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Casillas AC, Muhlbauer A, Barragan VA, Jefferson I, Speiser JJ. A Comparison of Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma Immunohistochemistry and Diagnostic Gene Expression-Profiling Assay in Challenging Melanocytic Proliferations. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:137-146. [PMID: 38354382 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Most melanocytic tumors are classified as benign or malignant based on clinical morphology, histology, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. A subset of more challenging cases with ambiguous features may require further evaluation with established ancillary diagnostic molecular studies, including fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or single nucleotide polymorphism array, to increase diagnostic certainty. More recently, a diagnostic gene expression-profiling (GEP) assay and an IHC stain for the detection of PRAME (PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma) have been developed. The use of PRAME IHC has been validated in cases of unequivocal and ambiguous melanocytic proliferations via comparing results with fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or single nucleotide polymorphism array. A study comparing performance metrics of PRAME IHC and diagnostic GEP has not been previously published. Herein, we evaluated the use of PRAME IHC in 55 melanocytic tumors with challenging histomorphology by comparing the results with diagnostic GEP and final histomorphologic diagnosis. Intertest agreement occurred in 88% of cases. PRAME IHC supported the final diagnosis in 89% of cases with a sensitivity of 79%, specificity of 95%, and positive predictive value of 88.2%. GEP agreed with the final diagnosis in 88% of cases with a sensitivity of 65%, 97% specificity, and positively predicted melanoma in 91.7% of cases. Because the results of this study align with past publications evaluating the performance metrics of PRAME IHC, showing it to be as sensitive as and more cost effective than all other ancillary molecular tests, we propose the use of PRAME IHC as the optimal first-line diagnostic tool for ambiguous melanocytic proliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor A Barragan
- Student, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL
| | | | - Jodi J Speiser
- Pathologist, Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
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Huber R, Lee J, Borretta L, Tessier-Cloutier B, Lum A, Yip S, Horst BA. TERT promoter mutations in atypical melanocytic lesions: A series of seven cases with adverse melanoma-specific outcome. Hum Pathol 2024; 144:34-39. [PMID: 38224873 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The majority of melanocytic proliferations can be readily categorized as benign or malignant based on histologic assessment under the microscope by a trained dermatopathologist. However, a subset of lesions, termed Atypical Melanocytic Proliferations (AMPs), are histologically ambiguous, leading to possible diagnostic error and suboptimal treatment. Mutations in the promoter region of the catalytic subunit of telomerase, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), are commonly found in melanomas but are rare in melanocytic nevi. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of hot spot TERT promoter (TERT-p) mutations in AMPs with adverse melanoma-specific outcome. Studies were approved by respective institutional review boards. Using a multi-center database, we identified seven cases of melanocytic proliferations with a clinical follow-up period of at least 4 years, which were initially diagnosed as AMPs, and which recurred either as melanoma at site of prior biopsy or as metastatic melanoma. Sequencing of the TERT-p region showed hotspot mutations in three cases (43 %), suggesting that TERT-p mutations are enriched and could aid in the identification of AMPs with adverse outcome. In comparison with existing ancillary techniques for prognostication of AMPs, TERT-p mutation analysis may have advantages in terms of cost effectiveness and turnaround time, and is a promising diagnostic parameter with potential widespread utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed Huber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Lisa Borretta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | | | - Amy Lum
- Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Basil A Horst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Straubhar AM, Chan MP, Uppal S. Margin status in vulvovaginal melanoma: Management and oncologic outcomes of 50 cases. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2023; 49:101268. [PMID: 37711973 PMCID: PMC10497797 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2023.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the influence of margin status, including preinvasive disease at the margin, on local recurrence and overall survival (OS) in patients with vulvovaginal melanoma. Methods All patients with Stage 0-III vulvovaginal melanoma treated with primary surgical management between 1/2010-12/2019 were included. Margin status was categorized as negative, preinvasive disease (atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia and melanoma in situ), and invasive melanoma. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed for local progression free survival (PFS) and OS. The impact of clinical and pathologic factors on local PFS and OS were assessed with Cox-regression analyses. Results Fifty patients with a median follow-up of 48 months (range 3-119) were included. The median age was 63 years (range 20-83). Twenty percent (N = 10) had Stage 0 disease, 18% (N = 9) had Stage I, 46% (N = 23) had Stage II, and 16% (N = 8) had Stage III. Forty-four percent (N = 22) of patients had negative surgical margins, 46% (N = 23) had preinvasive disease at the margins, and 10% (N = 5) had invasive melanoma at the margins. The 5-year local PFS was 63% (95% CI: 42-78%) and OS was 60% (95% CI: 42-74%). Age, Breslow depth, stage, margin status, and re-resection did not significantly impact local PFS. In patients with preinvasive disease at the margin, all who recurred locally had Stage I-II disease. Conclusion Preinvasive disease at the surgical margins may play an important role in local recurrence in patients with Stage I-II vulvovaginal melanoma. Patients with early (Stage 0) and advanced (Stage III) disease rarely recur locally and may not benefit from re-resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alli M. Straubhar
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - May P. Chan
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, NCRC Building 35, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shitanshu Uppal
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan Medicine, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Terrell JR, Qi L, Wu H, Joo J, Fung MA, Vaughn AR, Kiuru M. Management of atypical junctional melanocytic proliferations: A single‐institution cross‐sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:e990-e994. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong Qi
- Davis Department of Public Health Sciences University of California Davis
| | - Hao Wu
- Davis Department of Statistics University of California Davis
| | - Jayne Joo
- Davis Department of Dermatology University of California Sacramento
| | - Maxwell A. Fung
- Davis Department of Dermatology University of California Sacramento
- Davis Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Sacramento
| | | | - Maija Kiuru
- Davis Department of Dermatology University of California Sacramento
- Davis Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of California Sacramento
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Rocha LKFL, Vilain RE, Scolyer RA, Lo SN, Drummond M, Star P, Fogarty GB, Hong AM, Guitera P. Confocal microscopy, dermoscopy, and histopathology features of atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferations associated with evolution to melanoma in situ. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:167-174. [PMID: 34351639 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferations (AIMP) is a descriptive term sometimes applied to biopsies that do not fulfill diagnostic criteria of melanoma. They are common on sun-damaged skin, but their definition and management are controversial. OBJECTIVE To describe dermoscopic (DS), reflectance confocal microscopic (RCM) and histopathological features of AIMP and identify features associated with subsequent melanoma in situ (MIS). METHODS A retrospective analysis of AIMP lesions correlated with patient outcome at two melanoma tertiary centers between 2005 and 2015. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were included. Nine (26%) patients had MIS in subsequent biopsies. Predictors of later MIS were target-like pattern (OR:12.0 [CI: 1.23, 117.41]; P = 0.032) and high-density vascular network (OR:12 [CI: 1.23-117.41], P: 0.032) on DS, and presence of dendritic cells touching each other (OR:9.1 [CI: 1.54, 54.59], P = 0.014) on RCM. Clinical predictors of worse outcome included a previous history of MIS at the same site. Radiotherapy for AIMP had a high failure rate (all patients presented with recurrent disease, three as AIMP and two as MIS). CONCLUSIONS Considering that most cases in this series received non-surgical treatment at baseline, we recommend close monitoring for lesions with target-like pattern and density vascular network on DS and treatment for lesions with progression of atypia and/or with "confluent" dendritic cells on RCM. Although the number of patients in this series is very low, early surgery is recommended for MIS cases that recur as AIMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian K F L Rocha
- Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Hospital das Clínicas of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo E Vilain
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, John Hunter, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Serigne N Lo
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Drummond
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phoebe Star
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gerald B Fogarty
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Genesis Cancer Care, Radiation Oncology, St Vincents Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela M Hong
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pascale Guitera
- Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Melanoma In Situ: A Critical Review and Re-Evaluation of Current Excision Margin Recommendations. Adv Ther 2021; 38:3506-3530. [PMID: 34047915 PMCID: PMC8280024 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most international clinical guidelines recommend 5-10 mm clinical margins for excision of melanoma in situ (MIS). While the evidence supporting this is weak, these guidelines are generally consistent. However, as a result of the high incidence of subclinical extension of MIS, especially of the lentigo maligna (LM) subtype, wider margins will often be needed to achieve complete histologic clearance. In this review, we assessed all available contemporary evidence on clearance margins for MIS. No randomized trials were identified and the 31 non-randomized studies were largely retrospective reviews of single-surgeon or single-institution experiences using Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for LM or staged excision (SE) for treatment of MIS on the head/neck and/or LM specifically. The available data challenge the adequacy of current international guidelines as they consistently demonstrate the need for clinical margins > 5 mm and often > 10 mm. For LM, any MIS on the head/neck, and/or ≥ 3 cm in diameter, all may require wider clinical margins because of the higher likelihood of subclinical spread. Histologic clearance should be confirmed prior to undertaking complex reconstruction. However, it is not clear whether wider margins are necessary for all MIS subtypes. Indeed, it seems that this is unlikely to be the case. Until optimal surgical margins can be better defined in a randomized trial setting, ideally controlling for MIS subtype and including correlation with histologic excision margins, techniques such as preliminary border mapping of large, ill-defined lesions and, most importantly, sound clinical judgement will be needed when planning surgical clearance margins for the treatment of MIS.
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Defining the Histopathological Term Atypical Intraepidermal Melanocytic Proliferation: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43:252-258. [PMID: 33201012 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferation (AIMP) is a general term assigned to melanocytic proliferations of uncertain biological potential when a definitive histopathological diagnosis cannot be achieved. There are few data available describing the possibility of malignancy of AIMP, or ways to further define diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of diagnostic change of AIMP to melanoma or melanoma in situ (MIS) after conventional excision. In addition, to determine the role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in defining AIMP biopsies. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional, single-center review of biopsies with a diagnosis of AIMP with a follow-up conventional excision from 2012-2016 was performed. In a separate analysis, a search was performed for AIMP biopsied lesions in which IHC was subsequently performed. RESULTS The rate of diagnostic change of AIMP to MIS was 4.8% (8/167) after excision. Punch biopsy was a risk factor for diagnostic change to MIS (odds ratio 12.94, confidence interval 2.56-65.38, P = 0.008). The rate of diagnostic change of AIMP biopsies after examining with IHC was 21.3% (34/160) to MIS and 4.4% (7/160) to melanoma. CONCLUSION The possibility of malignancy of AIMP lesions must be taken into consideration when counseling patients and when planning treatment options. IHC is a useful tool and should be used in the evaluation of AIMP specimens.
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Kunishige JH, Doan L, Brodland DG, Zitelli JA. 9-mm Surgical margin required for both LM and MIS as diagnosed in real-world community practice. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 81:e117-e118. [PMID: 31233856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Doan
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - David G Brodland
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John A Zitelli
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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