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Boyd AJ. Intraluminal thrombus: Innocent bystander or factor in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis? JVS Vasc Sci 2021; 2:159-169. [PMID: 34617066 PMCID: PMC8489244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) represent a complex multifactorial hemodynamic, thrombotic, and inflammatory process that can ultimately result in aortic rupture and death. Despite improved screening and surgical management of AAAs, the mortality rates have remained high after rupture, and little progress has occurred in the development of nonoperative treatments. Intraluminal thrombus (ILT) is present in most AAAs and might be involved in AAA pathogenesis. The present review examined the latest clinical and experimental evidence for possible involvement of the ILT in AAA growth and rupture. METHODS A literature review was performed after a search of the PubMed database from 2012 to June 2020 using the terms "abdominal aortic aneurysm" and "intraluminal thrombus." RESULTS The structure, composition, and hemodynamics of ILT formation and propagation were reviewed in relation to the hemostatic and proteolytic factors favoring ILT deposition. The potential effects of the ILT on AAA wall degeneration and rupture, including a review of the current controversies regarding the position, thickness, and composition of ILT, are presented. Although initially potentially protective against increased wall stress, increasing evidence has shown that an increased volume and greater age of the ILT have direct detrimental effects on aortic wall integrity, which might predispose to an increased rupture risk. CONCLUSIONS ILT does not appear to be an innocent bystander in AAA pathophysiology. However, its exact role remains elusive and controversial. Despite computational evidence of a possible protective role of the ILT in reducing wall stress, increasing evidence has shown that the ILT promotes AAA wall degeneration in humans and in animal models. Further research, with large animal models and with more chronic ILT is crucial for a better understanding of the role of the ILT in AAAs and for the potential development of targeted therapies to slow or halt AAA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- April J. Boyd
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin in Human Atherosclerosis and Related Arterial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186756. [PMID: 32942605 PMCID: PMC7554753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the main particulate component of the circulating blood, RBCs play major roles in physiological hemodynamics and impact all arterial wall pathologies. RBCs are the main determinant of blood viscosity, defining the frictional forces exerted by the blood on the arterial wall. This function is used in phylogeny and ontogeny of the cardiovascular (CV) system, allowing the acquisition of vasomotricity adapted to local metabolic demands, and systemic arterial pressure after birth. In pathology, RBCs collide with the arterial wall, inducing both local retention of their membranous lipids and local hemolysis, releasing heme-Fe++ with a high toxicity for arterial cells: endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cardiomyocytes, neurons, etc. Specifically, overloading of cells by Fe++ promotes cell death. This local hemolysis is an event associated with early and advanced stages of human atherosclerosis. Similarly, the permanent renewal of mural RBC clotting is the major support of oxidation in abdominal aortic aneurysm. In parallel, calcifications promote intramural hemorrhages, and hemorrhages promote an osteoblastic phenotypic shift of arterial wall cells. Different plasma or tissue systems are able, at least in part, to limit this injury by acting at the different levels of this system.
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Siennicka A, Zuchowski M, Kaczmarczyk M, Cnotliwy M, Clark JS, Jastrzębska M. Tissue factor levels and the fibrinolytic system in thin and thick intraluminal thrombus and underlying walls of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:30S-37S. [PMID: 29571624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemostatic system cooperates with proteolytic degradation in processes allowing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. In previous studies, it has been suggested that aneurysm rupture depends on intraluminal thrombus (ILT) thickness, which varies across each individual aneurysm. We hypothesized that hemostatic components differentially accumulate in AAA tissue in relation to ILT thickness. Thick (A1) and thin (B1) segments of ILTs and aneurysm wall sections A (adjacent to A1) and B (adjacent to B1) from one aneurysm sac were taken from 35 patients undergoing elective repair. METHODS Factor levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of protein extract. RESULTS Tissue factor (TF) activities were significantly higher in thinner segments of AAA (B1 vs A1, P = .003; B vs A, P < .001; B vs A1, P < .001; B vs B1, P = .001). Significantly higher tissue plasminogen activator was found in thick thrombus-covered wall segments (A) than in B, A1, and B1 (P = .015, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively). Plasminogen concentrations were highest in ILT. Concentrations of α2-antiplasmin in thin ILT adjacent walls (B) were higher compared with wall (A) adjacent to thick ILT (P = .021) and thick ILT (A1; P < .001). Significant correlations between levels of different factors were mostly found in thick ILT (A1). However, no correlations were found at B sites, except for a correlation between plasmin and TF activities (r = 0.55; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that higher TF activities are present in thinner AAA regions. These parameters and local fibrinolysis may be part of the processes leading to destruction of the aneurysm wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Siennicka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Marta Zuchowski
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Miłosław Cnotliwy
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jeremy Simon Clark
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maria Jastrzębska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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4
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Plasma ferritin concentrations are not associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm diagnosis, size or growth. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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5
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Nosoudi N, Nahar-Gohad P, Sinha A, Chowdhury A, Gerard P, Carsten CG, Gray BH, Vyavahare NR. Prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysm progression by targeted inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity with batimastat-loaded nanoparticles. Circ Res 2015; 117:e80-9. [PMID: 26443597 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-mediated extracellular matrix destruction is the major cause of development and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Systemic treatments of MMP inhibitors have shown effectiveness in animal models, but it did not translate to clinical success either because of low doses used or systemic side effects of MMP inhibitors. We propose a targeted nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery of MMP inhibitor at low doses to the abdominal aortic aneurysms site. Such therapy will be an attractive option for preventing expansion of aneurysms in patients without systemic side effects. OBJECTIVE Our previous study showed that poly(d,l-lactide) NPs conjugated with an antielastin antibody could be targeted to the site of an aneurysm in a rat model of abdominal aortic aneurysms. In the study reported here, we tested whether such targeted NPs could deliver the MMP inhibitor batimastat (BB-94) to the site of an aneurysm and prevent aneurysmal growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Poly(d,l-lactide) NPs were loaded with BB-94 and conjugated with an elastin antibody. Intravenous injections of elastin antibody-conjugated BB-94-loaded NPs targeted the site of aneurysms and delivered BB-94 in a calcium chloride injury-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in rats. Such targeted delivery inhibited MMP activity, elastin degradation, calcification, and aneurysmal development in the aorta (269% expansion in control versus 40% elastin antibody-conjugated BB-94-loaded NPs) at a low dose of BB-94. The systemic administration of BB-94 alone at the same dose was ineffective in producing MMP inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Targeted delivery of MMP inhibitors using NPs may be an attractive strategy to inhibit aneurysmal progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Nosoudi
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC (N.N., P.N.-G., A.S., A.C., P.G., N.R.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine (A.S.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Greenville Health System, SC (C.G.C., B.H.G.)
| | - Pranjal Nahar-Gohad
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC (N.N., P.N.-G., A.S., A.C., P.G., N.R.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine (A.S.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Greenville Health System, SC (C.G.C., B.H.G.)
| | - Aditi Sinha
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC (N.N., P.N.-G., A.S., A.C., P.G., N.R.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine (A.S.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Greenville Health System, SC (C.G.C., B.H.G.)
| | - Aniqa Chowdhury
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC (N.N., P.N.-G., A.S., A.C., P.G., N.R.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine (A.S.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Greenville Health System, SC (C.G.C., B.H.G.)
| | - Patrick Gerard
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC (N.N., P.N.-G., A.S., A.C., P.G., N.R.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine (A.S.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Greenville Health System, SC (C.G.C., B.H.G.)
| | - Christopher G Carsten
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC (N.N., P.N.-G., A.S., A.C., P.G., N.R.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine (A.S.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Greenville Health System, SC (C.G.C., B.H.G.)
| | - Bruce H Gray
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC (N.N., P.N.-G., A.S., A.C., P.G., N.R.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine (A.S.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Greenville Health System, SC (C.G.C., B.H.G.)
| | - Naren R Vyavahare
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, SC (N.N., P.N.-G., A.S., A.C., P.G., N.R.V.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine (A.S.); and Division of Vascular Surgery, Greenville Health System, SC (C.G.C., B.H.G.).
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Martín-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Tunon J, Gomez-Guerrero C, Michel JB, Meilhac O, Egido J. Proteomics in atherothrombosis: a future perspective. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:249-60. [PMID: 17425460 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is the primary cause of death in Western countries. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis remain widely unknown. The complex nature of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases demands the development of novel technologies that enable discovery of new biomarkers for early disease detection and risk stratification, which may predict clinical outcome. In this review, we outline potential sources and recent proteomic approaches that could be applied in the search of novel biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. In addition, we describe some issues raised in relation to the application of proteomics to blood samples, as well as two novel emerging concepts, such as peptidomics and population proteomics. In the future, the use of high-throughput techniques (proteomic, genomics and metabolomics) will potentially identify novel patterns of biomarkers, which, along with traditional risk factors and imaging techniques, could help to target vulnerable patients and monitor the beneficial effects of pharmacological agents.
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Beaufort N, Corvazier E, Mlanaoindrou S, de Bentzmann S, Pidard D. Disruption of the endothelial barrier by proteases from the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa: implication of matrilysis and receptor cleavage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75708. [PMID: 24069438 PMCID: PMC3777978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the vasculature, uncontrolled pericellular proteolysis can lead to disruption of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions and subsequent detachment-induced cell apoptosis, or anoikis, contributing to inflammatory vascular diseases, with the endothelium as the major target. Most studies so far have focused on endogenous proteinases. However, during bloodstream infections, bacterial proteinases may also trigger endothelial anoikis. We thus investigated the potential apoptotic activity of the proteinases secreted by the haematotropic opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and particularly its predominant metalloproteinase, LasB. For this, we used the secretome of the LasB-expressing pseudomonal strain, PAO1, and compared it with that from the isogenic, LasB-deficient strain (PAO1∆lasB), as well as with purified LasB. Secretomes were tested for apoptotic activity on cultured human endothelial cells derived from the umbilical vein or from the cerebral microvasculature. We found that the PAO1 secretome readily induced endothelial cell anoikis, as did secretomes of LasB-positive clinical pseudomonal isolates, while the PAO1∆lasB secretome had only a limited impact on endothelial adherence and viability. Notably, purified LasB reproduced most of the effects of the LasB-containing secretomes, and these were drastically reduced in the presence of the LasB-selective inhibitor, phosphoramidon. A precocious and extensive LasB-dependent degradation of several proteins associated with the endothelial extracellular matrix, fibronectin and von Willebrand factor, was observed by immunofluorescence and/or immunoblotting analysis of cell cultures. Moreover, the PAO1 secretome, but not that from PAO1∆lasB, specifically induced rapid endoproteolysis of two major interendothelial junction components, VE-cadherin and occludin, as well as of the anti-anoikis, integrin-associated urokinase receptor, uPAR. Taken as a prototype for exogenous haemorrhagic proteinases, pseudomonal LasB thus appears to induce endothelial anoikis not only via matrilysis, as observed for many pro-apoptotic proteinases, but also via cleavage of some essential cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion receptors implicated in the maintenance of the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Beaufort
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Corvazier
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
| | - Saouda Mlanaoindrou
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
| | - Sophie de Bentzmann
- CNRS, UMR 7255-LISM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Pidard
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Wilson JS, Virag L, Di Achille P, Karsaj I, Humphrey JD. Biochemomechanics of intraluminal thrombus in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Biomech Eng 2013; 135:021011. [PMID: 23445056 DOI: 10.1115/1.4023437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most computational models of abdominal aortic aneurysms address either the hemodynamics within the lesion or the mechanics of the wall. More recently, however, some models have appropriately begun to account for the evolving mechanics of the wall in response to the changing hemodynamic loads. Collectively, this large body of work has provided tremendous insight into this life-threatening condition and has provided important guidance for current research. Nevertheless, there has yet to be a comprehensive model that addresses the mechanobiology, biochemistry, and biomechanics of thrombus-laden abdominal aortic aneurysms. That is, there is a pressing need to include effects of the hemodynamics on both the development of the nearly ubiquitous intraluminal thrombus and the evolving mechanics of the wall, which depends in part on biochemical effects of the adjacent thrombus. Indeed, there is increasing evidence that intraluminal thrombus in abdominal aortic aneurysms is biologically active and should not be treated as homogeneous inert material. In this review paper, we bring together diverse findings from the literature to encourage next generation models that account for the biochemomechanics of growth and remodeling in patient-specific, thrombus-laden abdominal aortic aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Dalli E, Colomer E, Tormos MC, Cosín-Sales J, Milara J, Esteban E, Sáez G. Crataegus laevigata decreases neutrophil elastase and has hypolipidemic effect: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:769-775. [PMID: 21242072 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Crataegus laevigata is a medicinal plant most commonly used for the treatment of heart failure and psychosomatic disorders. Based on previous experimental findings, this double-blind placebo-controlled study was aimed at finding beneficial effects of C. laevigata on biomarkers of coronary heart disease (CHD). The study included 49 diabetic subjects with chronic CHD who were randomly assigned to the treatment for 6 months with either a micronized flower and leaf preparation of C. laevigata (400 mg three times a day) or a matching placebo. Blood cell count, lipid profile, C-reactive protein, neutrophil elastase (NE) and malondialdehyde were analyzed in plasma at baseline, at one month and six months. The main results were that NE decreased in the C. laevigata group compared to the placebo group. In the C. laevigata group, baseline figures (median and interquartile range) were 35.8 (4.5) and in the placebo group 31 (5.9). At the end of the study, values were 33.2 (4.7) ng/ml and 36.7 (2.2) ng/ml, respectively; p<0.0001. C. laevigata, added to statins, decreased LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) (mean±SD) from 105±28.5 mg/dl at baseline to 92.7±25.1 mg/dl at 6 months (p=0.03), and non-HDL cholesterol from 131±37.5 mg/dl to 119.6±33 mg/dl (p<0.001). Differences between groups did not reach statistical significance at 6 months. No significant changes were observed in the rest of parameters. In conclusion, C. laevigata decreased NE and showed a trend to lower LDL-C compared to placebo as add-on-treatment for diabetic subjects with chronic CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dalli
- Department of Cardiology, Associated University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain.
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10
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Beaufort N, Corvazier E, Hervieu A, Choqueux C, Dussiot M, Louedec L, Cady A, de Bentzmann S, Michel JB, Pidard D. The thermolysin-like metalloproteinase and virulence factor LasB from pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces anoikis of human vascular cells. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1149-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moxon JV, Parr A, Emeto TI, Walker P, Norman PE, Golledge J. Diagnosis and monitoring of abdominal aortic aneurysm: current status and future prospects. Curr Probl Cardiol 2011; 35:512-48. [PMID: 20932435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly men, and prevalence is predicted to increase in parallel with a global aging population. AAA is commonly asymptomatic, and in the absence of routine screening, diagnosis is usually incidental when imaging to assess unrelated medical complaints. In the absence of approved diagnostic and prognostic markers, AAAs are monitored conservatively via medical imaging until aortic diameter approaches 50-55 mm and surgical repair is performed. There is currently significant interest in identifying molecular markers of diagnostic and prognostic value for AAA. Here we outline the current guidelines for AAA management and discuss modern scientific techniques currently employed to identify improved diagnostic and prognostic markers.
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Basciano C, Kleinstreuer C, Hyun S, Finol EA. A relation between near-wall particle-hemodynamics and onset of thrombus formation in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:2010-26. [PMID: 21373952 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel computational particle-hemodynamics analysis of key criteria for the onset of an intraluminal thrombus (ILT) in a patient-specific abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is presented. The focus is on enhanced platelet and white blood cell residence times as well as their elevated surface-shear loads in near-wall regions of the AAA sac. The generalized results support the hypothesis that a patient's AAA geometry and associated particle-hemodynamics have the potential to entrap activated blood particles, which will play a role in the onset of ILT. Although the ILT history of only a single patient was considered, the modeling and simulation methodology provided allow for the development of an efficient computational tool to predict the onset of ILT formation in complex patient-specific cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Basciano
- Physics-Based Computing Group, Southeast Division, Applied Research Associates, Raleigh, NC 27615, USA
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13
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Michineau S, Dai J, Gervais M, Zidi M, Clowes AW, Becquemin JP, Michel JB, Allaire E. Aortic length changes during abdominal aortic aneurysm formation, expansion and stabilisation in a rat model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40:468-74. [PMID: 20554458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determinants of extracellular matrix (ECM) destruction/reconstruction balance influencing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) diameter may impact length. OBJECTIVE Document aortic lengthening, its correlation to diameter, and determine how treatments that impact diameter also affect length. METHODS Three hundred and fifty-five diameter and length measurements were performed in 308 rats during AAA formation, expansion and stabilisation in guinea pig aortas xenografted in rats. Impact of modulation of ECM destructive/reconstructive balance by endovascular Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell (VSMCs) seeding, TIMP-1, PAI-1 and TGF-beta1 overexpression on length has been assessed. RESULTS Length increased in correlation with diameter during formation (correlation coefficient (cc): 0.584, P<0.0001) and expansion (cc: 0.352, P=0.0055) of AAAs. Overexpression of TIMP-1 and PAI-1 decreased lengthening (P=0.02 and 0.014, respectively) demonstrating that elongation is driven by matrix metalloproteinases and their activation by the plasmin pathway. Overexpression of TGF-beta1 controlled length in formed AAAs (17.3 ± 9.6 vs. 5.9 ± 7.4mm, P=0.022), but not VSMC seeding, although both therapies efficiently prevented further diameter increase. Length and diameter correlation was lost after biotherapies. CONCLUSION Length increases in correlation with diameter during AAA formation and expansion, as a consequence of ECM injury driven by MMPs activated by the plasmin pathway. Correlation between length and diameter increases is not universally preserved.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/surgery
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/surgery
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Matrix/pathology
- Guinea Pigs
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism
- Rats
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S Michineau
- CNRS EAC 7054, Centre de Recherches Chirurgicales Dominique Chopin, University Paris, 12 Val de Marne, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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14
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Le Dall J, Ho-Tin-Noe B, Louedec L, Meilhac O, Roncal C, Carmeliet P, Germain S, Michel JB, Houard X. Immaturity of microvessels in haemorrhagic plaques is associated with proteolytic degradation of angiogenic factors. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:184-93. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Barylski M, Mikhailidis DP, Rysz J, Banach M. HSP 70 and atherosclerosis--protector or activator? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:307-17. [PMID: 19236153 DOI: 10.1517/14728220902725149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis and its complications represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) protects cellular elements from injury by reducing oxidation, inflammation and apoptosis and by refolding damaged proteins. HSP70 improves viability of stressed vascular smooth muscle cells, possibly via its chaperone functions. It has been proposed that the response mounted against bacterial HSPs results in an autoimmune reaction, which has the potential to cause complement-mediated endothelial injury, and hence accelerate atherogenesis. OBJECTIVE to examine the roles of HSPs in atherosclerosis. METHODS A literature review. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The role of HSPs in atherosclerosis is controversial. HSP60 probably acts as an autoantigen, and may trigger both cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses, while HSP70 is likely to be involved in cytoprotection. The significance of this inverse relation between HSP70 and atherosclerosis has not yet been elucidated. Whether HSPs will become therapeutic targets remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Bielecka-Dabrowa
- Department of Molecular Cardionephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Technetium 99m–Labeled Annexin V Scintigraphy of Platelet Activation in Vegetations of Experimental Endocarditis. Circulation 2008; 117:781-9. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.718114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
The pathophysiology of infective endocarditis involves a pathogen/host tissue interaction, leading to formation of infected thrombotic vegetations. Annexin V is a ligand of phosphatidylserines exposed by activated platelets and apoptotic cells. Because vegetations are platelet-fibrin clots in which platelet proaggregant activity is enhanced by bacterial colonization, we investigated the ability of annexin V labeled with technetium Tc 99m (
99m
Tc-ANX) to provide functional imaging of these vegetations in experimental models of infective endocarditis. This ability was assessed in rabbits and rats because of the different interest of these 2 species in preclinical analysis.
Methods and Results—
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis was induced with the use of a catheter left indwelling through the aortic or tricuspid valve, and animals were injected with either a bacterial inoculum or saline. Scintigraphic investigations were performed 5 days later and showed a higher
99m
Tc-ANX uptake by vegetations in infected versus noninfected animals (ratio, 1.3 for in vivo acquisitions and 2 for autoradiography;
P
<0.0001 for all), whereas no significant uptake was present in controls. Right-sided endocarditis was associated with pulmonary uptake foci corresponding to emboli. Histological analysis of vegetations showed a specific uptake of
99m
Tc-ANX at the interface between circulating blood and vegetation. In parallel, underlying myocardial tissue showed myocyte apoptosis and mucoid degeneration, without extracellular matrix degradation at this stage.
Conclusions—
99m
Tc-ANX is suitable for functional imaging of platelet-fibrin vegetations in endocarditis, as well as embolic events.
99m
Tc-ANX uptake reflects mainly platelet activation in the luminal layer of vegetations. This uptake is enhanced by bacterial colonization.
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Houard X, Rouzet F, Touat Z, Philippe M, Dominguez M, Fontaine V, Sarda-Mantel L, Meulemans A, Le Guludec D, Meilhac O, Michel JB. Topology of the fibrinolytic system within the mural thrombus of human abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Pathol 2007; 212:20-8. [PMID: 17352452 DOI: 10.1002/path.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of acquired abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) involve proteolytic activity. In the present study, we investigate the distribution of fibrinolytic system components within mural thrombi of human AAAs. 20 mural thrombi and the remaining AAA walls were dissected. The luminal, intermediate and abluminal thrombus layers, and media and adventitia were separately incubated in cell culture medium. Conditioned media were then analysed for plasminogen activators (PAs), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), free-plasmin, plasmin alpha(2)-antiplasmin complexes (PAPs) and D-dimers release. In parallel, PA and PAI-1 mRNA expression analysis was performed by RT-PCR. The study was completed by immunohistochemical localization of these components in AAA, ex vivo functional imaging using (99m)Tc-aprotinin as a ligand and measurement of PAP and D-dimer plasma levels. All fibrinolytic system components were present in each aneurysmal layer. However, the mural thrombus was the main source of active serine-protease release. Interestingly, the luminal layer of the thrombus released greater amounts of PAPs and D-dimers. This paralleled the preferential immunolocalization of plasminogen and PAs, and the (99m)Tc-aprotinin scintigraphic signal observed in the luminal pole of the thrombus. In contrast, mRNA expression analysis showed an exclusive synthesis of tPA and PAI-1 within the wall, whereas uPA mRNA was also expressed within the thrombus. Taken together, these results suggest that the increased plasma concentrations of PAPs and D-dimers found in AAA patients are related to mural thrombus proteolytic activity, thus explaining their known link with AAA progression. Components of the fibrinolytic system could also represent a target for functional imaging of thrombus activities in AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Houard
- INSERM U698, Cardiovascular Haematology, Bioengineering and Remodelling, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, 46 Rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France
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