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Navarrete J, Saavedra-Portales S. Syphilis for dermatologists: Current concepts. Clin Dermatol 2024; 42:134-154. [PMID: 38142790 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Dermatologists are familiar with the classic aspects of syphilis. Our objective in this update is to display novel features of sexually acquired syphilis, its pathophysiology, natural history, atypical clinical variants, skin of color, clinical pearls, and prospects. Textbook knowledge, congenital syphilis, epidemiology, and historical data are excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Navarrete
- Department of Dermatology, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Stephanie Saavedra-Portales
- Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santiago, Chile
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Costa-Silva M, Coutinho D, Sobrinho-Simões J, Azevedo F, Lisboa C. Cross-sectional study of Treponema pallidum PCR in diagnosis of primary and secondary syphilis. Int J Dermatol 2017; 57:46-49. [PMID: 29090453 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syphilis remains a major challenge and a complex diagnosis. We aim to evaluate the role of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Treponema pallidum (Tp) detection in various types of biological samples in the diagnosis of early syphilis. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study including all attendees of the STI clinic with clinical suspicion of early syphilis. One or more specimens for the detection of Tp by PCR testing were collected. RESULTS The overall sensitivity of Tp PCR test was 82.61% (95% CI: 68.6-92.2%). Tp PCR test had sensitivity of 84.6% (95% CI: 54.6-98.1%) in primary syphilis cases and 81.8% (95% CI: 64.5-93%) in secondary syphilis cases. PCR test performance was independent of HIV status. CONCLUSION Tp PCR test is a fast and reliable method for the detection of Tp in skin lesions of early syphilis, and it is a powerful tool in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Costa-Silva
- Dermatovenereology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, EPE, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Coutinho
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, EPE, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Filomena Azevedo
- Dermatovenereology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, EPE, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Lisboa
- Dermatovenereology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, EPE, Porto, Portugal.,Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Jiang C, Xu M, Kuang X, Xiao J, Tan M, Xie Y, Xiao Y, Zhao F, Wu Y. Treponema pallidum flagellins stimulate MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression via TLR5 and MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways in human epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:46-55. [PMID: 28982539 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Syphilis is a chronic disease caused by Treponema pallidum and the pathogenesis is still unclear. T. pallidum infection induced inflammatory responses are involved in the immunopathological damage in skin and other tissues. Flagellin, the monomeric subunit of bacterial flagella, is a classic pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that interacts to TLR5 and induces inflammatory responses. Keratinocytes, as immune sentinels recognize the PAMPs via TLRs, play an important role in skin innate immune response. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expressed by keratinocytes are involved in skin inflammatory responses and promoting pathogens invasion. In this study, we demonstrate that FlaB1, FlaB2 and FlaB3, the flagellins of T. pallidum, induced MMP-9 and MMP-13 production in human immortalized keratinocytes cell line HaCaT. Silencing of TLR5, but not TLR2 and TLR4 attenuated MMP-9 and MMP-13 expressions induced by T. pallidum flagellins. MMP-9 and MMP-13 expressions were also be abrogated by transfection with a dominant negative (DN) plasmid of MyD88. We also found that treatment of HaCaT cells with FlaB1, FlaB2 and FlaB3 activate the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Inhibited of ERK, JNK, p38 and NF-κB suppressed MMP-9 expression induced by the FlaB1. MMP-13 expression was found to be suppressed by pretreatment with inhibitors of ERK, JNK and NF-κB, but not p38. These findings demonstrate that T. pallidum flagellins (FlaB1, FlaB2 or FlaB3) can stimulate MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression through TLR5 and MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways in human epidermal keratinocytes, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of T. pallidum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhao Jiang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Man Xu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xingxing Kuang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jinhong Xiao
- Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Manyi Tan
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yafeng Xie
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yongjian Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Feijun Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Guardoli D, Reggiani C, Ciardo S, Coppini M, Cesinaro AM, Piana S, Pellacani G, Longo C. New imaging tools for an old disease: Secondary syphilis. Australas J Dermatol 2017; 58:e277-e279. [PMID: 28718501 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Guardoli
- Dermatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Camilla Reggiani
- Dermatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvana Ciardo
- Dermatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Coppini
- Dermatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Simonetta Piana
- Pathology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Longo
- Dermatology and Skin Cancer Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Leclercq A, Cinotti E, Labeille B, Cribier B, Biron AC, Vermersch C, Montlouis J, Cambazard F, Perrot JL. [The role of reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of secondary syphilis of the vulva and anus: A first case report]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2016; 143:687-690. [PMID: 27567281 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PATIENTS AND METHODS Herein we report the case of an 18-year-old pregnant patient presenting with plantar and ano-genital lesions of syphilis, pharyngitis, erythematosus and scalynasolabial intertrigo and angular cheilitis. REFLECTANCE CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy examination (Vivascope 3000®; Caliber Inc, Rochester, NY, USA, distributed in France by Mavig, Munich) of ano-genital lesions enabled us to identify hyper-reflective elongated rods in the papillary dermis suggesting spirochetes. The diagnosis was confirmed by TPHA and VDRL as well as immunohistological examination. COMMENTS We identified for the first time rod shaped structures in ano-genital lesions of secondary syphilis, regularly alternating hyper-reflective and non-reflective areas corresponding to helix-shaped treponemes visualized by darkfield microscopy, which may not be confused with other cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leclercq
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - E Cinotti
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France.
| | - B Labeille
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - B Cribier
- Service de dermatologie et laboratoire de dermatopathologie, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - A C Biron
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - C Vermersch
- Service de gynécologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - J Montlouis
- Service de gynécologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - F Cambazard
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - J L Perrot
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital universitaire de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
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Warszawik-Hendzel O, Olszewska M, Maj M, Rakowska A, Czuwara J, Rudnicka L. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Case Rep 2015; 9:89-97. [PMID: 26848316 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2015.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common cutaneous malignancy after basal cell carcinoma. Although the gold standard of diagnosis for squamous cell carcinoma is biopsy followed by histopathology evaluation, optical non-invasive diagnostic tools have obtained increased attention. Dermoscopy has become one of the basic diagnostic methods in clinical practice. The most common dermoscopic features of squamous cell carcinoma include clustered vascular pattern, glomerular vessels and hyperkeratosis. Under reflectance confocal microscopy, squamous cell carcinoma shows an atypical honeycomb or disarranged pattern of the spinous-granular layer of the epidermis, round nucleated bright cells in the epidermis and round vessels in the dermis. High frequency ultrasound and optical coherence tomography may be helpful in predominantly in pre-surgical evaluation of tumor size. Emerging non-invasive or minimal invasive techniques with possible application in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, lip, oral mucosa, vulva or other tissues include high-definition optical coherence tomography, in vivo multiphoton tomography, direct oral microscopy, electrical impedance spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, elastic scattering spectroscopy, differential path-length spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and angle-resolved low coherence interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Małgorzata Maj
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; ; Departmet of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Cinotti E, Perrot J, Labeille B, Cambazard F. Reflectance confocal microscopy for cutaneous infections and infestations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:754-63. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Cinotti
- Dermatology Department; University Hospital of Saint-Etienne; Saint Etienne France
| | - J.L. Perrot
- Dermatology Department; University Hospital of Saint-Etienne; Saint Etienne France
| | - B. Labeille
- Dermatology Department; University Hospital of Saint-Etienne; Saint Etienne France
| | - F. Cambazard
- Dermatology Department; University Hospital of Saint-Etienne; Saint Etienne France
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Hoogedoorn L, Peppelman M, van de Kerkhof P, van Erp P, Gerritsen M. The value ofin vivoreflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory and infectious skin diseases: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:1222-48. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Hoogedoorn
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - M. Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - P.C.M. van de Kerkhof
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - P.E.J. van Erp
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - M.J.P. Gerritsen
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
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Kurzeja M, Czuwara J, Rakowska A, Sicińska J, Maj M, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M. Reflectance confocal microscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for Hailey-Hailey disease. Skin Res Technol 2014; 20:503-9. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kurzeja
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | - J. Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | - J. Sicińska
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Maj
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - L. Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology; CSK MSW; Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Neuropeptides; Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
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Alarcon I, Carrera C, Puig S, Malvehy J. In vivo Confocal Microscopy Features of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Dermatology 2014; 228:121-4. [DOI: 10.1159/000357525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Putri I, Mercer SE, Phelps RG, Levitt JO. False-negative anti-treponemal immunohistochemistry in secondary syphilis. Int J Dermatol 2012; 52:172-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33:433-60. [PMID: 21694502 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181e8b587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Syphilis has plagued mankind for centuries and is currently resurgent in the Western hemisphere. Although there has been a significant reduction of tertiary disease and recognition of facilitative interactions with human immunodeficiency virus infection, the natural history of syphilis has remained largely unchanged; thus, new strategies are required to more effectively combat this pathogen. The immunopathologic features of experimental syphilis in the rabbit; the course, stages, and pathology of human syphilis; and a comparison of human syphilis with leprosy suggest that the clinical course of syphilis and its tissue manifestations are determined by the balance between delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and humoral immunity to the causative agent, Treponema pallidum. A strong DTH response is associated with clearance of the infecting organisms in a well-developed chancre, whereas a cytotoxic T-cell response or strong humoral antibody response is associated with prolonged infection and progression to tertiary disease. Many of the protean symptoms/appearances of secondary and tertiary human syphilis are manifestations of immune reactions that fail to clear the organism, due to a lack of recruitment and, more importantly, activation of macrophages by sensitized CD4 T cells. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination can enhance DTH and has been shown to produce a low, but measurable, beneficial effect in the prevention of leprosy, a disease that shows a disease spectrum with characteristics in common with syphilis. In the prevention of syphilis, a potential vaccine protective against syphilis should be designed to augment the DTH response.
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Willard K, Warschaw KE, Swanson DL. Use of reflectance confocal microscopy to differentiate hidrocystoma from basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37:392-4. [PMID: 21314800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Willard
- School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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