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Zhang R, Zhang R, Zimmerman AR, Wang H, Gao B. Applications, impacts, and management of biochar persistent free radicals: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121543. [PMID: 37019262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a promising environmental contaminant remediation agent because of its adsorptive and catalytic properties. However, the environmental effects of persistent free radicals (PFRs) produced by biomass pyrolysis (biochar production) are still poorly understood, though they have received increasing research attention in recent years. Although PFRs both directly and indirectly mediate biochar's removal of environmental pollutants, they also have the potential to cause ecological damage. In order to support and sustain biochar applications, effective strategies are needed to control the negative effects of biochar PFRs. Yet, there has been no systematic evaluation of the environmental behavior, risks, or management techniques of biochar PFRs. Thus, this review: 1) outlines the formation mechanisms and types of biochar PFRs, 2) evaluates their environmental applications and potential risks, 3) summarizes their environmental migration and transformation, and 4) explores effective management strategies for biochar PFRs during both production and application phases. Finally, future research directions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Khachatryan L, Barekati-Goudarzi M, Asatryan R, Ozarowski A, Boldor D, Lomnicki SM, Cormier SA. Metal-Free Biomass-Derived Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (Bio-EPFRs) from Lignin Pyrolysis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30241-30249. [PMID: 36061701 PMCID: PMC9434622 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess contribution of the radicals formed from biomass burning, our recent findings toward the formation of resonantly stabilized persistent radicals from hydrolytic lignin pyrolysis in a metal-free environment are presented in detail. Such radicals have particularly been identified during fast pyrolysis of lignin dispersed into the gas phase in a flow reactor. The trapped radicals were analyzed by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and high-frequency (HF) EPR spectroscopy. To conceptualize available data, the metal-free biogenic bulky stable radicals with extended conjugated backbones are suggested to categorize as a new type of metal-free environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) (bio-EPFRs). They can be originated not only from lignin/biomass pyrolysis but also during various thermal processes in combustion reactors and media, including tobacco smoke, anthropogenic sources and wildfires (forest/bushfires), and so on. The persistency of bio-EPFRs from lignin gas-phase pyrolysis was outlined with the evaluated lifetime of two groups of radicals being 33 and 143 h, respectively. The experimental results from pyrolysis of coniferyl alcohol as a model compound of lignin in the same fast flow reactor, along with our detailed potential energy surface analyses using high-level DFT and ab initio methods toward decomposition of a few other model compounds reported earlier, provide a mechanistic view on the formation of C- and O-centered radicals during lignin gas-phase pyrolysis. The preliminary measurements using HF-EPR spectroscopy also support the existence of O-centered radicals in the radical mixtures from pyrolysis of lignin possessing a high g value (2.0048).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Andrew Ozarowski
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Florida, Tallahassee 32310, United States
| | - Dorin Boldor
- Department
of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, LSU AgCenter and LSU A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Slawomir M. Lomnicki
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department
of Biological Sciences, LSU Superfund Research
Program and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
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3
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Baseline Data of Low-Density Polyethylene Continuous Pyrolysis for Liquid Fuel Manufacture. RECYCLING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recycling of end-of-life plastics is a problem, since small parts can be returned into circulation. The rest is burned, landfilled or recycled into low-quality heating oil by pyrolysis methods. The disadvantages of this method are the need to dispose the formed by-product, pyrolytic carbon, the poor quality of produced liquid fuel and the low productivity of the method associated with the periodicity of the process. In this work, methods of thermogravimetry and chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been used to study the co-pyrolysis products of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and oxygen-containing substances at the pressures of 4–8 MPa and temperatures of 520–620 °C. Experiments have highlighted the conditions needed for producing of high-quality liquid fuel. Initial data have been prepared for the design of a continuous pyrolysis reactor to dispose polymer waste for the production of bio-oil which would be available to enter the petrochemical products market.
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Hudzik JM, Bozzelli JW, Asatryan R, Ruckenstein E. OH-Initiated Reactions of para-Coumaryl Alcohol Relevant to the Lignin Pyrolysis. Part III. Kinetics of H-Abstraction by H, OH, and CH 3 Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4905-4915. [PMID: 32432474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the most complex component of biomass, and development of a detailed chemical kinetic model for biomass pyrolysis mainly relies on the understanding of the lignin decomposition kinetics. para-Coumaryl alcohol (p-CMA, HOPh-CH═CH-CH2OH), the focus of our analysis, is the simplest of the lignin monomers (monolignols) containing a typical side-chain double bond and both alkyl- and phenolic-type OH-groups. In parts I and II of our work (Asatryan, R. J. Phys. Chem. A 2019, 123, 2570-2585; Hudzik, J. M. J. Phys. Chem. A 2020, current issue), we created a detailed potential energy surface (PES) and performed a kinetic analysis of chemically activated, unimolecular, and bimolecular reactions pathways for p-CMA + OH. Reaction pathways analyzed include dissociation, intramolecular abstraction, group transfer, and elimination processes. The α- and β-carbon addition reactions generate 1,3- (RA1) and 1,2-diol (RB1) adduct radicals, respectively. Well depths are approximately 29 and 41 kcal/mol below the p-CMA + OH entrance level. Kinetic analysis aides in determining the major pathways for our conventional and fractional pyrolysis experiments. The current paper focuses on the H-abstraction reactions via H, OH, and CH3 light ("pool") radicals from p-CMA. The thermochemical properties of all stable, radical, and transition-state species were determined using the ωB97XD density functional theory (DFT) and higher-level CBS-QB3 composite methods. Barrier heights from the prereaction complexes, for OH-radical abstractions, to the transition states for the propanoid side chain are compared to the model H-abstraction reactions of allyl alcohol (AA) with OH and p-CMA with H and CH3 radicals. The lowest-energy, most stable, p-CMA radical formed is at the C9 allylic position (p-CMA-C9j) with exothermicity of 26.63, 41.32, and 27.34 kcal/mol for H, OH, and CH3, respectively. For OH-radical abstraction at this position, our findings are consistent with corresponding data on AA + OH at 37.44 kcal/mol and similar to that of RB1. A similar stable radical with an exothermicity of 34.95 kcal/mol occurs for the phenol hydroxyl group, generating the p-CMA-O4j radical. H-abstraction pathways are considered in relation to other major pathways previously considered for p-CMA + OH reactions including H-atom shifts, dehydration, and β-scission reactions. Derived rate coefficients for substituted phenols can be utilized in detailed kinetic models for lignin/biomass pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Hudzik
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Joseph W Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New Jersey 14226, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New Jersey 14226, United States
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Hudzik JM, Barekati-Goudarzi M, Khachatryan L, Bozzelli JW, Ruckenstein E, Asatryan R. OH-Initiated Reactions of para-Coumaryl Alcohol Relevant to the Lignin Pyrolysis. Part II. Kinetic Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4875-4904. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Hudzik
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | | | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
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Odinga ES, Waigi MG, Gudda FO, Wang J, Yang B, Hu X, Li S, Gao Y. Occurrence, formation, environmental fate and risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105172. [PMID: 31739134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are used globally in agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. However, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are stable emerging pollutants, are generated as a characteristic feature during biomass pyrolysis. EPFRs can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species, which poses huge agro-environmental and human health risks. Their half-lives and persistence in both biochar residues and in the atmosphere may lead to potentially adverse risks in the environment. This review highlights the comprehensive research into these bioreactive radicals, as well as the bottlenecks of biochar production leading up to the formation and persistence of EPFRs. Additionally, a way forward has been proposed, based on two main recommendations. A global joint initiative to create an all-encompassing regulations policy document that will improve both the technological and the quality control aspects of biochars to reduce EPFR generation at the production level. Furthermore, environmental impact and risk assessment studies should be conducted in the extensive applications of biochars in order to protect the environmental and human health. The highlighted key research directions proposed herein will shape the production, research, and adoption aspects of biochars, which will mitigate the considerable concerns raised on EPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen Odinga
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fredrick Owino Gudda
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shunyao Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Daniel D, Khachatryan L, Astete C, Asatryan R, Marculescu C, Boldor D. Sulfur contaminations inhibit depolymerization of Kraft lignin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Asatryan R, Hudzik JM, Bozzelli JW, Khachatryan L, Ruckenstein E. OH-Initiated Reactions of p-Coumaryl Alcohol Relevant to the Lignin Pyrolysis. Part I. Potential Energy Surface Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2570-2585. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| | - Jason M. Hudzik
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
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Van Geem K. Kinetic modeling of the pyrolysis chemistry of fossil and alternative feedstocks. COMPUTER AIDED CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64087-1.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Asatryan R, Pal Y, Hachmann J, Ruckenstein E. Roaming-like Mechanism for Dehydration of Diol Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9738-9754. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Yudhajit Pal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering Graduate Program, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Johannes Hachmann
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- New York State Center of Excellence in Materials Informatics, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
- Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering Graduate Program, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Asatryan R, Bennadji H, Bozzelli JW, Ruckenstein E, Khachatryan L. Molecular Products and Fundamentally Based Reaction Pathways in the Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of the Lignin Model Compound p-Coumaryl Alcohol. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3352-3371. [PMID: 28406634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The fractional pyrolysis of lignin model compound para-coumaryl alcohol (p-CMA) containing a propanoid side chain and a phenolic OH group was studied using the System for Thermal Diagnostic Studies at temperatures from 200 to 900 °C, in order to gain mechanistic insight into the role of large substituents in high-lignin feedstocks pyrolysis. Phenol and its simple derivatives p-cresol, ethyl-, propenyl-, and propyl-phenols were found to be the major products predominantly formed at low pyrolysis temperatures (<500 °C). A cryogenic trapping technique was employed combined with EPR spectroscopy to identify the open-shell intermediates registered at pyrolysis temperatures above 500 °C. These were characterized as radical mixtures primarily consisting of oxygen-linked conjugated radicals. A comprehensive potential energy surface analysis of p-CMA and p-CMA + H atom systems was performed using various DFT protocols to examine the possible role of concerted molecular eliminations and free-radical mechanisms in the formation of major products. Other significant unimolecular concerted reactions along with formation and decomposition of primary radicals are also described and evaluated. The calculations suggest that a set of the chemically activated secondary radical channels is relevant to the low temperature product formation under fractional pyrolysis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| | - Hayat Bennadji
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| | - Joseph W Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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