyelash biology and trichomegaly: mouse eyelash morphology, development, growth cycle, and anagen prolongation by bimatoprost. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162:1186-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Hair abnormalities can have tremendous psychosocial impacts on adolescents and young adults, and may cause a great amount of anxiety regarding physical appearance, associated illnesses, and potential clinical course. The pathophysiology of such disorders may vary,with potential congenital, infectious, autoimmune, nutritional, or environmental causes. Hair abnormalities may present as changes in hair appearance or quality, becoming weathered or fractured.An abnormal increase in hair is present in hypertrichosis and hirsutism, whereas a thinning or shedding of hair is evident in patients with telogen effluviumand alopecia areata. Diagnosis is focused on a detailed clinical history and physical exam, in addition to laboratory testing, a variety of clinical diagnostic tests, and scalp biopsy, which may be necessary to confirm some diagnoses. Many hair disorders have no cure, but clinicians can have a positive impact on their patients by identifying the abnormality and educating the patient regarding disease course. However, some conditions such as infectious hair disorders or scarring alopecia should be identified promptly to initiate treatment and ensure clinical improvement or optimal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Balestreire Hawryluk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Mukherjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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León-Muiños E, Monteagudo B, Labandeira J, Cabanillas M. Alopecia triangular congénita bilateral asociada a cardiopatía congénita y anormalidades renales y genitales. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(08)74751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Loss of eyebrow hair may come to the attention of the dermatologist as a presenting complaint or as an unexpected finding on routine physical examination. Because eyebrows serve important cosmetic and social roles, their loss can be quite distressing to patients. While eyebrow loss may be an isolated finding of no medical consequence, it may also be an initial manifestation of a systemic condition. Loss of eyebrows has numerous causes including primary dermatoses, endocrinopathies, autoimmune conditions, infections, neoplasms, trauma, exogenous agents, and genetic diseases. We present a systemic review of eyebrow loss, including an algorithm that can be used to direct the work-up of patients presenting with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Velez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
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León-Muiños E, Monteagudo B, Labandeira J, Cabanillas M. Bilateral Congenital Triangular Alopecia Associated With Congenital Heart Disease and Renal and Genital Abnormalities. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(08)70322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a nonscarring, autoimmune, inflammatory, hair loss on the scalp, and/or body. Etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown. The most common site affected is the scalp. Histopathology is characterized by an increased number of the catagen and telogen follicles, the presence of inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate in the peribulbar region ("swarm of bees"). Corticosteroids are the most popular drugs for the treatment of this disease. Etiologic and pathogenic mechanisms, as well as other current treatments available will be discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wasserman
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Nield
- Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Hunt
- University of Nottingham, Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, University of Nottingham, Nottingham Science and Technology Park, Nottingham NG7 2RQ UK.
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