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Jamal GA, Jahangirian E, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H, Tarrahimofrad H, Alikowsarzadeh N. Proteases, a powerful biochemical tool in the service of medicine, clinical and pharmaceutical. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38909284 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2364234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Proteases, enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds, have various applications in medicine, clinical applications, and pharmaceutical development. They are used in cancer treatment, wound debridement, contact lens cleaning, prion degradation, biofilm removal, and fibrinolytic agents. Proteases are also crucial in cardiovascular disease treatment, emphasizing the need for safe, affordable, and effective fibrinolytic drugs. Proteolytic enzymes and protease biosensors are increasingly used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advanced technologies, such as nanomaterials-based sensors, are being developed to enhance the sensitivity, specificity, and versatility of protease biosensors. These biosensors are becoming effective tools for disease detection due to their precision and rapidity. They can detect extracellular and intracellular proteases, as well as fluorescence-based methods for real-time and label-free detection of virus-related proteases. The active utilization of proteolytic enzymatic biosensors is expected to expand significantly in biomedical research, in-vitro model systems, and drug development. We focused on journal articles and books published in English between 1982 and 2024 for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadir A Jamal
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ehsan Jahangirian
- Department of Molecular, Zist Tashkhis Farda Company (tBioDx), Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Health Science, Laser Research Center, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Neda Alikowsarzadeh
- Molecular and Life Science Department, Han University of Applied Science, Arnhem, Nederland
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Metkar SK, Girigoswami A, Bondage DD, Shinde UG, Girigoswami K. The potential of lumbrokinase and serratiopeptidase for the degradation of Aβ 1-42 peptide - an in vitro and in silico approach. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:112-123. [PMID: 35694981 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2089137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is diagnosed with the deposition of insoluble β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the neuropil of the brain leading to dementia. The extracellular deposition of the fibrillar Aβ peptide on the neurons is known as senile plaques. Therefore, Aβ degradation and clearance from the human body is a promising therapeutic approach in the medication of AD. METHODS In the current study, the enzyme lumbrokinase (LK) was extracted and purified from earthworm and its activity was utilized toward Aβ 1-42 amyloids degradation in vitro alongside with an additional enzyme serratiopeptidase (SP) considering nattokinase (NK) as a standard. RESULTS The output of this study revealed that preformed Aβ 1-42 amyloids was disintegrated by both LK and SP, as demonstrated from fluorescence assay using Thioflavin T dye. In addition, dynamic light scattering study revealed the lower size of the preformed fibrils Aβ 1-42 at various time intervals after incubation with the enzymes LK and SP. Furthermore, in silico approach showed high affinity thermodynamically favorable interaction of LK as well as SP toward Aβ 1-42 amyloid. Finally, the toxicity of degraded preformed Aβ 1-42 amyloid was assessed by MTT assay which showed reduced toxicity of enzyme treated Aβ 1-42 amyloid compared to only Aβ 1-42 amyloid. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study indicated that LK and SP, not only had Aβ 1-42 amyloid degrading potential, but also could reduce the toxicity which can make them a suitable drug candidate for AD. Furthermore, the in vivo studies are needed to be executed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kisan Metkar
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Devanand D Bondage
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Umakant G Shinde
- Centre for Advanced Life Sciences (CFALS), Deogiri College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Chennai, India
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. Are fibrinaloid microclots a cause of autoimmunity in Long Covid and other post-infection diseases? Biochem J 2023; 480:1217-1240. [PMID: 37584410 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen can polymerise into an anomalous form of fibrin that is amyloid in character; the resultant clots and microclots entrap many other molecules, stain with fluorogenic amyloid stains, are rather resistant to fibrinolysis, can block up microcapillaries, are implicated in a variety of diseases including Long COVID, and have been referred to as fibrinaloids. A necessary corollary of this anomalous polymerisation is the generation of novel epitopes in proteins that would normally be seen as 'self', and otherwise immunologically silent. The precise conformation of the resulting fibrinaloid clots (that, as with prions and classical amyloid proteins, can adopt multiple, stable conformations) must depend on the existing small molecules and metal ions that the fibrinogen may (and is some cases is known to) have bound before polymerisation. Any such novel epitopes, however, are likely to lead to the generation of autoantibodies. A convergent phenomenology, including distinct conformations and seeding of the anomalous form for initiation and propagation, is emerging to link knowledge in prions, prionoids, amyloids and now fibrinaloids. We here summarise the evidence for the above reasoning, which has substantial implications for our understanding of the genesis of autoimmunity (and the possible prevention thereof) based on the primary process of fibrinaloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Future of Alzheimer’s Disease: Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutic Approach. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vachher M, Sen A, Kapila R, Nigam A. Microbial therapeutic enzymes: A promising area of biopharmaceuticals. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Metkar SK, Girigoswami A, Vijayashree R, Girigoswami K. Attenuation of subcutaneous insulin induced amyloid mass in vivo using Lumbrokinase and Serratiopeptidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:128-134. [PMID: 32615214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein misfolded structure called amyloids is related with extensive range of pathologies like local amyloidosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies have reported the potential of insulin to generate local amyloidosis under certain state. Reports also showed that fibrils of insulin generated local amyloid mass due to continuous subcutaneous injection in mouse as well as rat. The present study was designed to examine the consequence of insulin fibril injections in rats, as well as the ability of enzymes, Lumbrokinase (LK) and Serratiopeptidase (SP) in diminishing this amyloid mass progression. The results showed that insulin fibrils generated amyloid masses in rats after subcutaneous injection for two weeks which was significantly condensed in size for the groups injected with insulin fibrils combined with LK or SP. At higher doses of LK and SP, the absence of amyloid structure was observed in histopathological studies. Light microscopy, polarized microscopy as well as Lumia live in vivo imaging system was used to analyze the results. In conclusion, the overall outcome of this study showed the anti-amyloid potential of enzyme LK and SP in the attenuation of local amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kisan Metkar
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - R Vijayashree
- Department of Pathology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India.
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Metkar SK, Ghosh S, Girigoswami A, Girigoswami K. The Potential of Serratiopetidase and Lumbrokinase for the Degradation of Prion Peptide 106-126 - an In Vitro and In Silico Perspective. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:723-731. [PMID: 31642793 DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666191021150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PrPC is a host-encoded prion protein, which gets post translationally modified into a transmissible, β-sheet rich disease associated protein called PrPSc, responsible for the Prion disease including mad cow disease in cattle and CJD in humans. The PrP 106-126 region in PrPSc peptide initiates the conformational change in that protein leading to fibrillation. Any agent that can destabilize or disintegrate such proteins can be served as a potential drug candidate for Prion diseases. METHODS In the present study, an enzyme Lumbrokinase (LK) was isolated from earthworm and its activity was exploited towards PrP 106-126 amyloids in vitro along with another enzyme Serratiopeptidase (SP) taking Nattokinase (NK) as a standard. RESULTS The results showed that PrP 106-126 amyloid formation was inhibited by both LK and SP, as evidenced from Thioflavin T fluorescence assay. Further, the size of fibrils as estimated by dynamic light scattering, was also found to be lower at different time intervals after incubation of the prion amyloids with LK and SP. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulation revealed the thermodynamically favorable interaction of PrP 106-126 with LK as well as with SP with high affinity. CONCLUSION Finally, the toxicity of the disintegrated amyloids was assessed using PC12 cell lines which showed higher cell viability in case of LK and SP treated amyloids compared to only PrP 106- 126 amyloid treatment. Altogether, the study concluded that the serine proteases like LK and SP have the potential to disintegrate PrP 106-126 amyloids with improved cell viability. The in vivo studies are needed to be executed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kisan Metkar
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India
| | - Suparna Ghosh
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam, Chennai-603103, India
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Girigoswami A, Ramalakshmi M, Akhtar N, Metkar SK, Girigoswami K. ZnO Nanoflower petals mediated amyloid degradation - An in vitro electrokinetic potential approach. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:169-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Earthworm protease in anti-thrombosis and anti-fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:379-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Haribabu V, Sharmiladevi P, Akhtar N, Farook AS, Girigoswami K, Girigoswami A. Label Free Ultrasmall Fluoromagnetic Ferrite-clusters for Targeted Cancer Imaging and Drug Delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2018; 16:233-241. [PMID: 30451110 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666181119112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The label free ultrasmall fluorescent ferrite clusters have been engineered in a controlled fashion which was stabilized by serum protein and functionalized by folic acid for the application of targeted multimodal optical and Magnetic Resonance (MR) cancer imaging. METHODS The ultra-small manganese ferrite nanoclusters (PMNCs) with a diameter of 4 nm have a commendable effect on the longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation in MR imaging that was evident from the phantom and animal MRI. RESULTS The calculated longitudinal molar relaxivity of nanoclusters was found to be 6.9 ± 0.10 mM-1 S-1 which was exactly 2.22 times better than the conventional Gd-DOTA and their 4.01 ratio of the transverse (r2) and longitudinal (r1) relaxivities made them a potential candidate for both T1 and T2 contrast agents in MRI. In addition, the fluorescence-based small animal imaging showed folic acid driven accumulated fluorescent signal at the tumour site to conclude the capacity of PMNCs for targeted fluorescence imaging of cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSION The cytotoxicity assay and histopathology studies were the evidence for their safe biodistribution in animal systems. Furthermore, the protein encapsulated clusters have the ability to deliver the anticancer drug Methotrexate (MTX) to the cancer tissues with a sustained manner. Therefore, one can conclude the remarkable efficacy of architect nanoclusters for theragnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Haribabu
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India
| | - Palani Sharmiladevi
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India
| | - Najim Akhtar
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India
| | - Abubacker Sulaiman Farook
- Department of Radiology, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India
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Girigoswami A, Yassine W, Sharmiladevi P, Haribabu V, Girigoswami K. Camouflaged Nanosilver with Excitation Wavelength Dependent High Quantum Yield for Targeted Theranostic. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16459. [PMID: 30405190 PMCID: PMC6220276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study shows the thorough investigations on optical properties and hydrodynamic diameters of glutathione (GSH) stabilized nanosilver clusters (AgNC) at different stages of synthesis and engineering for the optimized absolute quantum yield to generate fluorescent images of Dalton Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) tumour bearing mice. The initial increment of quantum yield was wavelength dependent and finally it became 0.509 which was due to the camouflaging or entrapment of AgNC in macrophages membranes. The potentiality of macrophages membrane camouflaged silver nanoclusters (AgM) was reflected in the cell viability assay and confocal based live dead cell assay where the AgM has better cell killing effect compared to AgNC with reduced dosage and in vivo mice imaging generated the clear visualization at the tumour sites. Therefore, from the present study, it can be considered that the camouflaged nanosilver can be used for targeted theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India.
| | - Wafic Yassine
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India
| | - Palani Sharmiladevi
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India
| | - Viswanathan Haribabu
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India
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Pathophysiological significance of protein hydrophobic interactions: An emerging hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2017; 110:15-22. [PMID: 29317059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen is a unique protein that is converted into an insoluble fibrin in a single enzymatic event, which is a characteristic feature of fibrinogen due to its susceptibility to fibrinolytic degradation and dissolution. Although thrombosis is a result of activated blood coagulation, no explanation is being offered for the persistent presence of fibrin deposits in the affected organs. A classic example is stroke, in which the thrombolytic therapy is effective only during the first 3-4 h after the onset of thrombosis. This phenomenon can now be explained in terms of the modification of fibrinogen structure induced by hydroxyl radicals generated during the period of ischemia caused, in turn, by the blocking of the blood flow within the obstructed vessels. Fibrinogen modification involves intra-to intermolecular disulfide rearrangement induced by the reductive power of hydroxyl radicals that result in the exposition of buried hydrophobic epitopes. Such epitopes react readily with each other forming linkages stronger than the peptide covalent bonds, thus rendering them resistant to the proteolytic degradation. Also, limited reduction of human serum albumin (HSA) generates hydrophobic polymers that form huge insoluble complexes with fibrinogen. Consequently, such insoluble copolymers can be deposited within the circulation of various organs leading to their dysfunction. In conclusion, the study of protein hydrophobic interactions induced by a variety of nutritional and/or environmental factors can provide a rational explanation for a number of pathologic conditions including cardiovascular, neurologic, and other degenerative diseases including cancer.
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Sharmiladevi P, Haribabu V, Girigoswami K, Sulaiman Farook A, Girigoswami A. Effect of Mesoporous Nano Water Reservoir on MR Relaxivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11179. [PMID: 28894269 PMCID: PMC5593907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, an attempt was made to engineer a mesoporous silica coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNF@mSiO2) for twin mode contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with reduced toxicity. Superparamagnetic manganese ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized with variable mesoporous silica shell thickness to control the water molecules interacting with metal oxide core. 178 nm was the optimum hydrodynamic diameter of mesoporous ferrite core-shell nanoparticles that showed maximum longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and transverse relaxation time (T2) in MRI due to the storage of water molecules in mesoporous silica coating. Besides the major role of mesoporous silica in controlling relaxivity, mesoporous silica shell also reduces the toxicity and enhances the bioavailability of superparamagnetic manganese ferrite nanoparticles. The in vitro toxicity assessment using HepG2 liver carcinoma cells shows that the mesoporous silica coating over ferrite nanoparticles could exert less toxicity compared to the uncoated particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palani Sharmiladevi
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India
| | - Viswanathan Haribabu
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India
| | - Abubacker Sulaiman Farook
- Department of Radiology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research & Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India.
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