1
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Liu JC, Dong ST, Shi DM. Acitretin Treatment Improves a Case of Severe Generalized Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis. Mayo Clin Proc 2024; 99:435-436. [PMID: 38432748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Cheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Si-Tan Dong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong-Mei Shi
- Department of Dermatology/Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Biglari S, Moghaddam AS, Tabatabaiefar MA, Sherkat R, Youssefian L, Saeidian AH, Vahidnezhad F, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE, Hakonarson H, Casanova JL, Béziat V, Jouanguy E, Vahidnezhad H. Monogenic etiologies of persistent human papillomavirus infections: A comprehensive systematic review. Genet Med 2024; 26:101028. [PMID: 37978863 PMCID: PMC10922824 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Persistent human papillomavirus infection (PHPVI) causes cutaneous, anogenital, and mucosal warts. Cutaneous warts include common warts, Treeman syndrome, and epidermodysplasia verruciformis, among others. Although more reports of monogenic predisposition to PHPVI have been published with the development of genomic technologies, genetic testing is rarely incorporated into clinical assessments. To encourage broader molecular testing, we compiled a list of the various monogenic etiologies of PHPVI. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review to determine the genetic, immunological, and clinical characteristics of patients with PHPVI. RESULTS The inclusion criteria were met by 261 of 40,687 articles. In 842 patients, 83 PHPVI-associated genes were identified, including 42, 6, and 35 genes with strong, moderate, and weak evidence for causality, respectively. Autosomal recessive inheritance predominated (69%). PHPVI onset age was 10.8 ± 8.6 years, with an interquartile range of 5 to 14 years. GATA2,IL2RG,DOCK8, CXCR4, TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1 are the most frequently reported PHPVI-associated genes with strong causality. Most genes (74 out of 83) belong to a catalog of 485 inborn errors of immunity-related genes, and 40 genes (54%) are represented in the nonsyndromic and syndromic combined immunodeficiency categories. CONCLUSION PHPVI has at least 83 monogenic etiologies and a genetic diagnosis is essential for effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Biglari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Immunodeficiency Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, France; Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Vivien Béziat
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, France
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
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3
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Saeidian AH, Youssefian L, Naji M, Mahmoudi H, Barnada SM, Huang C, Naghipoor K, Hozhabrpour A, Park JS, Manzo Margiotta F, Vahidnezhad F, Saffarian Z, Kamyab-Hesari K, Tolouei M, Faraji N, Azimi SZ, Namdari G, Mansouri P, Casanova JL, Béziat V, Jouanguy E, Uitto J, Vahidnezhad H. Whole transcriptome-based skin virome profiling in typical epidermodysplasia verruciformis reveals α-, β-, and γ-HPV infections. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e162558. [PMID: 36602881 PMCID: PMC10077487 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HPVs are DNA viruses include approximately 450 types that are classified into 5 genera (α-, β-, γ-, μ-, and ν-HPV). The γ- and β-HPVs are present in low copy numbers in healthy individuals; however, in patients with an inborn error of immunity, certain species of β-HPVs can cause epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), manifesting as recalcitrant cutaneous warts and skin cancer. EV presents as either typical or atypical. Manifestations of typical EV are limited to the skin and are caused by abnormal keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity to β-HPVs due to pathogenic sequence variants in TMC6, TMC8, or CIB1. We applied a transcriptome-based computational pipeline, VirPy, to RNA extracted from normal-appearing skin and wart samples of patients with typical EV to explore the viral and human genetic determinants. In 26 patients, 9 distinct biallelic mutations were detected in TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1, 7 of which are previously unreported to our knowledge. Additionally, 20 different HPV species, including 3 α-HPVs, 16 β-HPVs, and 1 γ-HPV, were detected, 8 of which are reported here for the first time to our knowledge in patients with EV (β-HPV-37, -47, -80, -151, and -159; α-HPV-2 and -57; and γ-HPV-128). This study expands the TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1 sequence variant spectrum and implicates new HPV subtypes in the pathogenesis of typical EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mahtab Naji
- University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samantha M. Barnada
- Genetics, Genomics and Cancer Biology PhD Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karim Naghipoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hozhabrpour
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jason S. Park
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Fatemeh Vahidnezhad
- UCSC Silicon Valley Extension, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Zahra Saffarian
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Kamyab-Hesari
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niloofar Faraji
- Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Science, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyyede Zeinab Azimi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Namdari
- Department of Dermatology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parvin Mansouri
- Department of Research, Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris University, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vivien Béziat
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Imahorn E, Aushev M, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Cichon S, Reichelt J, Itin PH, Burger B. Gene expression is stable in a complete CIB1 knockout keratinocyte model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14952. [PMID: 32917957 PMCID: PMC7486891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a genodermatosis characterized by the inability of keratinocytes to control cutaneous β-HPV infection and a high risk for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Bi-allelic loss of function variants in TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1 predispose to EV. The correlation between these proteins and β-HPV infection is unclear. Its elucidation will advance the understanding of HPV control in human keratinocytes and development of NMSC. We generated a cell culture model by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of CIB1 to study the function of CIB1 in keratinocytes. Nine CIB1 knockout and nine mock control clones were generated originating from a human keratinocyte line. We observed small changes in gene expression as a result of CIB1 knockout, which is consistent with the clearly defined phenotype of EV patients. This suggests that the function of human CIB1 in keratinocytes is limited and involves the restriction of β-HPV. The presented model is useful to investigate CIB1 interaction with β-HPV in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Imahorn
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magomet Aushev
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Human Genetics, Division of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Centre, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Human Genetics, Division of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Centre, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Genomic Imaging, Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Genomic Imaging, Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter H Itin
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Burger
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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5
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da Cruz Silva LL, de Oliveira WRP, Sotto MN. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: revision of a model of carcinogenic disease. SURGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s42047-019-0046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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6
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Bushara O, Miller D, Giubellino A, Schomaker M, Thyagarajan B, Nelson AC. Diagnosis of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: Two cases highlighting the role of direct HPV L1 gene sequencing. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:436-441. [PMID: 30773702 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare skin disease characterized by the development of multiple flat warts with the potential for malignant transformation. Patients are susceptible to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection that develops in a background of either a genetic or acquired immunodeficiency predisposing patients to infection with specific HPV types that are ubiquitous but generally non-pathogenic in healthy individuals. There is no standard clinical methodology for determining the causative HPV from patients with suspected EV. Here, we report the diagnostic workup of two EV cases and describe the use of L1 gene Sanger sequencing as a specific method to accurately identify the causative HPV genotype and confirm the diagnosis of EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Bushara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alessio Giubellino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Schomaker
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, MHealth University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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7
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de Jong SJ, Créquer A, Matos I, Hum D, Gunasekharan V, Lorenzo L, Jabot-Hanin F, Imahorn E, Arias AA, Vahidnezhad H, Youssefian L, Markle JG, Patin E, D'Amico A, Wang CQF, Full F, Ensser A, Leisner TM, Parise LV, Bouaziz M, Maya NP, Cadena XR, Saka B, Saeidian AH, Aghazadeh N, Zeinali S, Itin P, Krueger JG, Laimins L, Abel L, Fuchs E, Uitto J, Franco JL, Burger B, Orth G, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL. The human CIB1-EVER1-EVER2 complex governs keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity to β-papillomaviruses. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2289-2310. [PMID: 30068544 PMCID: PMC6122964 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) and biallelic null mutations of TMC6 (encoding EVER1) or TMC8 (EVER2) are selectively prone to disseminated skin lesions due to keratinocyte-tropic human β-papillomaviruses (β-HPVs), which lack E5 and E8. We describe EV patients homozygous for null mutations of the CIB1 gene encoding calcium- and integrin-binding protein-1 (CIB1). CIB1 is strongly expressed in the skin and cultured keratinocytes of controls but not in those of patients. CIB1 forms a complex with EVER1 and EVER2, and CIB1 proteins are not expressed in EVER1- or EVER2-deficient cells. The known functions of EVER1 and EVER2 in human keratinocytes are not dependent on CIB1, and CIB1 deficiency does not impair keratinocyte adhesion or migration. In keratinocytes, the CIB1 protein interacts with the HPV E5 and E8 proteins encoded by α-HPV16 and γ-HPV4, respectively, suggesting that this protein acts as a restriction factor against HPVs. Collectively, these findings suggest that the disruption of CIB1-EVER1-EVER2-dependent keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity underlies the selective susceptibility to β-HPVs of EV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jill de Jong
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Amandine Créquer
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Irina Matos
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - David Hum
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Jabot-Hanin
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Elias Imahorn
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andres A Arias
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Janet G Markle
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Etienne Patin
- Human Evolutionary Genetics, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- National Center for Scientific Research, URA 3012, Paris, France
- Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Aurelia D'Amico
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Claire Q F Wang
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Florian Full
- Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin Ensser
- Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina M Leisner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Leslie V Parise
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Matthieu Bouaziz
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Xavier Rueda Cadena
- Dermatology/Oncology - Skin Cancer Unit, National Cancer Institute, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Bayaki Saka
- Department of Dermatology, Sylvanus Olympio Hospital, University of Lomé, Togo
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nessa Aghazadeh
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Itin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
- Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Lou Laimins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jose Luis Franco
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Bettina Burger
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Orth
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
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8
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Huang S, Wu JH, Lewis DJ, Rady PL, Tyring SK. A novel approach to the classification of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:1344-1350. [PMID: 30156265 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genodermatosis that causes disseminated eruptions of hypo- or hyperpigmented macules and wart-like papules that can coalesce and scale. It is uniquely characterized by an increased susceptibility to specific human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes. Classically, EV is associated with mutations of the EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8 genes. The term "acquired" epidermodysplasia verruciformis was coined to describe an EV-like syndrome that can develop in patients with a compromised immune system. Recent discoveries of other genes implicated in EV, including RHOH, MST-1, and CORO1A, have complicated the classification of EV and EV-like syndromes. METHODS We review the available data on epidermodysplasia verruciformis in the literature in order to propose a new classification system to encompass current and future developments on EV and EV-like syndromes. RESULTS We propose classifying EV into: (1) classic genetic EV, (2) non-classic genetic EV, and (3) acquired EV. CONCLUSION The proposed categorization scheme provides a simple and logical way to organize the different cases of EV that have been described in the literature. This system organizes EV by its cause, allowing for a better understanding of the disease and helps differentiate EV from other causes of generalized verrucosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo Huang
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julie H Wu
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Lewis
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Hanna E, Abadi R, Abbas O. Imiquimod in dermatology: an overview. Int J Dermatol 2017; 55:831-44. [PMID: 27387373 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imiquimod is an immune response modifier commercially available as a 3.75 and 5% cream. Topical imiquimod stimulates the innate and adaptive immune responses and induces cytokine production. This allows its use for the treatment of a wide variety of benign and malignant skin conditions due to its potential antiviral, antitumor, and immunoregulatory effects. Currently, topical imiquimod is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of anogenital warts, actinic keratosis, and superficial basal cell carcinomas. However, it has also shown a beneficial effect in the treatment of many other skin disorders. In this review, we describe existing evidence on the mechanism of action of topical imiquimod, its FDA-approved indications, off-label uses, and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Hanna
- American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rami Abadi
- American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ossama Abbas
- American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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10
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Miyauchi T, Nomura T, Suzuki S, Takeda M, Shinkuma S, Arita K, Fujita Y, Shimizu H. Genetic analysis of a novel splice-site mutation inTMC8reveals thein vivoimportance of the transmembrane channel-like domain ofTMC8. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:803-6. [PMID: 26997147 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Miyauchi
- Department of Dermatology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; North 15 West 7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - T. Nomura
- Department of Dermatology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; North 15 West 7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - S. Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; North 15 West 7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - M. Takeda
- Department of Dermatology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; North 15 West 7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - S. Shinkuma
- Department of Dermatology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; North 15 West 7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - K. Arita
- Department of Dermatology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; North 15 West 7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - Y. Fujita
- Department of Dermatology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; North 15 West 7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
| | - H. Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; North 15 West 7 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8638 Japan
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The EVER genes - the genetic etiology of carcinogenesis in epidermodysplasia verruciformis and a possible role in non-epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33:75-80. [PMID: 27279814 PMCID: PMC4884774 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2016.59145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the two adjacent novel EVER1 and EVER2 genes have been identified, whose mutations are responsible for the development of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare, autosomal recessive genodermatosis associated with increased risk of skin carcinoma. Up to now 7 mutations in the EVER1 gene and 5 mutations in the EVER2 gene have been identified only in EV. It was also determined that the EVER genes belong to a novel gene family, the transmembrane channel-like (TMC) family, and are responsible for properly functioning zinc homeostasis. These observations have given new insights into EV pathogenesis.
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de Oliveira WR, da Cruz Silva LL, Neto CF, Tyring S. Deleterious Effect of Radiation Therapy on Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Patients. J Cutan Med Surg 2015; 19:416-21. [PMID: 26156649 DOI: 10.1177/1203475415576859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genodermatosis caused by specific human papillomavirus (HPV) types associated with the development of multiple squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). The treatment for this skin tumour may be difficult. Among the therapy options, radiotherapy (RT) should be avoided due to its deleterious effects on HPV-induced carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVE To describe 4 patients with EV who underwent radiotherapy to treat cutaneous SCC. METHODS This is a retrospective study. The evolution of cutaneous SCC after adjuvant radiotherapy in 4 patients with EV was observed. RESULTS This study included 4 patients with diagnosis of EV. All 4 of the patients had cutaneous SCC. They underwent surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. Over a period of up to 2 years, there was aggressive tumour recurrence. CONCLUSION Radiotherapy might be associated with progression of SCC in patients with EV, and it is recommended that radiotherapy should be avoided in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen Tyring
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Yoshida R, Kato T, Kawase M, Honda M, Mitsuishi T. Two sisters reveal autosomal recessive inheritance of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: a case report. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2014; 14:12. [PMID: 25048734 PMCID: PMC4110534 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-14-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare genodermatosis characterized by a unique susceptibility to cutaneous human papillomaviruses infection. Most patients show autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance. Case presentation We report a case of two sisters with clinically epidermodysplasia verruciformis specific lesions on the face, neck, trunk, and extremities. PCR analysis indicated the presence of human papillomavirus type 5 in the lesions. Electron microscopic examination showed viral-like particles in keratinocyte nuclei and the stratum corneum of the epidermodysplasia verruciformis lesions. In addition, we examined the EVER1 and EVER2 genes using eight different primer pairs without finding any nonsense or frameshift mutations in the gDNA from lymphocytes of the elder sister. Conclusions In this report, the patient’s parents did not have epidermodysplasia verruciformis lesions or a consanguineous marriage. EV did not develop in the elder sister until five years of age, so the parents did not perceive EV as an inherited disease. The probability that EV developed in both sisters was only 6.25%. Thus, it is rare for both sisters to develop epidermodysplasia verruciformis lesions considering that the parents were presumed to be carriers and the disease reveal an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tsuyoshi Mitsuishi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Ohwada-Shinden, Yachiyo 276-8524, Chiba, Japan.
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Leiding JW, Holland SM. Warts and all: human papillomavirus in primary immunodeficiencies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1030-48. [PMID: 23036745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is almost universal and eventually asymptomatic, but pathologic infection with HPV is severe, recurrent, and recalcitrant to therapy. It is also an underappreciated manifestation of primary immunodeficiency. Mutations in EVER1, EVER2, GATA2, CXCR4, and dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) are typically associated with extensive HPV infections, whereas several other primary immune defects result in severe HPV much less frequently. We review immunodeficiencies with severe HPV infections and the mechanisms underlying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Leiding
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1684, USA.
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Inherited MST1 deficiency underlies susceptibility to EV-HPV infections. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44010. [PMID: 22952854 PMCID: PMC3428299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is characterized by persistent cutaneous lesions caused by a specific group of related human papillomavirus genotypes (EV-HPVs) in otherwise healthy individuals. Autosomal recessive (AR) EVER1 and EVER2 deficiencies account for two thirds of known cases of EV. AR RHOH deficiency has recently been described in two siblings with EV-HPV infections as well as other infectious and tumoral manifestations. We report here the whole-exome based discovery of AR MST1 deficiency in a 19-year-old patient with a T-cell deficiency associated with EV-HPV, bacterial and fungal infections. MST1 deficiency has recently been described in seven patients from three unrelated kindreds with profound T-cell deficiency and various viral and bacterial infections. The patient was also homozygous for a rare ERCC3 variation. Our findings broaden the clinical range of infections seen in MST1 deficiency and provide a new genetic etiology of susceptibility to EV-HPV infections. Together with the recent discovery of RHOH deficiency, they suggest that T cells are involved in the control of EV-HPVs, at least in some individuals.
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Crequer A, Troeger A, Patin E, Ma CS, Picard C, Pedergnana V, Fieschi C, Lim A, Abhyankar A, Gineau L, Mueller-Fleckenstein I, Schmidt M, Taieb A, Krueger J, Abel L, Tangye SG, Orth G, Williams DA, Casanova JL, Jouanguy E. Human RHOH deficiency causes T cell defects and susceptibility to EV-HPV infections. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3239-47. [PMID: 22850876 DOI: 10.1172/jci62949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by increased susceptibility to specific human papillomaviruses, the betapapillomaviruses. These EV-HPVs cause warts and increase the risk of skin carcinomas in otherwise healthy individuals. Inactivating mutations in epidermodysplasia verruciformis 1 (EVER1) or EVER2 have been identified in most, but not all, patients with autosomal recessive EV. We found that 2 young adult siblings presenting with T cell deficiency and various infectious diseases, including persistent EV-HPV infections, were homozygous for a mutation creating a stop codon in the ras homolog gene family member H (RHOH) gene. RHOH encodes an atypical Rho GTPase expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells. Patients' circulating T cells contained predominantly effector memory T cells, which displayed impaired TCR signaling. Additionally, very few circulating T cells expressed the β7 integrin subunit, which homes T cells to specific tissues. Similarly, Rhoh-null mice exhibited a severe overall T cell defect and abnormally small numbers of circulating β7-positive cells. Expression of the WT, but not of the mutated RHOH, allele in Rhoh-/- hematopoietic stem cells corrected the T cell lymphopenia in mice after bone marrow transplantation. We conclude that RHOH deficiency leads to T cell defects and persistent EV-HPV infections, suggesting that T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic EV-HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Crequer
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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Landini MM, Zavattaro E, Borgogna C, Azzimonti B, De Andrea M, Colombo E, Marenco F, Amantea A, Landolfo S, Gariglio M. Lack of EVER2 protein in two epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients with skin cancer presenting previously unreported homozygous genetic deletions in the EVER2 gene. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:1305-8. [PMID: 22158547 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sá NBD, Guerini MB, Barbato MT, Giunta GD, Nunes DH. Epidermodisplasia verruciforme: apresentação clínica com variadas formas de lesões. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86:S57-60. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermodisplasia verruciforme é uma genodermatose rara caracterizada por infecção disseminada por HPV, de caráter recessivo, com casos ligados ao cromossoma X. É caracterizada clinicamente por lesões maculares hipo ou hiperpigmentadas, lesões pitiríase versicolor like, verrugas planas e desenvolvimento precoce de carcinomas cutâneos. Descreve-se um caso de paciente com quadro clínico exuberante, apresentando todas as formas de lesões desta doença, inclusive presença de carcinoma espinocelular agressivo na face
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Primary immunodeficiency diseases associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections and malignancies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1329-41.e2; quiz 1342-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Heratizadeh A, Völker B, Kupsch E, Wichmann K, Kapp A, Werfel T. [Successful symptomatic treatment of epidermodysplasia verruciformis with imiquimod 5% cream]. Hautarzt 2011; 61:1052-5. [PMID: 20824263 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-010-1998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A 19-year-old patient presented with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). In this genodermatosis, pathogenetic factors such as infection by human papilloma viruses as well as sun exposure are considered responsible for the malignant transformation of EV lesions to skin cancer within decades. So far, several therapeutic strategies have been unsatisfactory. In our case HPV 5b was detected and the associated skin lesions were successfully treated with imiquimod 5% cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heratizadeh
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Ricklinger Str. 5, 30449, Hannover.
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21
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Arnold AW, Burger B, Kump E, Rufle A, Tyring SK, Kempf W, Häusermann P, Itin PH. Homozygosity for the c.917A→T (p.N306l) polymorphism in the EVER2/TMC8 gene of two sisters with epidermodysplasia verruciformis Lewandowsky-Lutz originally described by Wilhelm Lutz. Dermatology 2010; 222:81-6. [PMID: 21196704 DOI: 10.1159/000322536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Lewandowsky-Lutz (EV) is a rare genodermatosis, characterised by development of numerous verrucous skin lesions caused by specific genotypes of human papillomaviruses belonging to the β-papillomavirus genus. The EV loci were mapped to chromosome 2p21-p24 (EV2) and 17q25 (EV1). On chromosome 17, 2 adjacent related genes--EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8--were identified. We reinvestigated 2 patients originally described by Wilhelm Lutz in 1946 with the aim to document the natural course of the disease and confirm his diagnosis. METHODS PCR fragments specific for exons with short flanking intron sequences of EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8 genes from patients' DNA were amplified using sequence information. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7208422 was studied, using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS In the index patient, we identified a homozygous TT genotype in exon 8 of the EVER2/TMC8 gene (c.917A→T, p.N306I). The same mutation could thereafter be detected in her sister from paraffin-embedded skin. CONCLUSION We have followed one of the first patients described with EV in Basel, Switzerland, in 1930 until today and demonstrated the TT genotype (SNP rs7208422) in the EVER2/TMC8 gene in this index patient and her sister. The results underline the possible relevance of SNP rs7208422 by influencing the susceptibility to β-papillomaviruses and their oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Arnold
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Murat Emsen I, Esref Kabalar M. Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis: An Early and Unusual Presentation. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE CHIRURGIE PLASTIQUE 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/229255031001800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare, heritable disease characterized by an unusual susceptibility to infection with specific types of human papillomavirus and a propensity for developing malignant skin tumours. Partial defects in cell-mediated immunity have been demonstrated in this disease. In the present report, a young patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis who was treated successfully with surgical treatment is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Esref Kabalar
- Department of Pathology, Numune State Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
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23
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Rogers HD, Macgregor JL, Nord KM, Tyring S, Rady P, Engler DE, Grossman ME. Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60:315-20. [PMID: 19150275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis with an increased susceptibility to specific human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes. Classically, this viral infection leads to the development of tinea versicolor-like macules on the trunk, neck, arms, and face during childhood, and over time, these lesions can progress to squamous cell carcinoma. More recently, an EV-like syndrome has been described in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity. We describe two cases of EV-like syndrome in HIV-positive patients, review all previously reported cases of EV in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity, introduce the term "acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis" to describe EV developing in the immunocompromised host and examine the limited treatment options for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Rogers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Meyer T, Stockfleth E. Clinical investigations of Toll-like receptor agonists. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1051-65. [PMID: 18549341 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.7.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLR) represent a family of surface molecules that function as primary sensors of the innate immune system to recognize microbial pathogens. Ligand binding to TLR results in activation of cellular signaling pathways that regulate expression of genes involved in inflammation and immunity. OBJECTIVE Use of synthetic TLR ligands (agonists) for treatment and prevention of infectious and neoplastic diseases. METHODS Review of literature about clinical investigations of agonists of TLR 4, 7, 8, and 9. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Imiquimod was the first TLR agonist approved for treatment of anogenital warts, actinic keratosis and superficial basal cell carcinoma in humans. Several other agonists of TLRs 4, 7, 8 and 9 were also shown to be effective for treatment of infections and cancers and, furthermore, were used as adjuvants for vaccination. Based on safety and efficacy of the TLR agonists used to date, applications are likely to increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meyer
- University of Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Patel AS, Karagas MR, Pawlita M, Waterboer T, Nelson HH. Cutaneous human papillomavirus infection, the EVER2 gene and incidence of squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2377-9. [PMID: 18224692 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The first evidence of an association between HPV and non-melanoma skin cancer comes from patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). EV is a rare heritable disease characterized by cutaneous warts that display not only a high rate of progression to squamous cell carcinoma on sun-exposed sites, but also a strong predisposition to infection by beta-HPVs, for which HPV 5 and 8 predominate. Two EV genes (EVER1 and EVER2) have been identified, and we tested the hypothesis that variation in the EVER2 gene (rs7208422) is related to seropositivity to HPV (of the genus beta types) and risk of squamous cell carcinoma in a population-based case-control study of SCC (n = 239 cases and 432 controls). Among controls, variant genotype was associated with beta-HPV seropositvity (OR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.2-4.3), specifically HPV5 or 8 seropositivity (OR = 2.4, 95%CI = 1.1-5.1) and seropositivity for multiple beta-HPV types (OR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.1-6.6). Furthermore, variant genotype was also related to SCC risk [adjusted OR for homozygous variant versus homozygous wild type for the EVER2 polymorphism 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7]. These data provide evidence for a role of genetic variation in the EVER2 gene in beta-HPV infection and risk of SCC, shedding light on the link between HPVs and skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Patel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Wagstaff AJ, Perry CM. Topical imiquimod: a review of its use in the management of anogenital warts, actinic keratoses, basal cell carcinoma and other skin lesions. Drugs 2008; 67:2187-210. [PMID: 17927284 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200767150-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Topical imiquimod 5% cream (Aldara) is an immune response modulator that is indicated for the treatment of external anogenital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratoses. The cream is applied two to five times per week for varying periods, depending on the indication. Topical imiquimod cream has also been evaluated in the treatment of several other skin conditions. Immunomodulatory therapy with topical imiquimod 5% is an effective option for the approved indications. The drug appears to be relatively well tolerated, with the option of breaks from treatment as required for local skin reactions (which are common). Systemic reactions have been reported. Treatment of human papillomavirus- and UV-associated skin lesions with topical imiquimod offers a noninvasive, tissue-sparing alternative to ablative treatment options. However, well designed trials of the sustained, long-term efficacy and tolerability of topical imiquimod versus those of common treatment approaches including surgery and other topical alternatives are required before the place of the drug in the management of these lesions can be finalised. Nonetheless, while other treatments for anogenital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma or actinic keratoses are available, the advantages of self treatment linked with the demonstrated efficacy of topical imiquimod offer an attractive alternative for many patients.
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Host Defenses Against Human Papillomaviruses: Lessons from Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 321:59-83. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75203-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Janssen K, Lucker GPH, Houwing RH, van Rijssel R. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: unsuccessful therapeutic approach with imiquimod. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46 Suppl 3:45-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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