CD47-Blocking Antibodies and Atherosclerosis

The role of CD47 in non-neoplastic diseases

CD47 is a 50 kDa five-spanning membrane receptor that plays a crucial role in multiple cellular processes, including myeloid cell activation, neutrophils transmigration, vascular remodeling, leukocyte adhesion and trans-endothelial migration. Recent studies have revealed that CD47 is a highly expressed anti-phagocytic signal in several types of cancer, and therefore, blocking of CD47 has shown an effective therapeutic potential in cancer immunotherapy. In addition, CD47 has been found to be involved in a complex interplay with microglia and other types of cells, and increasing evidence indicates that CD47 can be targeted as part of immune modulatory strategies for non-neoplastic diseases as well. In this review, we focus on CD47 and its role in non-neoplastic diseases, including neurological disorders, atherosclerosis and autoimmune diseases. In addition, we discuss the major challenges and potential remedies associated with CD47-SIRPα-based immunotherapies.

Recent advance in treatment of atherosclerosis: Key targets and plaque-positioned delivery strategies

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of vascular wall, is a progressive pathophysiological process with lipids oxidation/depositing initiation and innate/adaptive immune responses. The coordination of multi systems covering oxidative stress, dysfunctional endothelium, diseased lipid uptake, cell apoptosis, thrombotic and pro-inflammatory responding as well as switched SMCs contributes to plaque growth. In this circumstance, inevitably, targeting these processes is considered to be effective for treating atherosclerosis. Arriving, retention and working of payload candidates mediated by targets in lesion direct ultimate therapeutic outcomes. Accumulating a series of scientific studies and clinical practice in the past decades, lesion homing delivery strategies including stent/balloon/nanoparticle-based transportation worked as the potent promotor to ensure a therapeutic effect. The objective of this review is to achieve a very brief summary about the effective therapeutic methods cooperating specifical targets and positioning-delivery strategies in atherosclerosis for better outcomes.

The regulation of CD47-SIRPα signaling axis by microRNAs in combination with conventional cytotoxic drugs together with the help of nano-delivery: a choice for therapy?

CD47, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is an important "Don't Eat-Me" signal in phagocytosis process [clearance of apoptotic cells] as well as a regulator of the adaptive immune response. The lower level of CD47 on the cell surface leads to the clearance of apoptotic cells. Dysregulation of CD47 plays a critical role in the development of disorders, particularly cancers. In cancers, recognition of CD47 overexpression on the surface of cancer cells by its receptor, SIRPα on the phagocytic cells, inhibits phagocytosis of cancer cells. Thus, blocking of CD47-SIRPα signaling axis might be as a promising therapeutic target, which promotes phagocytosis of cancer cells, antigen-presenting cell function as well as adaptive T cell-mediated anti-cancer immunity. In this respect, it has been reported that CD47 expression can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs can regulate phagocytosis of macrophages apoptotic process, drug resistance, relapse of disease, radio-sensitivity, and suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through post-transcriptional regulation of CD47-SIRPα signaling axis. Moreover, the regulation of CD47 expression by miRNAs and combination with conventional cytotoxic drugs together with the help of nano-delivery represent a valuable opportunity for effective cancer treatment. In this review, we review studies that evaluate the role of miRNAs in the regulation of CD47-SIRPα in disorders to achieve a novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategy.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct. Confirmed.Journal standard instruction requires a structured abstract; however, none was provided. Please supply an Abstract with subsections..Not confirmed. This is a review article. According to submission guidelines: "The abstract should be presented divided into subheadings (unless it is a mini or full review article)". Kindly check and confirm whether the corresponding authors and mail ID are correctly identified. Confirmed.

Recent Advancements in CD47 Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in Vascular Diseases

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis have a high disability rate and reduce the quality of life of the population. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of atherosclerosis and its control may interfere with the progression of atherosclerosis and thus control the occurrence of diseases closely related to atherosclerosis. TSP-1 is a factor that has been found to have an antiangiogenic effect, and CD47, as the receptor of TSP-1, can participate in the regulation of antiangiogenesis of atherosclerosis. VEGF is an important regulator of angiogenesis, and TSP-1/CD47 can cause VEGF and its downstream expression. Therefore, the TSP-1/CD47/VEGF/VEGFR2 signal may have an important influence on atherosclerosis. In addition, some inflammatory factors, such as IL-1 and NLRP3, can also affect atherosclerosis. This review will be expounded focusing on the pathogenesis and influencing factors of atherosclerosis.

Ca2+ Flux: Searching for a Role in Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in Atherosclerosis

In atherosclerosis, macrophages in the arterial wall ingest plasma lipoprotein-derived lipids and become lipid-filled foam cells with a limited lifespan. Thus, efficient removal of apoptotic foam cells by efferocytic macrophages is vital to preventing the dying foam cells from forming a large necrotic lipid core, which, otherwise, would render the atherosclerotic plaque vulnerable to rupture and would cause clinical complications. Ca²⁺ plays a role in macrophage migration, survival, and foam cell generation. Importantly, in efferocytic macrophages, Ca²⁺ induces actin polymerization, thereby promoting the formation of a phagocytic cup necessary for efferocytosis. Moreover, in the efferocytic macrophages, Ca²⁺ enhances the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Various Ca²⁺ antagonists have been seminal for the demonstration of the role of Ca²⁺ in the multiple steps of efferocytosis by macrophages. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical investigations have revealed the capability of Ca²⁺ antagonists in attenuating the development of atherosclerotic plaques by interfering with the deposition of lipids in macrophages and by reducing plaque calcification. However, the regulation of cellular Ca²⁺ fluxes in the processes of efferocytic clearance of apoptotic foam cells and in the extracellular calcification in atherosclerosis remains unknown. Here, we attempted to unravel the molecular links between Ca²⁺ and efferocytosis in atherosclerosis and to evaluate cellular Ca²⁺ fluxes as potential treatment targets in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.