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Prasad P, Saxena A, Saxena R. Duane syndrome: An overview on the current management. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2023; 13:489-499. [PMID: 38249504 PMCID: PMC10798404 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-23-00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Duane syndrome is one of the most common restrictive congenital strabismus characterized by variable horizontal duction deficits with globe retraction and shoots on attempted adduction and narrowing of the palpebral aperture. It is now listed as a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder. The disease is usually unilateral with female preponderance. Basic etiopathogenesis involves dysinnervation of the lateral rectus (LR) due to aplastic/hypoplastic abducens nucleus with a secondary aberrant supply to the LR by the medial rectus (MR) subnucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Diagnosis of the disease is usually clinical. Due to the variable presentation of the disease, surgical management is a challenge and has to be individualized to achieve alignment in the primary gaze, reduction in globe retraction, upshoots and downshoots, and correction of any abnormal head posture. Differential recessions of the lateral and MR muscles are done to correct esotropia or exotropia in the primary gaze. For globe retraction and shoots, Y-split or periosteal fixation of the LR muscles is done depending on the severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Prasad
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhyuday Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sitapur Eye Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Zhao H, Wang L, Wang S, Chen X, Liang M, Zhang X, Wang J, Xu X. CHN1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the Akt/GSK-3β/Snail pathway in cervical carcinoma. J Transl Med 2021; 19:295. [PMID: 34238315 PMCID: PMC8264971 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis and invasion are crucial in determining the mortality of cervical carcinoma (CC) patients. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is now a universal explanation for the mechanisms of tumor metastasis. Α-chimeric protein (α-chimaerin, CHN1) plays an important role in the regulation of signal transduction and development. However, the molecular regulatory relationships between CHN1 and CC progression in relation to EMT have not yet been identified. Methods The expression of CHN1 in CC tissues, adjacent tissues, and lymph node metastases from CC patients was detected by immunohistochemistry. Upregulation and knockdown of CHN1 were achieved by transfection of CC cells. The effect of CHN1 on cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8 and plate clone formation assays. Changes in migration and invasion capabilities were evaluated using scratch migration and transwell invasion assays. The effect of CHN1 overexpression and interference on xenograft tumor growth was determined by tumor weight and pathological analyses. The expression of EMT-related mRNAs was measured by qRT-PCR in transfected CC cells. EMT-related proteins and Akt/GSK-3β/Snail signaling pathway-related proteins were also evaluated by western blotting. Results CHN1 was overexpressed in CC tissues and was associated with lymph node metastasis and low survival in CC patients. Overexpression of CHN1 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in CC cells. In contrast, silencing of CHN1 inhibited these phenomena. Overexpression of CHN1 promoted tumor formation in an in vivo xenograft tumor mouse model, with increased tumor volumes and weights. In addition, CHN1 induced the expression of EMT-related transcription factors, accompanied by the decreased expression of epithelial markers and increased expression of mesenchymal markers. The Akt/GSK-3β/Snail signaling pathway was activated by overexpression of CHN1 in vitro, and activation of this pathway was inhibited by the signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002. Conclusion These results suggest that CHN1 promotes the development and progression of cervical carcinoma via the Akt/GSK-3β/Snail pathway by inducing EMT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02963-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Zhao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering and Research Center of Continuous Casting Technology, China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xihua Chen
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Liang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiedong Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiangbo Xu
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Farvardin M, Bolkheir A. Unilateral Duane Retraction Syndrome Associated with Unilateral Congenital Cataract. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2020; 15:95-98. [PMID: 32095213 PMCID: PMC7001023 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v15i1.5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report unilateral congenital cataract in a case of ipsilateral Duane retraction syndrome. Case Report In this case, we present a six year old girl who was referred with ocular deviation. She had a history of congenital cataract surgery in the left eye at the age of two years. The subject had no associated systemic disease, developmental delay, or positive family history. She was finally diagnosed as having Duane retraction syndrome in the same eye. Conclusion Duane retraction syndrome can be associated with congenital cataract due to the matching time of gestational development of the lens to that of ocular and non-ocular anomalies associated with Duane syndrome. As both of these disorders are rare, coincidence of both in the same person and the same eye by chance is a very remote possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Farvardin
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Bolkheir
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Gaballah KA, Shawky D. Treatment modalities in Duane's Retraction Syndrome. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:278-283. [PMID: 32090038 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.02.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the different treatment modalities needed in cases of Duane's Retraction Syndrome (DRS). METHODS This prospective study undergone in more than four years, in Alexandria, included 238 patients of DRS, including type I, 162 patients (68%), type II 12 patients (5%) and type III 64 patients (27%). Surgery was indicated in 98 (41%) of them, to eliminate abnormal head posture, deviation of the eye in primary position, severe retraction of the globe or cosmetically unacceptable upshoot with attempted adduction. RESULTS Type I was the most common and type II was the least. Females were predominant in this study, constituting 125 patients (52.5%), and males 113 patients (47.5%). Left eye was more affected, in 110 patients (46.2%), right eye in 91 patients (38.2%) and bilateral in 37 patients (15.6%). Amblyopia was found in 27 patients (11.3%) and treated in 13 patients under 10 years of age, by patching the normal eye. Ninety-eight patients (41%) were operated, the results were most satisfactory and a nomogram is followed in the surgical plan. CONCLUSION The surgical management is needed in less than half of the cases and should be planned for every case individually according to the clinical findings, planned nomogram and modified intraoperatively according to the anatomical findings during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Gaballah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helwan University, Cairo 11731, Egypt
| | - Dalal Shawky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt
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Khorrami-Nejad M, Akbari MR, Khosravi B. The prevalence of strabismus types in strabismic Iranian patients. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2018; 10:19-24. [PMID: 30214338 PMCID: PMC6095557 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s147642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the frequency of different types of strabismus and amblyopia in the patients of strabismus clinics from 2008 to 2014. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the archives of Farabi Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from 2008 to 2014. The study consisted of using records of strabismic patients. From these, strabismus types and associated abnormalities, types of amblyopia and other ocular pathological findings were recorded. RESULTS In this study, 1174 strabismic patients were studied. Accommodative esotropia (ET) was the most prevalent type of strabismus accounting for 25.04% of all strabismic patients while intermittent exotropia (XT), nonaccommodative ET and partially accommodative ET, with 12.09%, 11.24% and 10.39%, respectively, were relatively common. Also, 63.03% of all strabismic patients had esodeviation with XT coming second accounting for 24.53% of patients. Other ocular pathologic findings in addition to strabismus were found in 236 (20.1%) patients. The most common association with those types of strabismus was inferior oblique over action accounting for 11.07% of all cases, and 88 patients had nystagmus in addition to strabismus. Significantly 45% of patients had no amblyopia and 37% of patients had a combined type of amblyopia which was the most common type of amblyopia found in strabismic patients. CONCLUSION The prevalence of ET was two and a half times more than XT and almost half of strabismic patients suffer from amblyopia. This study suggests that strabismus screening of children could be useful in the early detection of strabismus, appropriate management of it and prevention of strabismic amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Khorrami-Nejad
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Akbari
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Bahram Khosravi
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Whitman MC, Engle EC. Ocular congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs): insights into axon growth and guidance. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:R37-R44. [PMID: 28459979 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the genetics of the paralytic strabismus syndromes known as congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) is both informing physicians and their patients and broadening our understanding of development of the ocular motor system. Genetic mutations underlying ocular CCDDs alter either motor neuron specification or motor nerve development, and highlight the importance of modulations of cell signaling, cytoskeletal transport, and microtubule dynamics for axon growth and guidance. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of two CCDDs, congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) and Duane retraction syndrome (DRS), and discuss what they have taught us about mechanisms of axon guidance and selective vulnerability. CFEOM presents with congenital ptosis and restricted eye movements, and can be caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the kinesin motor protein KIF21A or in the β-tubulin isotypes TUBB3 or TUBB2B. CFEOM-causing mutations in these genes alter protein function and result in axon growth and guidance defects. DRS presents with inability to abduct one or both eyes. It can be caused by decreased function of several transcription factors critical for abducens motor neuron identity, including MAFB, or by heterozygous missense mutations in CHN1, which encodes α2-chimaerin, a Rac-GAP GTPase that affects cytoskeletal dynamics. Examination of the orbital innervation in mice lacking Mafb has established that the stereotypical misinnervation of the lateral rectus by fibers of the oculomotor nerve in DRS is secondary to absence of the abducens nerve. Studies of a CHN1 mouse model have begun to elucidate mechanisms of selective vulnerability in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Whitman
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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Aygit ED, Kocamaz M, Inal A, Fazil K, Ocak OB, Akar S, Gokyigit B. Management of Duane retraction syndrome with prismatic glasses. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:697-700. [PMID: 28442887 PMCID: PMC5396923 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s124183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the results of using prismatic glasses for Duane retraction syndrome (DRS). METHODS Data were obtained from the records of patients who were evaluated during the year 2000 in the Strabismus Unit of the Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital. The average follow-up was 12.2±17.7 months. In all cases, 2 main variables were evaluated: horizontal deviation in the primary position and face turn. Prismatic glasses were provided to patients according to the degree of shift in the primary position. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 11.2 years. An analysis was performed on the data collected from 12 cases; 7 patients were females (58.3%) and 5 were males (41.7%), with 11 (91.7%) cases being of type I DRS. All 12 patients had abnormal head posture (face turn) and an angle of mean deviation equaling 10 PD (prism dioptri). CONCLUSION Treatment was individualized on a case-by-case basis. Prismatic glasses are useful for eliminating abnormal head posture and ocular misalignment in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Demet Aygit
- Strabismus Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Kocamaz
- Strabismus Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asli Inal
- Strabismus Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Korhan Fazil
- Strabismus Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Bulut Ocak
- Strabismus Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serpil Akar
- Ophthalmology Department, Medicine Faculty, Baskent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Birsen Gokyigit
- Strabismus Department, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Marenco M, Macchi I, Macchi I, Galassi E, Massaro-Giordano M, Lambiase A. Clinical presentation and management of congenital ptosis. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:453-463. [PMID: 28280295 PMCID: PMC5338973 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital ptosis is a rare condition characterized by lower positioning of the upper eyelid that is present at birth and is a clinical condition that is persistent if not treated. It may be unilateral or bilateral and may be associated with other ocular disorders or systemic conditions, including Marcus Gunn, Horner, and Duane syndromes. It is a benign condition but causes functional, cosmetic, and psychological problems in children. However, not all patients need to undergo surgery, and usually only patients at risk of amblyopia need a prompt surgical correction, while in other cases, surgery can be postponed. The grade of ptosis, the eyelid function, and the amblyopic risk are the parameters that affect the ophthalmologist’s decision on timing of surgery and the surgical technique to be used. In fact, there are several types of surgical techniques to correct a congenital ptosis, although very often more than one is needed to obtain an acceptable result. This paper reviews the causes of congenital ptosis and associated diseases. Particular emphasis is given to surgical management and different procedures available to correct the upper eyelid anomaly and avoid permanent damage to visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marenco
- Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome "Sapienza"
| | - Ilaria Macchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome
| | - Iacopo Macchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania
| | - Emilio Galassi
- Ophthalmic Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mina Massaro-Giordano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Graeber CP, Hunter DG, Engle EC. The genetic basis of incomitant strabismus: consolidation of the current knowledge of the genetic foundations of disease. Semin Ophthalmol 2014; 28:427-37. [PMID: 24138051 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2013.825288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the genetic foundations of incomitant strabismus has grown significantly. Much new understanding has been gleaned since the concept of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) was introduced in 2002, and the genetic basis of CCDDs continues to be elucidated. In this review, we aim to provide an update of the genetic and clinical presentation of these disorders. Disorders reviewed include Duane syndrome (DS), HOXA1 and HOXB1 syndromes, Moebius syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM), and horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS).
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Carboxypeptidase A6 in zebrafish development and implications for VIth cranial nerve pathfinding. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12967. [PMID: 20885977 PMCID: PMC2945764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) is an extracellular protease that cleaves carboxy-terminal hydrophobic amino acids and has been implicated in the defective innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by the VIth cranial nerve in Duane syndrome. In order to investigate the role of CPA6 in development, in particular its potential role in axon guidance, the zebrafish ortholog was identified and cloned. Zebrafish CPA6 was secreted and interacted with the extracellular matrix where it had a neutral pH optimum and specificity for C-terminal hydrophobic amino acids. Transient mRNA expression was found in newly formed somites, pectoral fin buds, the stomodeum and a conspicuous condensation posterior to the eye. Markers showed this tissue was not myogenic in nature. Rather, the CPA6 localization overlapped with a chondrogenic site which subsequently forms the walls of a myodome surrounding the lateral rectus muscle. No other zebrafish CPA gene exhibited a similar expression profile. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of CPA6 combined with retrograde labeling and horizontal eye movement analyses demonstrated that deficiency of CPA6 alone did not affect either VIth nerve development or function in the zebrafish. We suggest that mutations in other genes and/or enhancer elements, together with defective CPA6 expression, may be required for altered VIth nerve pathfinding. If mutations in CPA6 contribute to Duane syndrome, our results also suggest that Duane syndrome can be a chondrogenic rather than a myogenic or neurogenic developmental disorder.
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Zanin E, Gambarelli N, Denis D. Distinctive clinical features of bilateral Duane retraction syndrome. J AAPOS 2010; 14:293-7. [PMID: 20736120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the clinical characteristics of unilateral and bilateral forms of Duane retraction syndrome. METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients with Duane syndrome over a 10-year span was performed. All participants underwent a complete medical and ophthalmologic examination at the time of diagnosis. Data collected included the following: sex, age at first visit, form (unilateral/bilateral), side, type, ocular duction and version, abnormal head position, best-corrected visual acuity, refractive errors, presence of strabismus, binocular function, and associated congenital anomalies. RESULTS Of 94 patients identified, 17% were bilaterally affected. Of the bilateral patients, 12% had familial antecedents; 87.5% had the same type in both eyes with 75% bilateral type 1. Patients with bilateral Duane syndrome had significantly different visual acuity (mean, 0.1214 logMar vs 0.0035; p = 0.045), abnormal head position (56.25% vs 89%; p = 0.04), A or V patterns (69% vs 27.6%; p = 0.003), and associated congenital anomalies (50% vs 14%; p = 0.003) than patients with unilateral disease. There was also a suggestion of higher rates of ametropia, global vertical dysfunction, and abnormal stereoacuity in bilateral Duane syndrome that were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Patients with bilateral Duane syndrome had lower visual acuity, a lower incidence of abnormal head posture, and a higher incidence of A or V patterns and associated congenital anomalies. Bilateral Duane retraction syndrome seems to involve multiple instances of deinnervation and fibrosis, resulting in horizontal and vertical oculomotor deficits and functional impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Zanin
- Ophthalmology Department, North University Hospital, Chemin des Bourrelly, Marseille, France.
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Volk AE, Fricke J, Strobl J, Kolling G, Kubisch C, Neugebauer A. Analysis of the CHN1 gene in patients with various types of congenital ocular motility disorders. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:1351-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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